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Topic: Battle of Cerignola

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	Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After the battle of Albuera, the grand master gave him special praise, saying that he could always see Gonzalo to the front because he was conspicuous by the splendor of his armor.
		The division of the Spanish infantry into the battle or main central body of pikemen, and the wings (alas) of shot to be employed in outflanking the enemy, was primarily due to the Great Captain.
		During the end of 1502 and the early part of 1503 the Spaniards stood at bay in the entrenched camp at Barletta near the Ofanto on the shores of the Adriatic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gonzalo_Fernandez_de_Cordoba (1519 words)

	Historical Battles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		battle of Zurakow 1676 battle of Zlotow 1677 conquest of Weissenburg
		15.8.1702 battle of Luzzara 22.9.1702 battle of Thorn 12.10.1702 conquest of
		battle of Denain 22.12.1712 battle of Gadebesk 1713 conquest of Tönning
	britishbattles.homestead.com /files/index/HistoricalBattlesconsolidated.htm (8731 words)

	Pedro Navarro - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At the Battle of Ravenna in 1512 he commanded the Spanish and Papal infantry, but was captured by the French.
		Navarro aids in the capture of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1508) by employing a floating battery of his own design during the battle.
		Principal battles and sieges: Cephalonia (Kefallinía) (1500); Canosa (Canosa di Puglia) (1502); Taranto, Cerignola, the Garigliano (central Italy) (1503); Veléz de la Gomera(1508); Oran (1509); Tripoli (1510); Ravenna (1512); Marignano (Melegnano) (1515); La Bicocca (near Milan) (1522).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pedro_Navarro (423 words)

	Weapons and Tactics
		The battle of Cerignola was of little political significance, small armies were involved but militarily and tactically it was a turning point, the infantry, relegated to a secondary tactical role after the battle of Adrianople in 378 AD, regained its importance by combining the use of fire arms, the pike and the halberd.
		Both sides started the battle with artillery fire, the cannonade continued for two and half hours, the cavalry and the infantry stood firm in their lines with the cannons making breaches amongst them which were filled; Swedish artillery, was more numerous and had a rate of fire of three rounds to one of the Imperialists.
		Movement with the intent of giving battle was made in as many columns as possible to facilitate deployment, generally the first line consisted of five columns, cavalry of the right, infantry of the right, artillery, infantry of the left and cavalry of the left.
	www.defencejournal.com /2001/mar/weapons.htm (8607 words)

	The 4th Armoured Brigade, Chapter IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the Battle of Alamein itself they had been equipped with flail mine-clearing tanks, the first regiment ever to be equipped with them.
		The battle for the bridge was now over and the Sharpshooters supported the extension of the bridgehead, being relieved by the 44th Royal Tanks on the 18th.
		For two days a fierce battle was fought in which at one time the enemy got to within 400 yards of Termoli harbour, their objective.
	www.warlinks.com /armour/4th_armoured/chapter_4.html (4604 words)

	ospreysamurai.com - Knights and Samurai
		At the second battle of Uji in 1184 two samurai vied for the honour of being the first to swim his horse across the river and into action, which one won by telling the other that his saddle girth was loose.
		The result of these different traditions was that the battle of Cerignola in 1503, where volleys of European arquebuses pierced knightly armour for the first time, was effectively a repeat of the Crécy and Agincourt experience using stronger weapons of offence and defence.
		However, the battle of Nagashino in 1575, which was Japan's Cerignola, was far more of a radical change because mounted samurai had never had to contend with any sort of missile volleys.
	www.ospreysamurai.com /knights.html (2148 words)

	1503 Definition / 1503 Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		1016 - The Danes defeat the Saxons in the Battle of Ashingdon.
		1561 - Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima -- Takeda Shingen beats Uesugi Kenshin in the climax of their ongoing conflicts 1685 - Louis XIV of France revok...
		December 29December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 2 days remaining.
	www.elresearch.com /1503 (1142 words)

