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	Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC), fought near Chaeronea, in Boeotia, was the greatest victory of Philip II of Macedon.
		The battle itself pitted the classical phalanx of the Athenian and Theban confederates and the Macedonian phalanx of Philip.
		The battle is also of great importance in the fact that it signed the decline of the city-state institution, and the rise of the territorial states; to this it can be added that it prepared the ground to the Macedonian conquest of the Persian Empire a few centuries later.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC) (571 words)

	Hoplite - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		Casualties were slight compared to later battles, rarely amounting to more than 5% of the losing side, but the slain often included the most influential citizens and generals who led from the front.
		Thus the whole war was usually decided by a single field battle; victory was enforced by ransoming the fallen back to the defeated, called the "custom of the Greeks" in contrast to the oriental practice of mutilating the slain.
		The rise and fall of hoplite warfare was intimately connected to the rise and fall of the city-state.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Hoplite (891 words)

	Philip II of Macedon
		Philip II (382 BC - 336 BC), King of Macedon (359 BC - 336 BC) Olympionike[?], was the father of Alexander the Great(Alexander III of Macedon) and Philip III of Macedon.
		In 346 BC, he intervened effectively in the war between Thebes and Phocis, but his war with Athens continued intermittently.
		Having defeated an alliance of Thebans and Athenians at the battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC, he created and led the League of Corinth.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ph/Philip_II_of_Macedon.html (92 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Chaeronea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		In this year Chaeronea was subjugated by the armies of Philip II of Macedon following a battle at the foot of the city's acropolis in which an elite unit of soldiers known as the Sacred Band of Thebes was crushed completely (See Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)).
		The ancient biographer and essayist Plutarch was born in Chaeronea, and several times refers to these and other facts about his native place in his writings.
		In 86 BC, Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla won the battle against Mithridates VI of Pontus near Chaeronea.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Chaeronea (335 words)

	Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) by Chris Jones
		Since becoming King in 359 BC, Philip II had revolutionised the Macedonian army, equipping the common infantry as a deep phalanx of pikemen and supporting them with elite Hypaspists, Companion cavalry and light troops.
		His influence on Greek affairs grew and in 346 BC he defeated the adjacent state of Phocis, wresting control of the Delphic Oracle from the Phocians.
		He was assassinated in 337 BC and his son Alexander would take his army eastward to conquer the Persian Empire and beyond, leaving an obedient if not entirely loyal Greece behind.
	fanaticus.org /DBA/battles/chaeronea.html (573 words)

	Hoplite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		These soldiers probably first appeared in the late eighth century B.C. They were a citizen-militia, and so were armed as spearmen, which are relatively easy to equip and maintain; they were primarily drawn from the middle class, who could afford the cost of the armaments.
		These battles were short, bloody, and brutal, and thus required a high degree of discipline.
		Thus the whole war was usually decided by a single field battle; victory was enforced by ransoming the fallen back to the defeated, called the "custom of the Greeks".
	enc.qba73.com /link-Hoplite (861 words)

	Battle of Chaeornea 338 BC » Macedonia on the Web Articles
		Battle of Chaeronea 338 BC Athens’ clever orator, Demosthenes, used his skills as a politician to convince long time enemies, the Thebans, to form a coalition against Macedonia.
		It is interesting to note that although the battle settled which Greek power would dominate Greece, Sparta sat this one one and allowed the other Greek powers to settle the score.
		Although Philip’s forces were larger than the combined Athenian and Thebans forces, the battle proved vicious and led to the end of the legendary “Sacred Band” of Thebes.
	www.macedoniaontheweb.com /articles/?p=43 (264 words)

	Philip II Father of Alexander The Great, Silver Tetradrachm Coins
		The hill tribes were broken by a single battle in 358 BC, and Philip established his authority inland as far as Lake Ohrid.
		In 336 BC, when the invasion of Persia was in its very early stage, Philip was assassinated, and was succeeded on the throne of Macedon by his son Alexander the Great.
		Philip II was the champion on the 106th Olympics, in 356 BC on single horse race (this coin).
	www.realtreasures.com /philipii_king_of_macedonia.htm (1559 words)

	Chaeronea, battle - WCD (Wiki Classical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		Their forces are reported to have been slightly inferior to Philip's: he had 20,000 foot soldiers and 2,000 cavalry; as only 6,000 Athenians participated in the fighting, and presumably not many more Thebans, this battle probably followed the fourth century convention of the increased use of mercenaries.
		The net result of the battle was that it enabled Philip to fulfil his desire for hegemony over the Greek world, under the Corinthian League.
		The archaeology of the battlefield has yielded some interesting results: a mound close to the River Cephisus contained evidence of cremated remains with bones and teeth, fourth century pottery and a coin that may be Macedonian: this, and the fact that Macedonians cremated their dead, has been thus identified as the site of their pyre.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /wcd/index.php?title=Chaeronea,_battle&redirect=no (537 words)

