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Topic: Battle of Cajamarca

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	Battle of Cajamarca - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Cajamarca was a surprise attack on the Inca royal entourage orchestrated by Francisco Pizarro.
		The confrontation at Cajamarca was the culmination of a months-long contest of espionage, subterfuge, and diplomacy conducted by Pizarro and the Inca via their respective envoys.
		Encamped along the heights of Cajamarca with legions of battle-tested troops fresh from their victories in the civil war against his half-brother Huascar, the Inca had little to fear from Pizarro's minute army, however extravagant its dress and weaponry.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca (705 words)

	Francisco Pizarro - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Pizarro in the Battle of Cajamarca on November 16, 1532
		Atahualpa, however, refused the Spanish presence in his land by saying he would "be no man's tributary," which led Pizarro and his force to attack Atahualpa's army in what became the Battle of Cajamarca on November 16, 1532.
		This led to confrontations between the Pizarro brothers and Almagro, who was eventually defeated during the Battle of Las Salinas (1538) and executed.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Francisco_Pizarro (3522 words)

	Cajamarca - World Travel Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Cajamarca is located in the northern highlands of Peru, and is the capital of the Cajamarca region.
		Cajamarca has an equatorial climate so it is mild, dry and sunny, which creates very fertile soil.
		Most of all, Peruvians remember Cajamarca as the place where the Inca Empire came to an end, since the Battle of Cajamarca along with the capture and execution of Inca emperor Atahualpa took place here.
	www.world-travel-guide.net /index.php?title=Cajamarca (650 words)

	The History Place - Top Ten Battles of All Time
		The Battle of Huai-Hai was the final major fight between the armies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Nationalist Party of Kuomintang (KMT) in their long struggle over control of the world's most populous country.
		Upon arrival at the village of Cajamarca on a plateau on the eastern slope of the Andes, the Spanish officer invited the Incan king to a meeting.
		The Battle of Yorktown was the climax of the American Revolution and directly led to the independence of the United States of America.
	www.historyplace.com /worldhistory/topten/index.html (11728 words)

	The Animal Attraction - Program 2 - Fact Sheet 6
		Battle at Cajamarca: 168 men with horses vs 80,000 soldiers
		One of history's defining battles took place in the town of Cajamarca in South America in 1532.
		So they march into Cajamarca with their horses, and they look out on to a sea of fires on the hillsides at night.
	abc.net.au /animals/program2/factsheet6.htm (627 words)

	ttgapers store - USA - The Battle 100: The Stories Behind History's Most Influential Battles - Michael Lee Lanning - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Second is the Battle of Hastings in 1066, with the Norman Conquest of England.
		(The Spanish Armada in 1588 is #16, and the Battle of Britian in 1941 is #40.)
		Sixth is a battle that I had never heard of, the Battle of Cajamarca in 1532 where the Spanish were able to claim most of South America.
	www.ttgapers.com /module-ttStore-product-asin-1570717990-locale-us.html (1486 words)

	Oxford University Press
		Each entry provides the name and date of the battle, the commanders, the size of their forces, and their casualties.
		A description of the battle plan and the military action are carefully discussed, and each description closes with a valuable consideration of how history was affected by the outcome of the conflict.
		Among the battles presented are the Battle of Thymbra (546 BC), the Battle of Chalons (451 AD), the Battle of Cajamarca (1532), the Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954), and the Tet Offensive (1968).
	www.oup.com /ca/isbn/0-19-514366-3 (377 words)

	cajamarca_(city) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		During the period between 1463 and 1471, Tupac Inca conquered the area and brought Cajamarca into the Tawantinsuyu, or Inca empire, which at the time was still being ruled by Tupac's father Pachacuti.Cajamarca's place in history is secured by the tragedy of 1532.
		Atahuallpa had beaten his brother in a battle for the Inca throne in Quito.
		Tourists to Cajamarca can see a room by this name in Cajamarca, but most likely the room was Atahuallpa's cell, not his ransom room.
	casino-questionsanswered.com /wiki/?title=Cajamarca_(city) (450 words)

	Peru Encyclopedia Article @ Purer.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		On November 16, 1532, while the natives were in a celebration in Cajamarca, the Spanish in a surprise move captured the Inca Atahualpa during the Battle of Cajamarca, causing a great consternation among the natives and conditioning the future course of the fight.
		San Martin, who had displaced the royalists of Chile after the magnificent battle of the Andes, and who had disembarked in Paracas in 1819, proclaimed the independence of Peru in Lima on July 28, 1821.
		Three years later, the Spanish dominion was eliminated definitively after the battles of Junín and Ayacucho.
	www.purer.org /encyclopedia/Peru (4789 words)