	A Parallel History of France and England Consisting of Outlines and Dates.
		At the battle of Ravenna, in 1512, the French gained a victory, but lost the benefit of it by the death of their leader, Gaston de Foix, and in a short time Milan and their other Italian conquests had again slipped from their grasp.
		In a battle with the Imperial forces, headed by the Marquis of Pescara and the Constable de Bourbon, he was defeated, wounded, and made prisoner.
		The leadership of the Huguenots devolved on Jeanne, queen of Navarre, and Coligny, the latter of whom was defeated and wounded at Montcontour.
	digital.library.upenn.edu /women/yonge/history/history.html (18587 words)

	Learn more about 1503 in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Considered to be the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms.
		May 10 - Christopher Columbus discovers the Cayman Islands and he names them Las Tortugas after the numerous sea turtles there.
		December 29 - Battle of the Garigliano - Spanish forces under Cordoba defeat a French-Italian mercenary army under the Marquis of Saluzzo.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /1/15/1503.html (393 words)

	[No title]
		The tourney covers more pages in the Italian historians than the longest battle, and is told with pride and a swell of exultation which show that this insult of the French cut more deeply than all the injuries inflicted by them.
		The second and centre division, formed somewhat in the rear of the right, was made up of the Swiss and Gascon infantry, headed by the brave Chandieu; and his left, consisting chiefly of his light cavalry, and drawn up, like the last, somewhat in the rear of the preceding, was intrusted to Allegre.
		There he endeavored to rally the scattered relics of the field of Cerignola, and to establish a strong position, from which the French, when strengthened by fresh supplies from home, might recommence operations for the recovery of the kingdom.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/etext04/7rfi310.txt (15921 words)

	The Japan Karate-Do Organization : JKO Forums : Japanese Invasions of Korea
		The result was that although Japanese battles in the Warring States Period were won through a skilful if unglamorous combination of samurai, foot soldiers and artillery, it was nostalgia and an appeal to precedent that still ruled supreme in the samurai mind.
		The triumph of the Tokugawa family at the battle of Sekigahara in 1600 eventually led to over two centuries of peace, but it was peace enforced by a totalitarian regime that closed its doors to European contact from 1639 onwards.
		In the Battle of Pyokje lodging [Pyokje-yek, Byokchekwan] on January 26, the Ming cavalry without firearm suffered a crushing defeat and was forced to retreat.
	www.jko.com /portal/forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=39 (13208 words)

	456th Bomb Group Association Bob Reichard Material: 745th Bomb Squadron
		The 456th Bomb Group (H) was located on a knoll at the SW corner of the airstrip.
		The first time we went to Bari we were on a verbal OK (no pass), so we hitch-hiked the 30 plus miles and then couldn't use the military mess facilities there or billeting.
		The colonel figured that once we left the plane, in enemy territory, we were prisoners of war and if we had our side arm they would have an excuse to shoot us.
	www.456thbombgroup.org /reichard/745th.html (2814 words)

	MilitaryHistoryOnline.com (Not Logged in)
		According to the magazine, the battle that is generally accorded this distinction is the Battle of Cerignola, 26 April 1503, in which the Spaniards defeated the French in Italy.
		However,one might also look at the Battle of Boston during the Revolutionary War in the United States as one of, if not the first, to use cannon gunpowder as its weapon of choice, under the auspices of Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain boys who trudged around 60 canons to Cambridge.
		I am sure the Battle in Italy that everyone suggested is probably the correct answer...but there is a lot we don't know about the history of China and their use other than fireworks, in battle.
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com /Forums/ViewPost.aspx?ForumID=21&ID=2489 (1625 words)

	CORDOBA - LoveToKnow Article on CORDOBA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The action was lost mainly because King Ferdinand, disregarding the advice of Gonzalo, persisted in fighting a pitched battle with inferior numbers, some of whom were untrustworthy Neapolitans.
		The division of the Spanish infantry into the battle or main central body of pikemen, and the wings (alas) of shot to be employed in outfianking the enemy, was primarily due to the Great Captain.
		He resolutely refused to be tempted into battle either by the~taunts of the French or the discontent of his own soldiers.
	www.1911ency.org /C/CO/CORDOBA.htm (1355 words)

