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Topic: Battle of Caer Caradoc

	Battle - meaning of word (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Battles may be small scale, only involving a handful of individuals, perhaps two squads, up to battles on army levels where hundreds of thousands may be engaged in a single battle at one time.
		A "battle of annihilation" is one in which the defeated party is destroyed in the field, such as the France fleet at the Battle of the Nile.
		A "decisive battle" is one of particular importance; by bringing hostilities to an end, such as the Battle of Hastings, or as a turning point in the fortunes of the belligerents, such as the Battle of Stalingrad.
	www.wordsonline.org /Battle (1342 words)

	Battle of Medway
		The Battle of Medway took place in 43 AD in the lands of the Celtic tribe of the Catuvellauni, in southeast England.
		The Battle of Medway can also refer to a sea battle in 1667 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, in which the Dutch fleet broke through the British defences in the River Thames and set fire to the British fleet at Chatham.
		The Battle of Medway should not be confused with the Battle of Midway during World War II.
	www.wapipedia.org /wikipedia/mobiletopic.aspx?cur_title=Battle_of_Medway (182 words)

	battle of medway - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		For the battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, see raid on the Medway.
		The Battle of Medway (or Medway River) took place in AD 43 in the lands of the Celtic tribe of the Cantiaci, in southeast England.
		It was the first step of the third and last Roman invasion of Britain, led by Aulus Plautius and Emperor Claudius.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Battle-of-Medway (114 words)

	Opposing Forces
		The drill and battle movements were 'a series of time-saving and orderly movements of line into column, and of echelons and squares, and in battle of the replacements of exhausted units and men by fresh ones'.
		When forced to give battle on the open plain the Celtic tribes were no match for the Roman legions, but if they could catch the legions strung-out on the march, or without the protection of their marching camps the Romans could come-off far worse against a rapid and well-planned surprise attack.
		Caradoc's plan would be to lure the legions onto ground that would cause them to concentrate their attack on a constricted front, while having to assault against a hill position from where the Celtic missile fire could be used to greatest effect.
	home.clara.net /graymo/caradoc/05_opposing_forces.htm (991 words)

	Battle of Mons Graupius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After many years of avoiding the fight, the Caledonians were forced to join battle when the Romans marched on the main granaries of the Caledonians, just as they had been filled from the harvest.
		Following this final battle, it was proclaimed that Agricola had finally subdued all the tribes of Britain.
		That Agricola won the battle but failed to neutralise the threat to Roman security in the north of Britain had serious consequences for the remainder of the period of occupation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius (688 words)

	The Battle
		As I have said, it is possible that Caradoc disputed the crossing for a short time, but we may be sure that he would have formed his army to show a solid front rather than have left any isolated units to be surrounded and cut off by the Roman cavalry.
		It is possible that Caradoc's roughly constructed stone walls were higher-up the hillside, therefore the Roman's had to seek protection under cover of their locked shields to avoid the constant hail of missiles that were being poured upon them; a fire which had already caused the auxiliaries to fall back.
		Caradoc and his family were taken to Rome where, in spite of all the problems he had caused, and the vast amount of time and money involved in the military operations against him, he was allowed to live out the rest of his life in comparative peace and quiet.
	home.clara.net /graymo/caradoc/06_the_battle.htm (784 words)

	A Welsh Myth Concordance
		Caer Arianrhod was destroyed when Arianrhod opened the Casket of Ancient Spells and invoked the powers of the well.
		Caradoc, their chief, died of his own love for the men who were slain.
		She dwelt at Caer Arianrhod with her sisters and was a sacred priestess who guarded the Eye of the Deep.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/7280/welsh.html (6127 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Caractacus
		Along with his brother Togodumnus, Caratacus led the defence of the country, but they were defeated: Togodumnus was killed in the Battle of Medway and Caratacus was forced to flee.
		Finally, in 50 AD, Scapula managed to defeat Caratacus in the Battle of Caer Caradock and Caratacus was forced to flee once more, this time to the North.
		Known as Caractacus (or Caratacus) to the Romans, he was more generally referred to as Caradoc and it is of no small consequence that two of Shropshire's hills bear the name Caer Caradoc, and lay claim to staging the Briton King's last stand.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Caractacus (588 words)

	US Bazaar.com : Encyclopedia Pages : Catuvellauni
		The Catuvellauni (possibly meaning "good in battle" or "battle commanders") were a Celtic/Belgic tribe or state of south-eastern Britain before the Roman conquest.
		They were defeated by Plautius in two crucial battles on the rivers Medway (see Battle of the Medway) and Thames.
		Ostorius defeated him in a set-piece battle somewhere in Ordovician territory (see Battle of Caer Caradoc) in AD 51, capturing members of his family, but Caratacus again escaped.
	encyclopedia.us-bazaar.com /?title=Catuvellauni (1020 words)

	Church Stretton
		The town lies in a narrow valley, bounded on one side by a picturesque range of hills known as the Caradoc Hills, and on the other by the Longmynd.
		Caer Caradoc, one of the Caradoc Hills, has entrenchements on its summit, and was one of the military stations of Caractacus.
		It was at one time supposed to be the place where that chief fought his last battle ; but that supposition was subsequently abandoned, as the situation does not correspond with the description of Tacitus.
	www.oldtowns.co.uk /Shropshire/church%20stretton.htm (238 words)