	Ø Wilson's Almanac free daily ezine \| The Battle of Cajamarca 1532 \| Atahualpa Peru Incas imperialism Jauja ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In November, while the newly victorious Atahualpa and his battle-hardened army of 80,000 were relaxing with the hot springs in the town of Cajamarca, before their planned triumphal entry into Cuzco, Francisco Pizarro entered the city with a force of 168.
		Hernando Pizarro, the leader’s brother, estimated the number of Incan soldiers at 40,000, but an eyewitness wrote that he gave this estimate in order to calm his comrades: there were in fact more than 80,000.
		Cajamarca was not the only occasion in 1532 on which Western technology was able to trounce Incan technology – for technology such as guns and steel swords, rather than fighting skills and valour were what won the day.
	www.wilsonsalmanac.com.cob-web.org:8888 /cajamarca_battle.html (1647 words)

	testFolder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		After two months on the march, Pizarro had arrived at Cajamarca with just 168 men under his command and sent Hernando de Soto, friar Vicente de Valverde and native interpreter Felipillo to speak with Atahualpa about the Spanish presence.
		Through the interpreter, Valverde delivered the "Requirement," indicating that Atahualpa and his people must convert to Christianity, and if he refused he would be considered an enemy of the Church and of Spain.
		The Spanish envoys returned to Pizarro, who prepared a surprise attack against Atahualpa's army in what became the Battle of Cajamarca on November 16, 1532.
	play.siteframe.org /testfolder (256 words)

	Collision At Cajamarca
		On reaching the entrance to Cajamarca, we saw the camp of Atahuallpa at a distance of a league, in the skirts of the mountains.
		Spear them!' All of the other Indian soldiers whom Atahuallpa had brought were a mile from Cajamarca ready for battle, but not one made a move, and during all this not one Indian raised a weapon against a Spaniard.
		The lord of Cajamarca was also killed, and others, but their numbers were so great that they could not be counted, for all who came in attendance on Atahuallpa were great lords.
	members.aol.com /joey9004/colatca.html (3043 words)

	Cajamarca (city) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the period between 1463 and 1471, Tupac Inca conquered the area and brought Cajamarca into the Tawantinsuyu, or Inca empire, which at the time was still being ruled by Tupac's father Pachacuti.
		Cajamarca's place in history is secured by the tragedy of 1532.
		The events that unfolded after this incident would only culminate in bringing about the end of the Inca Empire, as the Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro invaded the Main Plaza of Cajamarca in the Battle of Cajamarca (1532) and soon captured Atahuallpa and most of his army.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cajamarca_(city) (546 words)

	Battle of Puná - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Puná, a peripheral engagement of Francisco Pizarro's conquest of Peru, was fought in April 1531 on the island of Puná (in the Gulf of Guayaquil).
		The battle marked the beginning of Pizarro's third and final expedition before the fall of the Inca Empire.
		The Spanish army, following a long and difficult journey from Panama throughout which many had fallen to virulence, predation, and other hazards, had docked at the Inca city of Tumbes in April.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Pun%C3%A1 (519 words)

	The Greatest War Stories Never Told MAXIM ONLINE
		Holed up in the Peruvian city of Cajamarca, they were surrounded by Inca warriors as far as the eye could see—an army of more than 50,000 men.
		By the time Pizarro tracked down the Inca emperor Atahualpa in the city of Cajamarca, his men were hundreds of miles inland and outnumbered 500 to one.
		Now they were waiting in terror as the Incan emperor, preceded by a throng of warriors in brightly colored tunics and gold and silver headdresses, was carried into the square on a litter borne by his noblemen.
	www.maximonline.com /articles/index.aspx?a_id=4068 (4058 words)

	Francisco Pizarro Biography,info
		Following the defeat of his brother, Huascar, Atahualpa had been resting in the Sierra of northern Peru, near Cajamarca, in the nearby thermal baths known today as the Baños del Inca(Incan Baths).
		Atahualpa, however, refused the Spanish presence in his land by saying he would "be no man's tributary." Unlike Moctezuma II, his Aztec counterpart, he knew these men were not gods or divine representatives.
		Atahualpa's refusal led Pizarro and his force to attack the Incan army in what became the Battle of Cajamarca on November 16, 1532.
	www.parsnava.com /biography/sdmc_Francisco_Pizarro (3747 words)

	Cajamarca - The City where History Changed Forever
		It was here that the Inca empire would be no more when the Inca royal entourage was overtaken in The Battle of Cajamarca in the evening of November 16, 1532.
		Cajamarca is not on the tourist map and is all yours to enjoy.
		It was here that the battle of two cultures found place.
	www.travel-amazing-southamerica.com /cajamarca.html (639 words)

