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Topic: Battle of Fornovo

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	Battle of Fornovo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On 4 July the French reached the village of Fornovo and found their passage blocked by the main League army camped just north of the village.
		It consisted of six hundred horsemen, the real line of battle, and in it were all the mounted bowmen and the German foot soldiers, the flower of almost all the troops of the King.
		While the battle was at its most delicate point, the Stradioti saw that the French guarding the baggage train were being driven out by the assigned Italian light cavalry, and they immediately left their positions to fell upon the rich baggage to plunder it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Fornovo (1943 words)

	Battle of Fornovo -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The Battle of Fornovo took place in July 1495 during the (Click link for more info and facts about Italian Wars) Italian Wars.
		Charles VIII dreamed of his own crusade versus the infidel and recapturing (Capital and largest city of the modern state of Israel; a holy city for Jews and Christians and Muslims; was the capital of an ancient kingdom) Jerusalem for Christendom.
		Many unlucky soldiers in the booty pillage, joined by crowds of local peasants and camp-servants took on the field and removed anything of value from the fallen soldiers, so even the wounded ones were found naked before being taken to the camp for treatment.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/ba/battle_of_fornovo.htm (1845 words)

	Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The descendant of a noble family, nearly every head of which for two centuries had fallen in battle, he was born at the Château Bayard, Dauphiné (near Pontcharra, Isère).
		In 1494 he accompanied Charles VIII into Italy, and was knighted after the Battle of Fornovo (1495), where he had captured a standard.
		In 1513, when Henry VIII of England routed the French at the Battle of the Spurs (Guinegate, where Bayard's father had received a lifelong injury in a battle of 1479), Bayard, trying to rally his countrymen, found his escape cut off.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pierre_Terrail,_seigneur_de_Bayard (996 words)

	Fornovo
		Had they but succeeded in arresting Charles and destroying his forces at Fornovo, it is just possible that then—even then, at 'the eleventh hour—Italy might have gained the sense of national coherence, or at least have proved herself capable of holding by her leagues the foreigner at bay.
		As it was, the battle of Fornovo, in spite of Venetian bonfires and Mantuan Madonnas of Victory, made her conscious of incompetence and convicted her of cowardice.
		After Fornovo, her sons scarcely dared to hold their heads up in the field against invaders ; and the battles fought upon her soil were duels among aliens for the prize of Italy.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles29/southern-europe-9.shtml (5848 words)

	Italian_Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Meanwhile, Pope Julius II was more concerned with curbing the territorial expansion of Venice, and in 1508 formed the League of Cambrai, in which France, the Papacy, Spain and the Empire agreed to restrain the Venetians.
		At the Battle of Agnadello in 1509, the Venetians were defeated.
		Louis was driven from Italy at the Battle of Novara in 1513, and it was left to his successor Francis I to reassert French interests.
	www.usedaudiparts.com /search.php?title=Italian_Wars (482 words)

	The Battle of Fornovo (1495), according to Alessandro Beneditti
		One of them, so that he might not be seen returning from battle emptyhanded, cruelly cut off the bead of a priest of the area, a deed which was straightway lamented, and joined the ranks of the soldiers.
		The valley itself extends beyond Fornovo from a narrow passageway into the open plains with two hills on either side, to the right and to the left; the former direction is toward Oppiano, the latter toward Medesano, and the river Taro flows almost through the very middle of the plain.
		It consisted of six hundred horsemen, and this group the French call the real line of battle; it was conspicuous for its very lofty standard, and in it were all the mounted bowmen which I have enumerated and of the German foot soldiers the flower of almost all the troops of the King.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/fornovo.htm (5761 words)

	Encyclopedia: 1495
		December 25 -Second Battle of Acentejo -The Spanish crush native forces of the island of Tenerife, leading to the subjugation of this last bastion of resistance in the Canary Islands.
		The Second Battle of Acentejo was a battle that took place on December 25, 1495, between the invading Spanish forces and the natives of the island of Tenerife, known as Guanches.
		João II of Portugal (English: John II), the Perfect Prince, fourteenth king of Portugal was born in Lisbon in March 3, 1455 and died in Alvor in October 25, 1495.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/1495 (1580 words)

	Art Fresh : Article 'Battle of the Saintes' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The Battle of the Saintes was a victory of a British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney over a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse in the American War of Independence.
		The battle is named after the Saintes (or Saints), a group of islands between Guadeloupe and Dominica in the West Indies.
		1420 Battle of Vitkov Hill 1420 Battle of Vysehrad 1421 Battle of Bauge.
	www.art-fresh.net /DisplayArticle299174.html (1309 words)