	My Speculation
		Caradoc's right flank is well guarded, not only by the Teme, but also by the steep gradient, which stretches back to Holloway Rocks.
		The crossing would only have been contested for a short time as Caradoc would then have pulled back all his forces to the rising ground at the foot of Bucknell Wood (the wood is modern, and the hillside here would probably have been cleared to allow a clear view from the Caer Caradoc Hill fort).
		Not only did Caradoc rely on the natural defenses of the terrain, he also strengthened them with the addition of dry stonewalls, from behind which the defenders could seek protection from Roman missile fire.
	www.battlefieldanomalies.com /caradoc/04_speculation.htm (312 words)

	Untitled Document
		Exactly what, and where the battle came to pass remains in the hand of legend, save for the only historical evidence that transpires in the accounts of Tacitus, the Roman commentator of the day, whose writings are relied upon as one of the principal historical texts of the Roman Empire.
		Caer Caradoc near Clun hosted an ancient hill fort, and in addition it was cradled by a river, which was one of the few significant geographical clues left to us by Tacitus.
		Yet Stretton's Caer Caradoc lacks the obstacle of a river that Tacitus mentioned in his chronicle, so it is possibly exempt from the claim that it actually was the site of Caractacus' last stand.
	www.oakengates.com /history/caractacus.htm (2123 words)

	A Welsh Myth Concordance
		Bran of the Glittering Branches - a Champion of Faery in the battle of the Cad Goddeu.
		Caer Govannon - at the Vale of the Conwy, where Govannon’s forge stood, at the mouth of the river Conwy.
		Caer Sidi - the capitol of the Country Undersea, the Lost Lands of the West.
	members.tripod.com /EsotericTexts02/WelshMythos.htm (6624 words)

	Mystical-WWW - Arthurian A 2 Z C
		This battle can be said to have signalled the end of the glorious years of the Arthurian court and the Knights of the Round Table (See Arthur).
		Caradoc was a Knight of the Round Table and it is thought that his character within the Arthurian legend may have been based on that of the historical 'Caractacus', a British King, who was known to have been taken prisoner in AD51 in Rome.
		Before his last battle CuChulainn is said to have seen a vision of two women washing his own clothing which was soaked in blood, his own blood (See Washer at the Ford).
	www.mystical-www.co.uk /arthuriana2z/c.htm (4775 words)

	US Bazaar.com : Encyclopedia Pages : Caratacus
		Finally, in 51, Scapula managed to defeat Caratacus in a set-piece battle somewhere in Ordivician territory (see the Battle of Caer Caradoc), capturing Caratacus's wife and daughter and receiving the surrender of his brothers.
		Caratacus himself escaped, and fled north to the lands of the Brigantes.
		[Caratacus] resorted to the ultimate hazard, adopting a place for battle so that entry, exit, everything would be unfavorable to us and for the better to his own men, with steep mountains all around, and, wherever a gentle access was possible, he strewed rocks in front in the manner of a rampart.
	encyclopedia.us-bazaar.com /?title=Caratacus (1865 words)

	News Wales > Culture > Ancient Welsh city found
		Caer Caradoc at Mynydd y Gaer, Glamorgan, is one of the most important locations in all of ancient British history.
		A Caer is a fortress and Caers were major fortress cities and towns for example: Caer Lllundain (London), Caerdydd (Cardiff) Caergrant (Cambridge) and Caer Loyw (Gloucester).
		Historical references to Caer Caradoc are many and include statements in the Brut Tyssilio (684 AD) and the later Gruffyd ap Arthur (1135 AD) where Merddyn Emrys (Martin Ambrosius) and his mother are said to have met with the Ambassdors of Vortigern at St. Peter's Super-Montem Church at Caer Caradoc, where they lived.
	www.newswales.co.uk /?section=Culture&F=1&id=9158 (900 words)

	swuklink: Searchable Time-Line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Battle of Abrittus; the Goths defeat the Romans klilling the Roman emperors Trajan Decius and Herennius Etruscus
		Attila the Hun is defeated at Troyes by Aëtius in the Battle of Chalons
		Death of the Byzantine emperor Nicephorus I in the Battle of Pliska, defeated by the Bulgar khan Krum; succeeded by Stauracius as Byzantine emperor
	www.swuklink.com /BAAAGDJA.php?srchstr=Battle (3596 words)

	Shropshire - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The remains of a large number of Iron Age hill forts have been discovered, including those at Earls Hill, Bury Ditches, Hopesay, The Wrekin, Old Oswestry, and Caer Caradoc (supposedly the scene of the last battle between Caractacus and the Romans).
		In 1403, Henry IV defeated Sir Henry Percy, or Hotspur, at the Battle of Shrewsbury, and thereby established himself as undisputed king of England.
		Ludlow Castle was the boyhood home of the Little Princes, the future Edward V and his brother, Richard, Duke of York, until they left for the Tower of London, and their mysterious disappearance, traditionally blamed on Richard III.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761571234___9/Shropshire.html (354 words)

