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	List of Roman battles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Battle of Cape Ecnomus - A Carthaginian fleet under Hamilcar and Hanno is defeated in an attempt to stop a Roman invasion of Africa by Marcus Atilius Regulus.
		Battle of Herdonia - Hannibal destroys the Roman army of the praetor Gnaeus Fulvius.
		357 - Battle of Strasbourg - Julian expels the Alamanni from the Rhineland
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Roman_battles (3471 words)

	Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/New articles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Battle of Kiev (1943) 00:11, 18 December 2005 (UTC)
		Battle of Ctesiphon (363) 04:51, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
		Battle of the Sacramento 05:57, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wikipedia:New_articles_(Battles) (4498 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Battle Descriptions
		Battle of Callinicum, A.D. Battle between Romans and Persians in Mesopotamia during the reign of Justinian.
		Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, A.D. During Augustus's reign (27 B.C.-14 A.D..), probably the greatest disaster suffered by the Romans was the defeat in the Teutoburg forest when the former proconsul of Africa, Publius Quinctilius Varus, together with three legions (XVII, XVIII, and XIX), six cohorts and three squadrons of cavalry (alae) were practically slaughtered.
		Battle of Yarmuk, A.D. During the reign of Heraclius this battle was fought between Romans and Arabs in the Jordan valley in the Roman province of Palestine.
	www.roman-emperors.org /assobd.htm (2604 words)

	War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714
		Marlborough and Villeroi met with equal forces at the battle of Ramillies (23 May 1706), and the French army was forced from the field.
		Battle was joined on 11 July 1708 at Oudenarde, a battle with very little plan won by the greater determination of the allied armies.
		This volume goes beyond the battle itself to include portraits of the main characters of the period as well as the life of the common soldier.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/wars_spanishsuccession.html (2218 words)

	List of Roman battles
		Battle of Placentia - Emperor Aurelian is defeated by the Alemanni forces invading Italy
		357 - Battle of Strasbourg (357) - Julian expels the Alamanni from the Rhineland
		447 - Battle of the Utus - Attila the Hun is defeated by the East Romans in an indecisive battle
	www.fact-index.com /l/li/list_of_roman_battles.html (3176 words)

	Legio III Gallica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Following Caesar's death, III Gallica was integrated in the army of Mark Antony, a member of the second triumvirate, for his campaigns against the Parthians.
		After the battle of Actium and Antony's suicide, the III Gallica was sent again to the East, where they garrisoned the province of Syria.
		They were instrumental in the final defeat of Vitellius in the battle of Cremona and in the accession of the Flavians to the throne of Rome.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Legio_III_Gallica (540 words)

	The Histories [of Ancient Rome] by Cornelius Tacitus:book 2
		The cavalry were told to go further forward, provoke a battle, and by voluntarily beating a retreat induce the enemy to gallop after them far enough for the auxiliaries to take them by surprise.
		This increased the panic and confusion on the field of battle, for the scattered groups, nowhere in strength, were borne away one after another by the stampede.
		Indeed, as the battle was fought over a wide area thickly planted with a maze of vines and vine-props, it presented a variety of aspects.
	www.ourdecline.com /smartboard/shop/tacitusc/histries/chap5.htm (7764 words)

	Lucius Vitellius
		Otho's army was completely defeated and the greater part of his troops killed at the battle of Bedriacum (Cremona).
		Here the latter divided his forces and entered into negotiations with Vespasian's generals, opening the way for the defeat of the adherents of Vitellius in the battle of Cremona.
		Vitellius made a few attempts to check the victorious advance of his opponent, and even tried to collect a new army at Rome, but both officers and soldiers soon laid down their arms.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/v/vitellius,lucius.html (379 words)