	Business Software Review : Article 'Battle of Fornovo' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The result was militarily inconclusive, but Charles VIII of France lost all his Italian booty and had to abandon his claims in Italy, so strategically was a victory for the Holy League, specially Venice.
		On 27 June the Venetians and their allies established camp near Fornovo, eight miles from Parma, to wait for the French.
		Melchiorre Trevisan promised the Leage soldiers that the huge spoils of the Neapolitan kingdom which the French carried were theirs if they triumphed in battle, igniting their combat ardor.
	www.business-software-review.org /DisplayArticleFull211474.html (1930 words)

	Osprey Campaign 43 : Fornovo 1495 : France's Bloody Fighting Retreat
		The Italian states rallied and at Fornovo their alliance, the League of Venice, fought Charles' army to a standstill.
		The leaders of both armies are examined as are their armies and plans, and this background information all greatly helps when the author finally comes to his close-up investigation of Fornovo.
		The different moves in the battle are looked at, as are significant events during it: notably Charles's near capture by a group of Milanese men-at-arms.
	www.militaryfocus.com /osprey/campaign/43.htm (291 words)

	Osprey Campaign
		OspreyC43 - Fornovo 1495 by Peter Harrington - French king Charles VIII’s campaign to seize southern Italy came to a head at the battle of Fornovo.
		Osprey C120 - Towton 1471 by Christopher Gravett, illustrated by Graham Turner - Towton was the battle that marked the resurgence of the Yorkist cause, and established Edward IV as King of England.
		The battle began early on 29 March 1461 and raged all day - this book traces the course of one of the most significant battles of hte War of the Roses.
	sykesutler.home.att.net /campgn.htm (891 words)

	World History 1400- 1450 AD
		The British decisively defeated the French at the battle of Agincourt on October 25th.
		In July 1495 the French lost the Battle of Fornovo and Charles was forced to flee Italy.
		The Christian armies were led by Hunyadi who acheived two important victories, the first at the battle of Hermanstadt, and then at the battle of Nissa in which the Ottomans are driven from Bulgaria.
	www.multied.com /dates/1400ad.html (977 words)

	THE INVASIONS OF ITALY 1494-1527. MACHIAVELLI AND GUICCIARDINI
		In 1516, with the death of Ferdinand, the latter's grandson became Charles I of Spain, and in 1519 he became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. The conflict between Francis and Charles was to continue until Francis died, and to be carried on by their successors.
		In 1525, at the battle of Pavia, not only were the French defeated, but also the king was captured and taken to Spain as a prisoner.
		After the battle of Pavia in 1525, Machiavelli, like many other Italians, was aware of the danger that Charles V would dominate Italy.
	www.ku.edu /carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/04.html (5857 words)

	Any sword which is to be regarded as a two-hander must, by reason of its dimensions and weight, require two hands for ...
		In this situation the lugs cannot perform their normal purpose of protecting the hand, and if the ricasso is still grasped, ahead of the lugs, they are liable to injure the user’s wrist as he wields the sword.
		It was reputedly carried before Mary Queen of Scots at the battle of Langside, in 1568.
		Another Italian, Paolo Giovio, describes the critical moment in the battle of Fornovo, 1495, where Charles VIII of France with his Swiss mercenaries was opposed by Francesco Gonzaga at the head of an imperial army: "Suddenly, as the *sc.
	ejmas.com /jwma/articles/2000/jwmaart_melville_0100.htm (1773 words)

	Battle of Fornovo 1495 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		While crossing the Taro river near the town of Fornovo, the Italians were presented with their best opportunity for battle and they took it.............
		A French mistake during this battle was to have the artillery deployed directly opposite one of the fords, it was quickly overrun with minimal resistance.
		Playing a late fifteenth century battle such as Fornovo 1495 is stretching the historical limits of DBM.
	www.nwa.org.au /dbx/articles/fornovo/fornovo.html (1599 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philippe de Commines
		In 1464 Commines was presented at the court of the Duke of Burgundy in Lille and became squire to the duke's son, the Count of Charolais, afterwards Charles the Bold.
		In 1491 he returned to court and, although opposed to the expedition of Charles VIII into Italy, he nevertheless accompanied it and was sent to Venice, where he was utterly powerless to prevent the intrigues that culminated in the league against Charles VIII (1495).
		After the battle of Fornovo, he returned to Venice and Milan, where he was totally unsuccessful.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04163a.htm (911 words)

