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	Calabria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Calabria, formerly Brutium, is a region in southern Italy which occupies the "toe" of the Italian peninsula south of Naples.
		The switchover to Catanzaro as capital of Calabria was the cause of riots in 1970.
		Calabria was for many years part of the Roman Empire and after its fall, was devastated during the before it came under the rule of a local dux for the Byzantine Empire.
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Calabria (776 words)

	Battle of Calabria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Calabria, also known as the Battle of Punta Stilo, was a naval battle between ships of Italian Regia Marina on one side and the British Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy on the other.
		The battle occurred 30 miles to the east of Punta Stilo, the "toe" of Italy (Calabria), on 9 July 1940.
		Their strategy was to have only one ship targeted at a time, as it was learned during the battle of Jutland that with more than one firing at a single target it became very difficult for the rangefinding parties to tell which rounds were theirs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Calabria (2028 words)

	Encyclopedia: Battle of the Mediterranean
		Battle of Calabria Conflict World War II Date 9 July 1940 Place Near Calabria, Italy Result Inconclusive The Battle of Calabria, also known as the Battle of Punta Stilo, was a naval battle between ships of the British Royal Navy and the Italian Regia Marina, that occurred 30 miles to...
		Battle of Cape Spada Conflict World War II Date 19 July 1940 Place Mediterranean near Crete Result Allied victory The battle of Cape Spada was a naval battle of World War II fought in the Mediterranean off Cape Spada, the north-western extremity of Crete on 19 July 1940 An...
		The Battle of Cape Matapan was a decisive Allied victory, fought off the Peloponnesus coast of Greece from March 27 to March 29, 1941 in which British Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy forces under the command of the British Admiral Andrew Cunningham intercepted those of the Italian Regia Marina, under Admiral Angelo Iachino.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Battle-of-the-Mediterranean (3101 words)

	HMS Juno (F46) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		HMS Juno (F46) was a J class destroyer of the Royal Navy laid down by the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, Limited, at Govan in Scotland on 5 October 1937, launched on 8 December 1938 and commissioned on 25 August 1939.
		Juno participated in the Battle of Calabria in July 1940 and the Battle of Cape Matapan in March 1941.
		Juno was attacked by enemy German aircraft as she steamed with the Mediterranean Fleet against the German sea-borne invasion of Crete and sank south-east of Crete on 21 May 1941.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/HMS_Juno_(F46) (133 words)

	Battle of Calabria
		Both sides claimed victory, while in fact the battle was a draw and both returned to their bases as soon as possible.
		There is some debate about this point today, the British position being that they were leaving battle, the Italian that they were attempting to made a torpedo attack with their destroyers from within the smoke.
		The Italian heavy cruisers were a seriously threat in their own right, and could have evened the battle between the main battleships, but with the Warspite in the battle the British cruisers returned and the Italians turned to restart their initial fight with them.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/battle_of_calabria (1752 words)

	Calabria Maps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Calabria was for many years part of the Roman Empire and after its fall, was devastated during the Gothic War before it came under the rule of a local dux for the Byzantine Empire.
		The Aspromonte, a mountainous region of central Calabria, was the scene of a famous battle of the Risorgimento (unification of Italy), in which Garibaldi was wounded.
		Calabria is also the home of a small Griko-speaking community in Bovesia, the region otherwise known as Grecìa Calabra.
	www.medpropertyshop.com /italy/calabriamap.htm (627 words)

	Taranto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In 338 BC, during the Battle of Manduria, the Spartan and Tarantine armies were defeated in front of the walls of Manduria (nowadays in province of Taranto), and Archidamus was killed.
		The battle of Heraclea was won by Pyrrhus, but the casualties were very high.
		In March 1502, the Spanish fleet of Ferdinand II of Aragon, allied to Louis XII of France, seized the port of Taranto, and conquered the city.
	www.leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Taranto (4259 words)

	cucina-italiana.net - Calabria cuisine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Calabria boasts almost 800 km of coast washed by the waters of the Tyrrhenian, of the Straits of Messina and then, on the opposite side, by the Ionian Sea.
		Castles and watch towers are also characteristic sights along the Tyrrhenian coast, starting from the one built by Charles V at Amantea, a fortress town that was later embellished by the Franciscans who left several traces of their presence, the most outstanding of which is the church of San Bernardino da Siena (1436).
		But in the intervals between the battles, with the inevitable intervention of various divinities, there were long periods of splendor in the arts and in philosophy.
	www.aaanetserv.com /calabria.html (517 words)