	Chapter Cock of Westminster <i>to</i> Cole of C by Brewer's Readers Handbook
		He then sent away his two comrades, and when the bridge had fallen in, he plunged into the river and swam safely to the opposite bank.
		In the battle of Cerignola, the chevalier Bayard (with one other knight) guarded the bridge of Tormaino against 200 Spaniards.
		He sent his companion to bring up reinforcements, and he himself guarded the bridge alone till 100 men-at-arms arrived and came to his assistance.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/174/1113/14618/2.html (582 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
		Not only was the city liable to be deserted or betrayed, even during a battle, by her mercenary troops, but the system necessarily involved a vast outlay of public money and a heavy taxation.
		The defeat of the French at the battle of Cerignola (April 28, 1503) had a marked effect upon the policy of the Pope, who began in consequence to incline towards Spain; but on August 18 all the Borgian designs were cut short by the sudden and unexpected death of Alexander VI.
		The final defeat of the French at the battle of the Garigliano (December 28,1503) placed the whole of southern Italy in the power of Spain; and the movements of Gonzalo, who was known to be willing to help Pisa, were a source of constant anxiety to the Republic.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh106.html (10734 words)

	[No title]
		The tilting lance was often made hollow, and was from 12 to 15 feet long; but the lance used with the object of unhorsing instead of splintering was much stronger, heavier, and thicker in the stem, and instead of a pointed head had a "coronal," which was blunt.
		This battle cost the Pope about three thousand men, all his artillery and camp furnishing, and was the salvation of the duchy of Ferrara.
		His splendid courage in volunteering to place himself in the forefront of battle and face the dreaded hand-guns of the arquebusiers is the more striking as he had a special hatred of these new arms which were coming more and more into use.
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /gutenberg/1/1/3/6/11363/11363-8.txt (19570 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - de Córdoba, Gonzalo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He learned his trade in the last campaigns of the Reconquest,but his international reputation was won when he captained the Spanish armies that intervened in Italy from 1495.
		Largely ignoring the heavily armored lancers that remained the most prestigious arm of battle, Gonzalo instead concentrated on reforming his infantry.
		The Great Captain's reforms—and his excellent generalship—proved their worth in the 1503 Spanish victories over the French at Cerignola and, more decisively, at the Garigliano River, which secured the kingdom of Naples for Spain.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_014300_decordobagon.htm (232 words)

	myArmoury.com - Tokugawa Ieyasu's nanban gusoku (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Furthermore the Swedish adoption of various methods of salve fire was a resutl of the trheat posed by the Polish cavalry, especially the Hussaria against which Dutch and Spanish firing methods had been proved ineffectual.
		Cerignola and Nagashino were special cases, because in both instances, the gunners were firing from behind cover (at Cerignola, it was a ditch, and at Nagashino, it was a pallisade of sorts).
		I used Google on Nagashino and there are a fair websites about the battle which seems to be the core of another myth of alledged Japanses superiority.
	www.myarmoury.com /talk/viewtopic.php?t=4830 (4379 words)

	[No title]
		On days off we would go into the town of Cerignola or the city of Foggia.
		The language barrier hindered most activities except to frequent Cafes, or what we referred to as "Gin Mills." There were not many Italian men in Cerignola.
		We had fought a war and survived, our next battle would be with nature.
	home.nc.rr.com /ww2memories/memoirs_pepin.txt (6020 words)