	Learn more about Philip II of Macedon in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		Philip II (382 BC - 336 BC), King of Macedon (359 BC - 336 BC) Olympionike, was the father of Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon) and Philip III of Macedon.
		Coin with likeness of Philip II Born in Pella in 382 BC, he was King Amyntas III of Macedon and Queen Eurydice's youngest son, but the deaths of his elder brothers Kings Alexander II of Macedon and Perdiccas III of Macedon allowed him to take the throne in 359 BC.
		Two years later, in 336 BC, when he was about to embark on an invasion of Persia, Philip was assassinated by a servant named Pausanias.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /p/ph/philip_ii_of_macedon.html (332 words)

	Pezhetairoi - WCD (Wiki Classical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		Apart from in pitched battles the pezhetairoi and their sarissas were not very practical; it is supposed that they were re-armed, and their tactics adapted, to suit the guerrilla warfare that was prevalent, and necessary, in Bactria and Sogdia.
		At the Battle of the Granicus the battalions were those of (from right to left): Perdiccas, Coenus, Amyntas, Philip, Meleager, and Craterus (A 1.14.2).
		At the Battle of Gaugamela the battalions were those of (from right to left): Coenus, Perdiccas, Meleager, Polyperchon (replacing Ptolemy), Simmias (deputising for Amyntas, who was recruiting in Macedonia), Craterus (A 3.11.9-10).
	www.ancientlibrary.com /wcd/Pezhetairoi (473 words)

	WWW-VL: History: Military History
		The Battle of Marathon 490 B.C. The Battle of Marathon
		Theban Hegemony 371-346 B.C. The battle of Mantinea, 362 BC.
		The Sack of Magdeburg and the Battle of Breitenfeld 1631-1632
	vlib.iue.it /history/mil/index.html (1944 words)

	Zea Harbour Project - Ancient History
		With the rise of Macedonia under Philip II, the battle of Chaeronea, in 338 BC, brought the second Delian League to its end.
		The Athenian commander Euetion was defeated in two, possibly three, naval battles by the Macedonian commander Kleitos.
		The decisive battle was fought in 322 BC near the island of Amorgos in the southern Cyclades.
	www.zeaharbourproject.dk /3/3_06.htm (132 words)

	Alexander The Great
		The decisive battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC brought all the Greek city-states except Sparta under Philip's leadership.
		Young Alexander commanded the Macedonian left wing at Chaeronea and annihilated the famous Sacred Band of the Thebans.
		After the battle he was proclaimed king of Asia.
	www.mtsu.edu /~alj2x/alexander.htm (1300 words)

	Macedonia
		Ancient Macedonia was settled by a people whom the cultured Greeks of the city-states to the south considered rude and barbaric.
		Philip II, the third son of Amyntas III, extended the borders of Macedonia to the north and in 338 BC conquered Greece and laid the foundation of a mighty empire (see Greece, Ancient, "The End of the Greek City-States").
		Then, at the battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC, he defeated the Greek city-states and was elected captain-general of all the Greeks.
	www.crystalinks.com /macedonia.html (362 words)

	The Clarion Issue - History Currents
		Alexander was born in Macedonia, a kingdom in northern Greece, in 356 BC.
		At age 16, Alexander led his father's heavy cavalry in one of the final and decisive battles of the conquest of Greece, the battle of Chaeronea, in 338 BC.
		Alexander III of Macedonia died in 323 BC at the age of 32 of either an epileptic seizure or alcohol poisoning.
	www.southerndomains.com /Newspaper/Archive/1204/History.html (818 words)

	The battle of Chaeronea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		In August 338, the Macedonian king Philip defeated an army of Athenians and Thebans on the plain of Chaeronea, a town in Central Greece.
		The battle was hotly contested for a long time and many fell on both sides, so that for a while the struggle permitted hopes of victory to both.
		After the battle Philip raised a trophy, gave up the dead for burial, gave sacrifices to the gods for victory, and rewarded according to their deserts those of his men who had distinguished themselves for bravery.
	www.livius.org /aj-al/alexander/alexander_t42.html (453 words)

	Battle of Chaeronea - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Battle of Chaeronea - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Two famous ancient battles were fought at Chaeronea in Boeotia:
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Battle of Chaeronea contains research on
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Battle_of_Chaeronea (58 words)