	Battle of Caer Caradoc - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Caer Caradoc was the final battle in Caratacus's resistance to Roman rule.
		Fought in 50, the Romans defeated the Britons and thus secured the southern areas of the province of Britannia.
		The hill fort on Caer Caradoc Hill in Shropshire is connected with the battle by virtue of its name.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Caer_Caradoc (430 words)

	Various sites
		Without going into the details of other possible areas where the battle may or may not have been fought, let us restrict ourselves to the region around the hill fort of Caer Caradoc, overlooking the three main rivers that have been speculated upon more than others-The River Teme, The River Redlake, and the River Clun.
		Since the extent of Caradoc's position here would be close to three miles wide, he would have needed at least 30-40,000 troops to cover the terrain.
		If we give an average of 10,000 men to the mile, and allow for a reserve of 10,000, this still is far too thin a screen to have prevented a concerted effort by two legions and their auxiliaries from being overwhelmingly strong at one point.
	home.clara.net /graymo/caradoc/03_battlefield_sites.htm (1101 words)

	Shropshire - ninemsn Encarta
		The remains of a large number of Iron Age hill forts have been discovered, including those at Earls Hill, Bury Ditches, Hopesay, The Wrekin, Old Oswestry, and Caer Caradoc (supposedly the scene of the last battle between Caractacus and the Romans).
		In 1403, Henry IV defeated Sir Henry Percy, or Hotspur, at the Battle of Shrewsbury, and thereby established himself as undisputed king of England.
		Ludlow Castle was the boyhood home of the Little Princes, the future Edward V and his brother, Richard, Duke of York, until they left for the Tower of London, and their mysterious disappearance, traditionally blamed on Richard III.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571234_2/Shropshire.html (1040 words)

	BBC - Shropshire - History - Picture Gallery - Shropshire's hill forts from the air
		The battle is chronicled by the Roman historian Tacitus, but even he offered little in the way of detail, except that Caradoc (Caractacus is what the Romans called him) was King of the Britons and chose Shropshire as his centre of resistance.
		Tacitus, however, does describe the location of this last battle as a mound of ramparts and steeps, cradled by a river - an important clue, given that this Caer Caradoc stands over the valley of the River Redlake.
		As the picture illustrates, Caer Caradoc is a typical Iron Age fort, with its multiple ramparts, including rock-cut ditches, protecting it from attackers.
	www.bbc.co.uk /shropshire/history/2004/01/gallery_hill_forts_04.shtml (210 words)

	Biographies: Caradoc :: 0 A.D. :: Wildfire Games
		Caradoc is relentless against his foe and with the help of the Durotriges and Dobunni he conquers the Atrebates by year’s end.
		Caradoc was hoping that the Medway would provide a trap to catch the Romans in and massacre, seeing how that with their armor crossing the river without a bridge was suicide.
		Caradoc and his family lived quite happily in Rome, though at one point Caradoc remarked to a Roman visitor “And can you, then, who have got such possessions and so many of them, covet our poor tents?” Caradoc reportedly died around 54 AD of old age.
	wildfiregames.com /0ad/page.php?p=9638 (1986 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The Catuvellauni (possibly meaning "good in battle" or "battle commanders") were a Celtic/Belgic tribe or state of south-eastern Britain before the Roman conquest.
		They were defeated by Plautius in two crucial battles on the rivers Medway (see Battle of the Medway) and Thames.
		Ostorius defeated him in a set-piece battle somewhere in Ordovician territory (see Battle of Caer Caradoc) in AD 51, capturing members of his family, but Caratacus again escaped.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Catuvellauni (972 words)

	Shrawardine - Shuttleworth \| British History Online
		Edward, on his elevation to the throne, selected Shrewsbury as an asylum for his consort during the agitation of the times; and in the convent of the Dominican friars, in which the queen resided, the princes Richard and George were born.
		Little is known of the Cornavii; but the Ordovices joined with the Silures, under Caractacus, in defending their territories against the Roman invaders: and it is thought by some that the battle in which the Britons under that leader were finally defeated, by Ostorius Scapula, was fought within the limits of this county.
		Gough supposes it to have been at the hill called Caer Caradoc, or the Gaer, near the junction of the small rivers Clun and Teme, on the point of which are the remains of a very large and strongly-fortified camp.
	www.british-history.ac.uk /report.asp?compid=51276 (11482 words)

	ROYAL SOAP: The British-Roman Church
		Towards the end of the campaign in the autumn of AD 52, the battle which terminated the career of Caradoc in the field was fought close to the confines of the Teme and the CIune in Shropshire.
		Caradoc himself took refuge at her repeated solicitations, at Caer Evroc (York), with Aregwedd, or Aricia, the Cartismandua of Tacitus, queen of the Brigantes, and grand-niece of the infamous traitor in the Julian war, Mandubratius, or Avarwy.
		On the day of Caradoc's trial Tacitus tells us that his daughter Gladys refused to be separated from her father, though it was against the Roman law for a woman to enter the Senate.
	asis.com /~stag/roylsoap.html (4001 words)

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