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	Battle of Aljubarrota - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Battle of Aljubarrota took place on August 14 1385, between Portuguese forces commanded by King João I and his general Nuno Alvares Pereira, and the Castilian army of King Juan I.
		On the news of the invasion by João, the king's army met with Nuno Alvares Pereira (the Portuguese field marshal) in the town of Tomar.
		As in other defensive battles of the 14th century (Crecy, for example, or Poitiers), the dispositions were the following: dismounted cavalry and infantry in the centre with archers occupying the flanks, protected by natural obstacles (in this case, creeks).
	lighthousepoint.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Battle_of_Aljubarrota (1543 words)

	battle of crecy
		Crécy was a battle in which an English army of approximately 12,000, commanded by Edward III of England, outnumbered by Philip VI of France's force of between 30,000 and 40,000, was victorious as a direct consequence of superior weaponry and tactics.
		The battle is seen by many historians as the beginning of the end of chivalry, because during the course of the battle many of the prisoners and wounded were dispatched contrary to chivalric codes of warfare, and the illustrious noble cavalry was no longer undefeatable by infantry.
		The prelude to the battle of Crécy is the subject of a poem by the 19th century English poet William Morris, The Eve of Crécy.
	www.fact-library.com /battle_of_crecy.html (723 words)

	Encyclopedia: Aljubarrota
		The Battle of Cr cy took place on August 26, 1346, near Cr cy-en-Ponthieu, in the Somme d partement of northern France and was one of the defining combats of arms of the Hundred Years War.
		Battle of Poitiers Conflict Hundred Years War Date September 19, 1356 Place Near Maupertuis, 3km south of Poitiers, France Result Decisive English victory The Battle of Poitiers was fought between England and France on September 19, 1356, resulting in the second of the three great English victories of the Hundred...
		The Battle of Agincourt was fought on October 25, 1415, Saint Crispins Day, in northern France as part of the Hundred Years War between the slightly outnumbered army of King Henry V of England (previously wrongly thought highly outnumbered, see below) and that of Charles VI of France, the...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Aljubarrota (3206 words)

	Battle of Saint-Mihiel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Battle of Aljubarrota Provides the Portuguese point of view of Nuno's victory at the Battle of Aljubarrota.
		Battle Town Homepage Battle is built on the very site of the famous Battle of 1066, where William the Conqueror defeated King Harold and his Saxon army on that fateful day.
		Battle of the Coral Sea - RAN and USN An Australian perspective on the Battle of the Coral Sea, May 1942, with concise descriptions of battle action and a single battle map.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel.html (535 words)

	Encyclopedia: Battle of Aljubarrota
		The Battle of Aljubarrota took place on August 14, 1385, between the Portuguese forces commanded by D.
		Braga is a city in northwestern Portugal, in the province of Minho, and capital of Braga district is an important city of Continental Portugal with a population of 112089 in 23 parishes(Urban Area) the Municipality has 62 parishes and 163784 inhabitants (2001 Census).
		Battle of Agincourt Conflict Hundred Years War Date October 25, 1415 Place Agincourt, France Result Decisive English victory The Battle of Agincourt was fought on October 25, 1415, Saint Crispins Day, in northern France as part of the Hundred Years War between the heavily outnumbered army of King Henry...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Battle-of-Aljubarrota (2609 words)

	Battle of Aljubarrota - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-07-12, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article.
		On the news of the invasion by the Castilians, João's army met with Nuno Alvares Pereira (the Portuguese field marshal) in the town of Tomar.
		There, they decided to face the enemy in battle, before they could get close to Lisbon, capital of the kingdom.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Aljubarrota (1529 words)

	Battle of Aljubarrota
		On the news of the invasion by Juan I, the king's army met with Nuno Alvares Pereira (the Portuguese field marshal) men in the town of Tomar.
		Like in other defensive battles of the 14th century (examples are Crecy and Poitiers), the dispositions were the following: dismounted cavalry and infantry in the centre with archers occupying the flanks, protected by natural obstacles (creeks in this case).
		At this stage of the battle, heavy losses were on both sides, especially on the Castilians and Portuguese left wing (known in Portuguese tradition as the Ala dos Namorados, meaning, not literally, flank of the young ones).
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/battle_of_aljubarrota (1506 words)

	Battle of North Point (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Battle Point Astronomical Association A non-profit amateur astronomy organization located in Bainbridge Island, Washington, the BPAA has constructed and operates the Edwin E. Ritchie Observatory at Battle Point Park.
		Söderkullaskolan: Battle of Wittstock Compiled by students at Söderkullaskolan (South Hill School) in Malmö, Sweden, this is a well-illustrated account of the 1636 battle from the Swedish point of view.
		General Ross and the Battle of North Point Only seven miles from his landing at North Point, the British Commanding Officer, Major General Robert Ross was shot and mortally wounded in a brief skirmish.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Battle_of_North_Point.html (706 words)

