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Topic: Battle of Fleurus (1690)

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Flag of France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		An accident where French regiments attacked each other at the Battle of Fleurus in 1690 led to the habit of attaching a white scarf to the flags of the regiments -- white being the colour of the kings of France.
		For example, at the Battle of Arcole Napoleon brandished a white standard, with a golden fasces lictoriae in the centre (a symbol of the former Roman Republic), and four red and blue lozenges at the corners.
		The vertical striped flag was adopted by the army in 1812, replacing the previous flags which were often a white cross on red and blue.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Flag-of-France (3983 words)

	Bayonet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The defeat of British army forces by Jacobite Highlanders at the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689 was due (among other things) to the use of the plug-bayonet; and shortly afterwards the defeated leader, Hugh Mackay, is believed to have introduced a ring-bayonet of his own invention.
		A trial with badly-fitting socket or zigzag bayonets was made after the battle of Fleurus, 1690, in the presence of Louis XIV, who refused to adopt them.
		Similarly, in the Soviet Union, bayonets were made with a cross-section in the form of a cross.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bayonet (1820 words)

	Jamaica encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Jamaica politics and officials, Jamaican History. Travel to Jamaica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Spain was not yet at peace, as the aggressive Henry II of France came to the throne in 1547 and immediately renewed the conflict with Spain.
		At the Battle of the Downs in 1639 a Spanish fleet was destroyed by the Dutch navy, and the Spanish found themselves unable to adequately reinforce and supply their forces in the Netherlands.
		Naples was retaken in 1648 and Catalonia in 1652, but the war came effectively to an end at the Battle of the Dunes where the French army under Vicomte de Turenne defeated the remnants of the Spanish army of the Netherlands.
	www.jamaicaiworld.com /wiki-Habsburg_Spain (4520 words)

	AllRefer.com - Grand Alliance, War of the (Wars And Battles) - Encyclopedia
		The naval war, of which the first major battle was the French victory at Beachy Head (1690), was practically ended by the English victory of La Hogue (1692).
		On land, however, Louis and Vauban took Namur (1692); Marshal Luxembourg was victorious at Fleurus (1690) over the Dutch and at Steenkerke (1692) and Neerwinden (1693) over William III; and the duke of Savoy was defeated at Marsaglia by Catinat (1693), while another French army entered Catalonia.
		The exhaustion of the belligerents and the defection of Savoy from the Grand Alliance (1696) finally led to the Treaty of Ryswick.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/GrandAll.html (395 words)

	Louis XIV of France Encyclopedia Articles @ BareHands.com (Bare Hands) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nonetheless, despite the size of the opposing coalition, French forces in Flanders crushed the allied armies at the Battle of Fleurus in the same year as the Battle of the Boyne, as well as at the Battle of Steenkerque (1692) and the Battle of Neerwinden (1693).
		The French naval victory at the Battle of Beachy Head in 1690, however, was offset by the Anglo-Dutch naval victory at the Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue in 1692; but neither side was able to entirely defeat the opposing navy.
		The death of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor and elder son of Leopold I made the prospect of an empire as large as that of Charles V being ruled by the Archduke Charles dangerously possible.
	www.barehands.com /encyclopedia/Louis_XIV_of_France (5511 words)

	Bayonet
		The defeat of British army forces by Jacobite Highlanders at the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689 was due (among other things) to the use of the plug-bayonet; and shortly afterwards the defeated leader, Hugh Mackay, is believed to have introduced a ring-bayonet of his own invention.
		A trial with badly-fitting socket or zigzag bayonets was made after the battle of Fleurus, 1690, in the presence of Louis XIV, who refused to adopt them.
		Shortly after the peace of Ryswick (1697), the English and Germans abolished the pike and introduced these bayonets, and plates of them are given in Surirey de St. Remy's Mémoires d'Artillerie, published in Paris in that year; but owing to a military cabal they were not issued to the French infantry until 1703.
	articles.gourt.com /en/bayonet (1781 words)

	Top 20 Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These battles are generally considered to signal the start of the Eighty Years' War that ended with the independence of the United Provinces.
		At the Battle of the Downs in 1639 a Spanish fleet was decimated by the Dutch navy, and the Spanish found themselves unable to supply their forces in the Netherlands.
		Turenne at the Battle of the Dunes (1658)
	encyc.connectonline.com /index.php/Spanish_colony (7709 words)

	The French Flags
		The merchant navy had a white cross on a blue field, though the white flag was apparently much used, in spite of repeated prohibitions.
		Another instance of confusion was at the naval battle of Ouessant in 1778: the French Royal navy, like the British navy, had different colors for its different fleets: white, white-and-blue, and blue.
		Apparently the latter was easily confused with British ships of the blue fleet, as the national flag at the stern was often shrouded in smoke; after the battle, it was decided to add a white cross to the blue ensign.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/france/frflag.htm (1476 words)

	Timeline
		Second Battle of Azukizaka (Japan), battle between the Samurai and the Ikko-Ikki monks.
		Battle of Fleurus, Protestant victory over Imperial army blocking an attempt to relieve siege of Bergen op Zoom
		Battle of the Downs (Naval battle), great Dutch naval victory over the Spanish, fought in neutral English waters.
	www.historyofwar.org /period1500.html (791 words)

	Canvas Prints - Art Prints & Posters - B: Easyart.com
		Battle between the Maccabees and the Bacchides c.1470
		Battle of Montlhery during the War of the League of the Good Public 1465
		Bivouac of Napoleon I on the Battlefield of the Battle of Wagram
	en.easyart.com /art-prints/canvas-prints-b.ghtml (945 words)

	Battle of Fleurus, 1st July 1690 Giclee Print by Pierre-Denis Martin at AllPosters.com
		Battle of Fleurus, 1st July 1690 Giclee Print by Pierre-Denis Martin at AllPosters.com
		Battle of Fleurus, 1st July 1690 by Pierre-Denis Martin
		This art print was created using a sophisticated digital printer.
	www.allposters.com /-sp/Battle-of-Fleurus-1st-July-1690-Posters_i1734347_.htm (146 words)

	Daily Bible Study - When Born Again Means Conceived Again
		1690: England's Protestant King William III defeated Roman Catholic King James II in Battle of the Boyne in Ireland.
		1690: French forces defeated the forces of the Grand Alliance at Fleurus in the Netherlands.
		1863: The 3-day Battle of Gettysburg during the U.S. Civil War began when General Robert E. Lee launched the Confederate attack.
	www.keyway.ca /htm2005/20050701.htm (1068 words)

	War of the Grand Alliance
		In an attempt to keep William from leading troops to the Continent, Louis supported a counterrevolution in Ireland but was frustrated at the battle of the Boyne (1690).
		The naval war, of which the first major battle was the French victory at Beachy Head (1690), was practically ended by the English victory of La Hogue (1692).
		was victorious at Fleurus (1690) over the Dutch and at Steenkerke (1692) and Neerwinden (1693) over William III; and the duke of Savoy was defeated at Marsaglia by
	www.infoplease.com /id/A0821511 (479 words)

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