	The Battle of Fornovo (1495), according to Alessandro Beneditti
		One of them, so that he might not be seen returning from battle emptyhanded, cruelly cut off the bead of a priest of the area, a deed which was straightway lamented, and joined the ranks of the soldiers.
		It consisted of six hundred horsemen, and this group the French call the real line of battle; it was conspicuous for its very lofty standard, and in it were all the mounted bowmen which I have enumerated and of the German foot soldiers the flower of almost all the troops of the King.
		This battle lasted for one hour, and during it many noble leaders perished; in the army of the French about a thousand were lost, but in the Italian about two thousand.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/fornovo.htm (5761 words)

	Regia Marina - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		July 20, 1866: Sea battle against Austrian fleet (Battle of Lissa), near the island of Vis in the Adriatic sea.
		The British attack at the naval base of Taranto (Battle of Taranto) was a very successful attack by carrier-borne aircrafts carrying torpedoes against Italian battleships in harbor.
		Battle of Cape Spada (19 July 1940), Bartolomeo Colleoni is sunk by torpedoes.
	www.lighthousepoint.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Regia_Marina (915 words)

	Calabria History & Heritage
		The region of Calabria is situated in the southernmost part of Italy, between the Tyrrhenian and the Ionian Seas; it is separated from Sicily by the Strait of Messina, and it is connected to the region of Basilicata through the great Pollino massif.
		It was eventually called 'Calabria' in the VII century a.D., when the Byzantine bureaucrats extended the toponym, which was once only used for indicating the Salentine Peninsula, to the long strip of land which stretches from the Land of Otranto to the Straits of Sicily.
		The main feudataries of Calabria Citra, as it was called in those times, the noble family of Sanseverino, allowed the refugees to settle in their territories, granting them uninhabited and untilled lands, preferably isolated, where the Albanians have jealously preserved their language, traditions and their Byzantine rite.
	www.glilli.com /hist.htm (1723 words)

	Calabria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A region in southern Italy, Calabria occupies the "toe" of the Italian peninsula south of Naples.
		The Aspromonte, a mountainous region of central Calabria, was the scene of a famous battle of the Risorgimento (unification of Italy), in which Giuseppe GaribaldiGaribaldi was wounded.
		Calabria is also the home of a small Griko languageGriko-speaking community in Bovesia/, the region otherwise known as ''Grecìa Calabra''.
	www.infothis.com /find/Calabria (723 words)

	Battle of Crete - Biocrawler definition:Battle of Crete - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Battle of Crete began on the morning of May 20 1941, during World War II, when Germany launched an airborne invasion under the code name Unternehmen Merkur (or Operation Mercury).
		General Freyberg was informed of their battle plan, although in some roundabout terms in order to hide the nature of the data, and started to prepare a defense based near the airfields.
		However he was seriously hampered by a lack of modern equipment, and was faced with the reality that even the lightly armed paratroopers would be able to manage about the same firepower as his own troops.
	www.biocrawler.com /biowiki/Battle_of_Crete (2184 words)

	Malcolm Bull's Calderdale Companion: Battles & Wars: C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In the battle on 20th-27th November 1917, large numbers of tanks were involved, buy heavy losses and the shortage lack of reserve troops left the British unable to resist the German counterattack.
		Russia sank the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Sinope.
		The major battles were the Battle of the Alma, where Russia was defeated, the Battle of Balaclava, including the military bungle which led to the Charge of the Light Brigade, and the Battle of Inkerman, where Russia was again defeated.
	hometown.aol.com /calderdale2/w353_c.html (2282 words)

	Ancient Greeks in modern Calabria
		We go to a traditional festival in Calabria and discover an ancient culture which is a living link to the glory that was Greece...
		The festival is held in the small town of Cataforìo in the hills overlooking Reggio Calabria.
		The future of the Grecanico people is precarious, we hope they will win their battle to survive for at least another 2,500 years.
	www.italiaplease.com /eng/megazine/music/2001/09/calabria (583 words)