	This article has been extended and reproduced by kind permission of the author
		Since Cremona was well defended by its city walls and castle, it was virtually impregnable, and therefore he had to conceive a daring plan to enter the town.
		In addition some soldiers were able to mingle with the peasants and farmers on market day, thus gaining entry, and were able to hide in the presbetery, giving a total of 400 soldiers inside the walls of, prompt and ready to open the gates, and allow in the full army.
		Daniel O'Mahoney was the hero of the battle, and he was especially selected to bring the dispatches of the battle to the Most Christian King, Louis XIV in Versailles, Paris.Louis XIV received him warmly in his private chambers, and they spent one hour alone discussing the battle and other military affairs.
	www.wargames.co.uk /RandomS/Library/Cremona.htm (1122 words)

	The Wild Geese Today -- Conflicts in Europe
		With the Austrians who infiltrated Cremona was Captain Francis MacDonnell of the Austrian army, descended from an ancient Galloglas clan of Mayo.
		These date from a period later than Cremona, but note that red coats were worn throughout the Brigade's history, signifying their support for the Stuart claim to the English crown.
		It has been said that Cremona was "taken by a miracle, and lost by a greater one." Prince Eugene must have cursed the Penal Laws of the English at that moment as much as England's king would 43 years later, after the battle of Fontenoy.
	www.thewildgeese.com /pages/europe.html (2111 words)

	Legend Games
		In 166 BC, Judas Maccabbee defeats the Seleucids in the Battles of Beth Horon and Emmaus.
		In 200 BC, the Romans defeat the Celtic Gauls in the Battle of Cremona.
		The original structure was largely destroyed during a battle between the Turks and the Venetians in the 17th century.
	www.legendgames.net /ageeducation.html (2887 words)

	Battle of Cremona
		Since Cremona was well defended by its city walls and castle, it was virtually impregnable,and therefore he had to conceive a daring plan to enter the town.
		By this time the French were battle weary, and lethargy and inactivity led to debauchery and drunkenness of which Prince Eugene was very much aware.
		Daniel O'Mahoney was the hero of the battle, and he was especially selected to bring the dispatches of the battle to the Most Christian King, Louis XIV in Versailles, Paris.
	indigo.ie /~wildgees/cremona.htm (1040 words)

	Vitellius
		Had Otho died a dignified death, then Vitellius comments on the 'the sent of death of a fellow Roman being very sweet' when visiting the battle field of Cremona (which was still littered with bodies at the time), did little to endear him to his subjects.
		Valens was ill. And Caecina, in a joint effort with the prefect of the fleet at Ravenna, attempted to change his allegiance from Vitellius to Vespasian (Though his troops did not obey him and instead arrested him).
		The Second Battle of Cremona began on 24 October AD 69 and ended the next day in utter defeat for teh side of Vitellius.
	www.roman-empire.net /emperors/vitellius.html (1304 words)

	Vespasian: Gaining Momentum All the Way
		One of the most important moments of A.D. 69 was the key battle between Vespasian and Vitellius at Cremona, October 24 to 25.
		While Vespasian was pretending the battle had never occurred, the senators obviously knew who really had the power.
		In the early stages of his movement, between July and the Second Battle of Cremona, Vespasian started out in Judaea and worked is way to Rome.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Oracle/3088/vespasian.html (1563 words)

	The Histories [of Ancient Rome] by Cornelius Tacitus:book 3
		Four miles from Cremona, the glint of standards marked the approach of the Hurricane and Italian Legions, which had marched out as far as this during the initial success of their cavalry.
		The first phase of the battle was a distant exchange of arrows and stones, resulting in greater damage to the Flavians, who were exposed to the full force of the plunging fire.
		They feared that if Cremona too were taken by storm, there would be no further question of quarter and the conqueror's anger would fall entirely upon the tribunes and centurions who were worth killing rather than upon the multitude who had nothing to lose.
	www.ourcivilisation.com /smartboard/shop/tacitusc/histries/chap10.htm (8313 words)

	Legio XIII Gemina
		He implies the existence of a this unit in his account of the battle against the Nervians, describes how it encountered the Aremoricans and states that it was present during the siege of Gergovia.
		During the reshuffling of the Roman forces after the battle in the Teutoburg Forest (September 9 CE), the legion was first transferred to Augsburg, maybe briefly to Mainz (with XIV Gemina and XVI Gallica), and finally (in 16?) to Vindonissa (modern Windisch) in Germania Superior, an old Helvetian town.
		(One of its officers was the father of the Roman author Suetonius.) With the First legion Adiutrix, it took part in the battle of Cremona (April), where these units were defeated by V Alaudae, a legion loyal to Otho's rival Vitellius.
	www.livius.org /le-lh/legio/xiii_gemina.html (1122 words)