	1383–1385 Crisis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The armed resistance met the Castilian army on April 6, 1384, in the battle of Atoleiros.
		His first move was to send an punitive expedition, but they were heavily defeated in the battle of Trancoso in May. Realizing that he had to use force to solve the problem definitively, an enormous Castilian army led by the king himself invaded Portugal in the second week of June through the central north.
		The ensuing fight, the battle of Aljubarrota, was fought in the style of the battles of Crecy and Poitiers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1383-1385_Crisis (1614 words)

	1383-1385 Crisis
		The armed resistance and the Castilian army meet in April 6 1384, in the battle of Atoleiros.
		His first move is to send an punitive expedition, but they are heavily defeated in the battle of Trancoso in May. Realizing that to solve the problem definitively he had to use force, an enormous Castilian army led by the king himself, invades Portugal in the second week of June through the central north.
		The result is the battle of Aljubarrota (follow link for the full account), fought in the style of the battles of Crecy and Poitiers.
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/1/13/1383_1385_crisis.html (1593 words)

	BATALLA DE ALJUBARROTA
		Aljubarrota is, probably, the most important battle in Portuguese History: at least, it is considered by them as the one who assured their independence, and it is usually called "The Battle" in Portuguese Chronicles.
		Actually, the number of casualties was not too big (54 death in Portuguese field, and probably some hundreds in Castilian side), but the moral effect was crushing: many of the Castilian noblemen were among the casualties, and almost all the Portuguese towns and castles who still supported Beatriz's changed their side.
		The battle by the Castilian point of view ("Crónicas de los reyes de Castilla", by Pero López de Ayala, a witness of the battle, in Old Castilian).
	es.geocities.com /endovelico2001/med/aljuba.html (798 words)

	Battle of Aljubarrota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		At this stage of the battle losses were on both sides especially on Castilians and Portuguese left wing (known in tradition as the Ala dos Namorados meaning not literally flank of the ones).
		According to Portuguese tradition surrounding the battle was a woman called Brites de Almeida Padeira of Aljubarrota (the baker-woman of Aljubarrota) said to very tall strong and ugly and to six fingers on each hand who ambushed killed by herself many Castilian soldiers.
		This, i.e., Misunderestimated: The President Battles Terrorism, John Kerry, and the Bush Haters by Bill Sammon (Author), is riveting portrait of President Bush as he broadens the war on terror overseas -- and plunges into high-stakes political battles at...
	www.freeglossary.com /Battle_of_Aljubarrota (1593 words)

	Battle of Aljubarrota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		At around 10 o'clock in the morning of August 14, the army took his position at the North side of this hill, facing the road where the enemy would soon appear.
		Like in other defensive battles of the 14th century (examples are Crécy and Poitiers), the dispositions were the following: dismounted cavalry and infantry in the centre with archers occupying the flanks, protected by natural obstacles (creeks in this case).
		According to Portuguese tradition surrounding the battle, there was a woman called Brites de Almeida, the Padeira of Aljubarrota (the baker-woman of Aljubarrota), said to be very tall, strong and ugly and to possess six fingers on each hand, that ambushed and killed by herself many Castilian soldiers.
	www.theezine.net /b/battle-of-aljubarrota.html (1452 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		1385 - 1383-1385 Crisis : Castilians are defeated by Portuguese at the Battle of Aljubarrota.
		Castilians are defeated by Portuguese at the Battle of Aljubarrota 1598 - Irish under Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, destroy English force at the Battle of Yellow Ford 1842 - Second Seminole War ends,...
		Other interesting exhibits are the battle tunic worn by Dom JoÃ£o I at the battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, and a 14th Century silver altarpiece said to be taken from the defeated Spanish...
	battle_of_aljubarrota.iqexpand.com (458 words)

	PEDRO GONZALEZ DE MENDOZA - LoveToKnow Article on PEDRO GONZALEZ DE MENDOZA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The cardinals father, the marquis of Santillana to use the title he bore for the greater part of his lifewas a poet, and was conspicuous during the troubled reign of John II.
		He fought for the king at the second battle of Olmedo on the 20th of August 1467, and was wounded in the arm.
		He fought for her at the battle of Toro on the Ist of March 1476; had a prominent part in placing her on the throne; and served her indefatigably in her efforts to suppress the disorderly nobles of Castile.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/ME/MENDOZA_PEDRO_GONZALEZ_DE.htm (795 words)