	Battle of Calabria - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Mers-el-Kebir – Calabria – Spada – Taranto – Spartivento – Matapan – Tarigo – Crete – Duisburg – Bon – 1st Sirte – 2nd Sirte – Harpoon – Pedestal – Torch – Skerki
		While in general terms the battle was a draw, strategically it was a Allied win.
		The article about Battle of Calabria contains information related to Battle of Calabria, Prior to battle, Cruiser engagement, Battleships engagement, Final actions, Outcome, Order of battle, Allies, Regia Marina and External links.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Battle_of_Calabria (2082 words)

	battle correct (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
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	members.fortunecity.com /apartmentsrome/battle_correct.htm (676 words)

	Napoleon's Strategy and Battle Tactics. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Before battle it was important for Napoleon to have morale of his troops set on a very high level.
		In selecting position for battle was important to give the artillery good positions, to have the ground suitable for concealing the movements of own troops so that they may be massed upon any point and to have a good view of the enemy's movements.
		In battle Napoleon's batteries could dash from one part of a battlefield to another, or from reserves to battle line and concentrate maximum fire power on selected part of enemy's front.
	web2.airmail.net /napoleon/Napoleon_tactics.htm (2930 words)

	Royal Australian Navy Gun Plot Battle Of Calabria
		The battle for the Mediterranean was less than a month old, but already could be seen the prelude to the struggle which was to end almost twelve months later at Matapan.
		Within a few days, in the melancholy battle of Oran, and in the swift blows struck by a tiny depth-charge-laden launch and Swordfish bombers at Dakar, the potential menace of France’s armada was~ removed.
		On the morning of 7July the grey battle fleet in harbour at Alexandria slipped quietly from its moorings.
	www.gunplot.net /matapan/scrapironflott3.html (3951 words)

	Royal Australian Navy Gun Plot Scrap Iron Flotilla Matapan
		The British battle fleet was still many miles away, and the Italians were already beginning to move round to the northwest.
		For almost twenty-four hours she was unable to move, but the Italians had already turned for home, and when faint smudges were sighted on the horizon early on 29 March, it was the British Fleet and not the enemy that steamed towards them.
		With thundering broadsides, and flame, and death, the Battle of Matapan was born.
	www.gunplot.net /matapan/scrapironflott7.html (4618 words)

	Action off Calabria - Part IV
		At 15:59 on July 9th 1940 an Italian Lieutenant aboard the destroyer Freccia, which was just ahead of the battleships Cesare and Cavour, at that time engaged in an exchange of salvos with the Warspite, saw several Italian shells fall near the British battleships.
		The only 12.6" guns used by the Italians during the battle were installed on the Cesare and Cavour, while the 102/45 was the secondary armament of the Warspite.
		As a result of this battle, the British supposedly achieved a psychological ascendancy which they never relinquished, even in the desperate days of 1942, or so claim Erminio Bagnasco and Mark Grossman.
	www.regiamarina.net /battles/puntastilo/part4_us.htm (1141 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Zara class cruiser
		During this part of the war the Zaras were a serious problem for the Royal Navy, which fielded nothing comparable in the Mediterranean Sea, and were seriously outgunned by them during the inconclusive Battle of Calabria and Battle of Cape Spartivento.
		However, Zaras were eventually taken to task during the Battle of Cape Matapan.
		After Pola was hit by an air-dropped torpedo and stopped, the rest of the 1st Division (at this time Gorizia was in reserve) ran in to protect her.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Zara_class_cruiser (859 words)

	Leander class cruiser (1931) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Achilles and HMS Ajax (22) saw action during the Battle of the River Plate, cornering the German pocket battleship German battleship Admiral Graf Spee in Montevideo harbour.
		Sydney fought in the campaign in Greece in 1940, including the Battle of Calabria, where she sank the Italian destroyers Italian destroyer Espero and Italian destroyer Zeffiro.
		Perth was lost in the Battle of the Java Sea in early 1942.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Leander-class-cruisers/Leander-class-cruiser-(1931).html (690 words)

	uboat.net - Allied Warships - Destroyer HMAS Stuart of the Admiralty Leader class
		In July 1940 HMAS Stuart was present at the Battle of Calabria and on 17 August 1940 she took part in the operation of bombarding Italian troop concentrations near Bardia, Lybia.
		In March 1941 she was present at the famous Battle of Matapan.
		HMAS Stuart was attached to Adm Cunningham battleships during the Battle of Matapan.
	uboat.net /allies/warships/ship/4287.html (555 words)

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