	Legio XIV Gemina
		Caesar implies the existence of a fourteenth legion in his account of the battle against the Nervians in the late summer of this year.
		Unfortunately, the legion did not arrive in time for the first battle of Cremona; a subunit fought for its emperor, but was defeated with the other Othonian legions.
		It was active in the decisive battle at Xanten.
	www.livius.org /le-lh/legio/xiv_gemina.html (1625 words)

	Errata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Inside Front Cover: The Battle of Cremona is attributed to "Tacticus" instead of "Tacitus".
		See the entries for the army general or army battle standard for the warhorses characteristics.
		To represent the trick of the warriors in the chariot dismounting to fight on foot, the formation counts as having a rank bonus of +1 if there are 8-11 models in the unit, and +2 if there are 12 or more models in the unit.
	www.ancientbattles.com /WAB/WABErrata.htm (1418 words)

	Rome Unleashed - Nero and the Year of the Four Emperors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Vindex was defeated quickly but because of this battle Nero lost support in Rome and eventually committed suicide.
		In April, Otho, who had few troops, was defeated by Vitellius' forces at the First Battle of Cremona.
		The Danube forces fought on behalf of Vespasian and defeated Vitellius' forces at the Second Battle of Cremona in September 69.
	www.infotoronto.com /mythnet/romeh/html/nerofouremp.html (351 words)

	WarMachines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Here's some famous examples of artillery in battles which are so obscure so as to make your nose bleed with all the silly names about to hurled at you.
		The battle of Mantinea in 207 B.C. pitted Sparta vs. the Achaeans under Philipoeman.
		The Roman Civil war battle of Cremona saw the use of stone throwers by the Vitellian faction in a very confused street to street battle!
	www.ancientbattles.com /artillery/WABWarMachines.htm (1908 words)

	LEG II AVG - Roman Living History Society.
		The Classis Misenensis with Praetorian cohorts aboard raided the Lombardy coast, harassing the rear of the southern Vitellian army and defeating one of its flanking columns.
		For its part, the Classis Ravennas carrying urban cohorts held both sides of the River Po for Otho, giving him the chance of fighting the first battle of Cremona (where he was defeated) in control of much of Italy.
		The I Adiutrix continued as part of the permanent legionary forces in Spain while the sailors of the Ravenna fleet, who forced Antonius Primus to enrol them as legionaries after the second battle of Cremona, were formally organised by order of Vespasian in March ’70 into Legio II Adiutrix Pia Fidelis (Dutiful and Steadfast).
	www.legiiavg.org.uk /military/naval1.html (1172 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2003.05.13
		While F. resists claims that the particular configurations of dactylo-spondaic clausulae studied establish a link between historia and epic, he does show that Latin historians made creative, sometimes even structural use of such 'epicizing' rhythms in their artistic prose.
		It is in battle narratives, however, that the influence of epic on historiography demonstrably comes into its own.
		Not wrong, and not impractical for his purposes; but the avoidance of critical discussions again impoverishes what should be a solid foundation for his argument.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2003/2003-05-13.html (1408 words)

	Studio 88 Limited (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Battle of Cremona, 69 AD - Original painting
		This painting shows a tragic episode from this Civil War battle as described by Vipstanus Messalla. A recent recruit serving in Legio VII Galbiana fighting for the Flavian pretender Vespasianus, killed an older soldier from Legio XXII loyal to the Emperor Vitellius, only to discover that the older man was his father.
		A scene from the battle of Lyons, in which the Danubian army of Septimus Severus defeated the Western army of Clodius Albinus, Governor of Britain.
	www.studio88.co.uk /acatalog/Online_Catalogue_Roman_Army_188.html (241 words)