	Wisconsin Public Television: Wisconsin Stories: WWII Stories
		In February, they moved to Cerignola, Italy, and it was from Cerignola that Bob flew 18 missions.
		His first mission was on Feb. 14 and it was on this first mission he witnessed the destruction of a plane carrying the men who had been living in the tent next to his.
		As a result of his capture by the Japanese he survived three-and-a-half horrible years as a POW from May 6, 1942 until he was liberated Sept. 1945.
	www.wisconsinstories.org /yourstories/ww2/index.cfm?action=ww2 (13963 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		abandon off on some flank because the battle is on the other flank.
		With the exception of the LH discussion, where the battles were often very
		battles, I think there are still a couple of areas where the heavy foot army
	tetrad.stanford.edu /list/dbm-listV1-19.html (4317 words)

	Crossbows-Cannon 2
		This game covers four of the most important battles of the Renaissance (Pinkie, Fornovo, Cerignola and Novara) using a command system that recreates these fights in an elegant and simple way.
		Weapons range from arquebuses and crossbows to cannon and pike, while unit types include stradiots, genitors, pikemen and others.
		Each of the four battle games is complete in itself.
	www.decisiongames.com /html/crossbows-cannon_2.html (89 words)

	Il Centro \| Giornale di Lucera
		Improved by the institution of the “Regia Audientia Provincialis”, highest civil and penal law court of the “Capitanata” and of the “Contado del Molise”, which had a great deal to do with later history, Lucera once again found itself the stage for bitter fighting between French and Spanish.
		The Spaniards were the victors after the “Battle of Cerignola”.
		Gradually Lucera’s political importance declined, the city fell under Bourbon rule which ceased in 1806 with the return to French government.
	www.ilcentrolucera.it /storiaen.asp (976 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
		The battle was fierce, but the shock of the Swiss phalanx proved irresistible.
		Charles VIII restored the duchy to his sons, one of whom died in the King's service at the battle of Cerignola.
		For a time the superstitious imitation of English tactics made the men-at-arms dismount for the shock of battle; but they learned their own lesson from experience, and found that few could resist the weight of armoured men and heavy horses charging in line.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh112.html (14751 words)

	Da Vinci Condotta
		This list covers French armies in Northern Italy from the conquest of Milan until the battle of Cerignola.
		Even with the rise of pikes, artillery, and guns, the heavy cavalry were still the decisive arm in most battles.
		As such they would have no affect on a battle, and I have left them out of the army list.
	www.umiacs.umd.edu /~kuijt/dba169x/dba169x.html (1680 words)

	Doxagora: America, Considered.
		I come back and again say that the only solution is for us to strike the religious, military, and other cadres among the Shi`a with blow after blow until they bend to the Sunnis.
		Someone may say that, in this matter, we are being hasty and rash and leading the [Islamic] nation into a battle for which it is not ready, [a battle] that will be revolting and in which blood will be spilled.
		If we are able to strike them with one painful blow after another until they enter the battle, we will be able to [re]shuffle the cards.
	www.doxagora.com (5700 words)

	CNN - Almanac - April 28, 1997
		On Saturday, May 3, Ireland is scheduled to host its 1997 Eurovision Song Contest.
		In 1503, the French were defeated by the Spanish under Gonsalvo de Cordoba at the battle of Cerignola near Naples.
		In 1770, Captain James Cook landed at Botany Bay in Australia.
	www.cnn.com /almanac/9704/28 (683 words)

	Find in a Library: The battle 100 : the stories behind history's most influential battles
		The battle 100 : the stories behind history's most influential battles
		To find this item in a library, enter a postal code, state, province, or country in the field above.
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/e393d781a78574cda19afeb4da09e526.html (81 words)

	The History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella The Catholic, Vol. 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Without further delay, he put his purpose into execution, and on Friday, the 28th of April, marched out with his whole army from the ancient walls of Barleta; a spot ever memorable in history as the scene of the extraordinary sufferings and indomitable constancy of the Spanish soldier.
		Before these movements were completed in the Spanish camp, the bright arms and banners of the French were seen glistening in the distance amid the tall fennel and cane-brakes with which the country was thickly covered.
		The only authority he knew, was that from which he held his commission, and to which he was responsible for the faithful discharge of it.
	www.blackmask.com /books110c/7rfithree.htm (16665 words)

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