	HELLAS:NET - Warfare
		Philip II of Macedon came to the trone in 359 BC in rather difficult circumstances.
		The phalanx was protected by light troops on the sides, as had become normal at that time but the whole army was still quite static, and there were limited possibilities for the tactics, because of a lack of cavalry.
		Quickly the Greeks assemble their army at Chaeronea where they choose a strong position between the acropolis of the city and the river.
	monolith.dnsalias.org /~marsares/warfare/battle/chaerone.html (1196 words)

	Honors 214 Warfare in Antiquity Homepage
		Students will be required to write an POV essay on the face of battle (20%) make three class presentations on a battle, a general and a literary or artistic depiction of war (20% each) and contribute to a group project (10%).
		The armies in these battles are very Macedonian in style, with a lot of mixing of unit types and capabilities, with the exception that, because of the terrain, reliance on cavalry is almost non-existent.
		Battle of Numidia Africa as a Roman Province
	www.rmc.edu /directory/academics/classics/war.asp (1007 words)

	Empire of Alexander the Great
		Alexander III (356-323 BC), or Alexander the Great was Macedonian king and son of Philip II of Macedon and an Epirote princess named Olympias.
		At the age of eighteen he led the Macedonian cavalry in a victorious charge which won the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC.
		In the midst of his ambitious projects for the future, Alexander was stricken with a fever in 323 BC.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/alex.shtml (832 words)

	Osprey - Alexander the Great
		When Philip II ascended the throne at the age of 23 in 359 BC, Macedonia was in danger of being engulfed by wild barbarian tribes to the north and wily Greek cities to the south.
		Greek battles had been decided up to now by the manoeuvres of heavy infantry, the hoplites, who had become increasingly lightly equipped during the 4th century, abandoning much of their armour.
		The leaders, battles and military technologies that dominated the wars between Greece and Persia, and Alexander's conquests are all examined in detail in this book, and their historical significance is discussed...
	www.ospreypublishing.com /content2.php/cid=238 (600 words)

	Chaeronea 338 BC
		There, thanks in part to the fearless cavalry charge of Philip's son and heir, Alexander, Philip (with 32,000 men) defeated the much larger (50,000 men) combined forces of Athens and Thebes, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and ending Athenian democracy for good.
		The Battle of Chaeronea, 338 B.C. The battle itself pitted the classical Greek phalanx of the Athenian and Theban confederates and the Macedonian phalanx of Philip.
		Memorial to the Sacred Band of Thebes at Chaeronea, marking the communal grave (πολυανδρειον / polyandreîon) in which they were burried.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/History/Battles/Chaeronea338.html (331 words)

	George Cecil Ives Papers
		The name, Order of Chaeronea, was inspired by the battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC when the 300 members of the Sacred Band of Thebes (composed entirely of friends and lovers) were slaughtered by the army of Philip of Macedonia.
		Ives often used the battle of Chaeronea when dating his diary entries, adding 338 years to the actual date.
		The view Ives provides in his diary of the life of an upper-middle class English homosexual from the end of the nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century is of particular interest for understanding the homosexual movement in England during this time.
	www.hrc.utexas.edu /research/fa/ives.html (1875 words)

	Army and Battles (Alexander the Great on the Web) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		Diodorus Siculus on the Battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.), from the Ancient History Sourcebook.
		Also, The battle of Granicus, The battle of Issus, The battle of Gaugamela.
		Battle of Issus by "Jojo Nebuchadnezzar." Unsatisfactory, but highly-graphical hobby-report.
	www.isidore-of-seville.com /alexander/3.html (778 words)

	The Battle of Chaeronea, 338 BC Fast Play Rules for Students
		The Battle of Chaeronea, 338 BC Fast Play Rules for Students
		It was a good thing I gave the teacher the Greek right, they were killed to a man. Not having skirmishers count towards victory conditions worked well, and conferred a certain expendable quality to them.
		If this was done, you would probably need to allow only one rear rank stand of pike to fight per unit, so as not to overbalance the value of the pike.
	www.juniorgeneral.org /greece/chaeronea.html (1649 words)

	Alexander the Great Articles
		Battle of Chaeronea 338 BC Filed under: Alexander the Great - The Youth, Alexander's Army and Tactics — philiptheuniter @ 11:51 am
		Athens’; clever orator, Demosthenes, used his skills as a politician to convince long time enemies, the Thebans, to form a coalition against Macedonia.
		[…] Battle of Chaeronea 338 BC Filed under: Alexander the Great - The Youth, Alexander’s Army and Tactics â” philiptheuniter @ 11:51 am Edit This Athensâ clever orator, Demosthenes, used his skills as a politician to convince long time enemies, the Thebans, to form a coalition against Macedonia.
	www.thegreatalexander.com /articles/?p=13 (371 words)

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