	ABRANTES. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Alfonso I took it from the Moors in 1148.
		John I gathered his army there before the battle of Aljubarrota (1385).
		In the Napoleonic Wars, the French under Junot won the battle of Abrantes in 1807, but in 1810 they were unable to take the town by siege.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/ab/Abrantes.html (81 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: A Late-Medieval Spanish Nobleman: Don Juan Pacheco, Master of the Order of Santiago (1419-1474)
		He was Portuguese by nationality, among the greatest nobles of that kingdom, and grandson of one of the knights who came from Portugal to Castile in the service of King Juan I of Castile [1379-90], who was defeated at the battle of Aljubarrota [1385] (1).
		He was an astute and very prudent man, and as a youth went to live with the future King Enrique IV of Castile [1454-74] when Enrique was a prince [prince of Asturias], achieving such favor that he was better received than any man in his service.
		Battle between Castilian and Portuguese armies, 14 August 1385, driven by Juan I's claims to the throne of Portugal and determined resistance from the citizens of Lisbon; the Castilian army was crushed.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/1474DonJuanPacheco.html (1675 words)

	Battle Of Aljubarrota Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
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	www.priceoffreedom.com /encyclopedia/Battle_of_Aljubarrota (1704 words)

	Medieval Portuguese - DBA 171a (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		At this time the Arabs had been eradicated from Portuguese borders, so main battles were fought with Castela-Leao, its French allies, and with Moors at Ceuta, which was captured in 1415.
		In a famous painting of the battle at Aljubarrota (Jean Wavrin, Chroniques d'Angleterre), we see dismounted knights with axes and maces fighting supported by spears.
		The Auxilia, if used, should be of peasents in the first years of the period, as the Condestavel is known to have raised the local population [1].
	www.fanaticus.org /dba/armies/var171a.html (761 words)

	Schola Student Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		At the Pass of Roncesvalles in the Pyrenees Mountains, northeast of Pamplona, the rear guard of Charlemagne's retreating army was massacred by the Basques.
		This battle forms the basis of the heroic legend of Roland, recounted in The Song of Roland.
		1760 Frederick II defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Liegnitz.
	www.network54.com /Forum/message?forumid=94062&messageid=1029451404 (402 words)

	[No title]
		According to record, 6,500 Portuguese knights, squires and footmen battled a troop of Castilians twice their size.
		It wouldn’t be for another 7 years, when a chapel was being built over the battle field that the dead bodies would find a burial ground.
		Finally, the excavators concluded that, by all indications from the examined bones, most of the injuries were not received at this battle.
	plaza.ufl.edu /gator59/page5.htm (425 words)

	1383-1385 Crisis - InformationBlast
		His first move is to send an punitive expedition, but they are heavily defeated in the battle of Trancoso in May.
		Realizing that to solve the problem definitively he had to use force, an enormous Castilian army led by the king himself, invades Portugal in the second week of June through the central north.
		August 15 – Battle of Aljubarrota: decisive Portuguese victory – end of the crisis
	www.informationblast.com /1383-1385_Crisis.html (1596 words)

	Portugal - Wars with Castile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In April, in the Alentejo, Nun'Álvares Pereira defeated the Castilians at the Battle of Atoleiros, a victory that resulted from the new military tactic of forming defensive squares from dismounted cavalry because the Portuguese had far fewer troops than the enemy.
		Using the same tactic of defensive squares of dismounted cavalry that had brought them success in previous battles, a force of 7,000 Portuguese annihilated and scattered a Castilian army of 32,000 in little more than thirty minutes of combat.
		Although additional battles were fought and final peace was not made with Castile until October 1411, the Battle of Aljubarrota secured the independence of Portugal for almost two centuries.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-10852.html (422 words)

	Untitled Document
		In 1385 the great battle of Aljubarrota was fought, and the Portuguese were the winners.
		The Abbot of Aljubarrota, the Abbot of St. Mary, in Estremadoura, Sir Alvarez Pereira, marshal of Portugal, Joao Rodriguez Pereira, Joao Gomez de Silva, Joao Rodriguez de Sa, and many other Portuguese knights, were there seated; for not one Englishman was at the table that day, but served their guests.
		There were numbers of minstrels, who played their parts well; and the duke gave them and the heralds one hundred nobles each.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/GeogHist/histories/histdocts/Biblio14/A14/Froissart/1385gaunt-portugal.html (2460 words)

	Treaty of Windsor 1386 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Portugal used it again against its neighbours in 1640, to expel the Spanish kings again from the country.
		With the victory at the Battle of Aljubarrota, João I was recognized as the undisputed king of Portugal, putting an end to the interregnum and anarchy of the 1383-1385 crisis.
		Recognition from Castile would arrive only in 1411, with the signature of the.
	americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Treaty_of_Windsor_1386 (187 words)

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