	Inca Empire information - Search.com
		Their first engagement was the battle of Puná, near present-day Guayaquil, Ecuador; Pizarro then founded the city of Piura in July 1532.
		Hernando de Soto was sent inland to explore the interior, and returned with an invitation to meet the Inca, Atahualpa, who had defeated his brother in the civil war and was resting at Cajamarca with his army of 80,000 troops.
		Atahualpa was handed a Bible and threw it on the floor, which the Spanish interpreted as adequate reason for war, though some chroniclers suggest that Atahualpa simply didn't understand the notion of a book.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Inca_Empire (1805 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Betanzos, Narrative of the Incas
		During the battle of Cajamarca, when Pizarro took Atahualpa prisoner, she remained nearby at the Inca's camp.
		Doña Angelina, who, as a child of ten, spent the months after the conquest in 1532 in Atahualpa's camp, remembered the Incas' reactions to the Spaniards, their concern about whether the Spaniards were viracocha gods or mere men, whether they should be attacked, Atahualpa's treatment as a prisoner, and his death (chaps.
		He mentions speaking to Incas who were at Cajamarca near Atahualpa's litter during the initial battle of the conquest (Part II., chap.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exbetnar.html (4072 words)

	Amazon.com: The Battle 100: The Stories Behind History's Most Influential Battles: Books: Michael Lee Lanning,Bob ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The foreword stresses that the ranking is according to the battle's "influence on history," rather than by "decisive engagement." Each essay discusses participants, leaders, and location, and gives an evaluation of the battle's impact.
		The land, sea, and air battles included range in date from 1479 B.C.E. to 1967 and include such significant engagements as the battles of Yorktown, Hastings, Stalingrad, Cajamarca, Waterloo, Normandy, and Dien Bien Phu.
		(The Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 is #17, and the Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 is #49.)
	www.amazon.com /Battle-100-Stories-Historys-Influential/dp/1570717990 (2208 words)

	Wilson's Blogmanac: The Battle of Cajamarca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		1502 - August 29, 1533) after victory at Cajamarca, Peru.
		However, the Spaniards had iron swords, guns, horses and armour, which the Incas did not.
		The result: surely one of history's most incredible battles – although largely forgotten today – and it was all over in a single afternoon.
	wilsonsalmanac.blogspot.com /2006/11/battle-of-cajamarca.html (172 words)

	Europa: The History of the White Race :Chapter 48
		A full scale battle then followed at Champeton, in which fully half of the Whites were killed.
		It was at this first battle that Cortes realized the technological advantage the Whites possessed: steel armor, guns, cannons and even horses were completely unknown to the Amerinds of central America, and many tribesmen fled at the very sight of a powerful charge horse.
		"On reaching the entrance to Cajamarca, we saw the camp of the Atahualpa (the Inca emperor) at a distance of a league, in the skirts of the mountain.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/fowles/500/hwr48.htm (8324 words)

	FRONTLINE/WORLD . Peru - The Curse of Inca Gold . Facts and Stats \| PBS
		Of the estimated 150,000 tons of all gold ever mined, about 15 percent is thought to have been lost in dissipative industrial uses or otherwise unrecoverable and unaccounted for.
		At the Battle of Cajamarca, Pizarro managed to capture and order the execution of the Inca leader, Atahuallpa.
		Today, Cajamarca is the site of Yanacocha, one of the most profitable gold mines in the world.
	www.pbs.org /frontlineworld/stories/peru404/facts.html (997 words)

	Spanish Conquest of Incas
		The answer is not only a matter of circumstances but also the will of God in what nation will conquer.
		In the first battle at Cajamarca the Spaniards defeated the Incas despite overwhelming numbers.
		After the battle of Cajamarca the Spanish continued to conquer the Incans.
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/essays/comp/cw13incaspainegyptassyria.htm (818 words)

	Atahualpa - Free net encyclopedia
		Image:Inca-Spanish confrontation.JPG Through the interpreter, Valverde delivered the "Requirement," indicating that Atahualpa and his people must convert to Christianity, and if he refused he would be considered an enemy of the Church and of Spain.
		Atahualpa's disastrous handling of the Spanish invasion notwithstanding, his actions leading up to the time of the invasion did contribute to the fall of the empire.
		One could see the parallel with Harold Godwinson's feud with his brother Tostig, which lead to the civil war and the Battle of Stamford Bridge as well as the Battle of Hastings as it severely weakened their positions in a time of crisis.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Atahualpa (754 words)

	WebQuest
		You have just captured Atahualpa during the battle of Cajamarca.
		Tell how you planned the battle, and how you feel about the outcome.
		Tell why you allowed the Spanish to get to Cajamarca when they easily could have been destroyed on their journey from Tumbes.
	cuip.net /~wmalva/incawebquest/conquista7.html (504 words)

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