	Argentoratum - Strasbourg
		The army of Vespasianus defeated Vitellius in the Battle of Cremona (69 AD).
		The Civil war and the absence of large troops was used by the Batavians at the Lower Rhine to start up a revolt against Rome.
		The legion`s headquarters, the fortress of Argentorate was built by LEGIO VIII, because the fortress of Legio II was destroyed or heavily damaged during the battles in 69 AD.
	www.argentoratum.com /en/army.htm (1715 words)

	Articles - Battle of Bedriacum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However, legate Aulus Vitellius, governor of the province of Germania Inferior, had also claimed the throne earlier in the month and marched on Rome with his troops.
		Otho marched north to meet him, but on 14 April he was defeated at the First Battle Of Bedriacum (near Cremona).
		Antonius invaded Italy, and defeated Vitellius at the Second Battle Of Bedriacum, on 24 October, destroying much of the city in the process.
	www.mountainbikescenter.com /articles/Battle_of_Second_Cremona (248 words)

	Italy
		Sibylla's second husband, Guy of Lusignan, was the King of Jerusalem who lost the battle of Hattin to Saladin in 1187.
		He destroyed the Turks at the battle of Zenta (1697), earning fame that would continue well into the next century.
		Here Eugene, and his friend, John Churchill, the 1st Duke of Marlborough, transformed European warfare from the slow sieges and counter-marches of the previous half century into battles of annihilation.
	www.friesian.com /italia.htm (10172 words)

	2nd Cremona - 69CE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		By October of 69 CE, Vitellians and Flavians were fighting once more at Bedriacum, it was the troops from Pannonia that won the second battle for Vespasian.
		In December of 69, Vitellius was killed in Rome, and the Senate voted the imperial powers to Vespasian.
		The picture to left showing a tragic scene from the 2nd battle of Cremona, a young soldier fighting for Vespasian kills a soldier from legion XXII who is loyal to Vitellius, the older man turned out to be the young soldiers father.
	www.wargamer.com /greatbattles/2cremona2.asp (325 words)

	February_Irish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		1, 1315 - Edward the Bruce of Scotland and his Irish allies win the battle of Skerries in Kildare 1, 1702 - Irish Brigade of France fights at the battle of Cremona.
		8, 1743 - Irish Brigade of Spain fights in the battle of Campo Santo.
		13, 1820 -Leonard McNally,(lawyer, English informer, dies 13, 1862 - The 10th Tenn. (Confederate-Irish) fights and are captured at the battle of Erin Hollow, TN, Fort Donelson campaign.
	www.geocities.com /wildirishhawaii/FebruaryHistory.htm (598 words)

	The Gaelic Name McDonough
		Between 1690 and 1770 A.D., no fewer than forty-two McDonoughs served as brilliant officers in the Dillion regiment of the Irish Brigade.
		Three McDonough brothers distinguished themselves at the Battle of Cremona, while another officer helped to win the day for the French army at the Battle of Fontenoy.
		Commodore Thomas McDonough’s courage and seamanship was responsible for the defeat of the British naval forces on Lake Champlain at the Battle of Plattsburg in 1813 A.D..
	www.themcdonoughs.us /McDonough_Name.htm (387 words)

	Wild Geese Heritage Museum and Library, Portumna, Co. Galway, Ireland
		A story about three legendary kings who fought their battles on the fields of Ireland, in conflicts that had nothing to do with Ireland.
		The results of which were to shape the history of Ireland forever.
		It's a story about Irish soldiers who lost all their battles and were forced to leave Ireland, never to return from their bitter exile.
	indigo.ie /~wildgees (126 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Marcus Salvius Otho
		A fleet near Narbonensis was to check the hostile troops from Gaul, that would advance from the south.
		After some favourable preliminary skirmishes near Placentia and Cremona Otho gave the command for a pitched battle before a junction had been effected with the legions from Mœ;sia.
		While the emperor himself remained far from the struggle at Brixellum on the right bank of the Po, his soldiers were defeated in battle near Cremona, and large numbers of them killed (14 April).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11351b.htm (580 words)

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