	Fornovo 1495: France's Bloody Fighting Retreat (Osprey Military Campaign Series, 43) Reviews - Cookie Nest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		This Osprey Campaign Series book about the Battle of Fornovo is very informative.
		The account of the battle itself is also very detailed.
		My one criticism is that the clor plates don't give a good "feel" of the clothing and uniforms of the time.
	store.cookienest.com /reviews/fornovo-1495-frances-bloody-fighting-retreat-osprey-military-campaign-series-43-id1855325225.php (132 words)

	Scenarios for the Spanish Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Stevenson, P. The battle of Ravenna 11th April 1512.
		Probably lost 3,000 before the battle, due to poor food, disorganised supplies, disease, weather, desertion.
		Of these about 8000 were lost before the battle, as the Bande Nere (2,500) retired when Giovanni de Medici, their leader, was wounded, and as the Swiss-Grison contingent (2,000, 5,000 or 6,000) were recalled to defend their lands.
	www.balagan.org.uk /war/1492/italy/scenarios.htm (326 words)

	C8
		Under Louis both areas had feared the rise in French military might and both did what they could do in an effort to reduce this perceived threat.
		In this instance, the nobles rebellion was defeated by Anne in 1488 at the Battle of Saint-Aubin de Cormier.
		However, to get there he did have to fight the League in July 1495 at the Battle of Fornovo.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /C8.htm (983 words)

	The Battle of Fornovo 1495
		The story of the Battle of Fornovo goes back to Joan of Arc and the 100 Years War between England and France.
		It was here that he proclaimed his peaceful intentions to the rest of Italy, it is true that he had left the Florentine government intact, and stated that his plan was to reclaim his rightful position in Naples to use it as a base for his crusade against the Turk.
		In January 1495 the French invaded Naples, there were a couple of sieges and massacres, a pitched battle in February easily won by the French, and on 22 February Charles VIII entered Naples.
	motor1.physics.wayne.edu /~cinabro/other/fornovo.html (2264 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mantua
		Under Ludovico III, in 1459, was held the famous "congress of princes", to consider a common action against the Turks, proposed by Pius II.
		Francesco Gonzaga (1484-1519) was a captain of the league against Charles VIII (1495), and commanded at the battle of Fornovo.
		Federigo II (1519-1540) was made Duke of Mantua by Charles V, and received the Marquessate of Casale Monferrato.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09611b.htm (1374 words)

	NGA - Love and War: The Battle of Fornovo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		At the battle of Fornovo in northern Italy in 1495, the armies of King Charles VIII of France fought the combined forces of King Ferdinand of Spain, the Emperor Maximilian, Pope Alexander VI, and the republics of Venice and Milan.
		This print was probably made soon afterward by an artist who had been present at the battle.
		At lower left, Albanian mercenaries loot the French baggage rather than take part in the battle, undermining the plan of attack and allowing the French to escape.
	www.nga.gov /exhibitions/hsb_relmars3.htm (138 words)

	The Reformation in Strassburg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The League of Venice formed 31 March 1495; it consisted of the pope, the emperor, Venice, Milan, and Spain.
		He encountered only one battle on the way home--the Battle of Fornovo, 6 July 1495.
		This League again invited the French to invade, in 1509, resulting in the Battle of Agnadello, where Venice was defeated.
	www.idbsu.edu /courses/reformation/italy (1912 words)

	Master of the Battle of Fornovo Online
		Master of the Battle of Fornovo art links/last verified Sept.
		Master of the Battle of Fornovo at the National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. The Battle of Fornovo
		All images and text on this Master of the Battle of Fornovo page are copyright 1999-2005 by John Malyon/Artcyclopedia, unless otherwise noted.
	www.artcyclopedia.com /artists/master_of_the_battle_of_fornovo.html (106 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of Bayard, by Christopher Hare.
		The supreme triumph with this weapon was to use such skill and force as to break the lance shaft—made of ash or sycamore—into as many pieces as possible; in fact, to "shiver" it completely, and thus break as many lances as possible.
		The tilting lance was often made hollow, and was from 12 to 15 feet long; but the lance used with the object of unhorsing instead of splintering was much stronger, heavier, and thicker in the stem, and instead of a pointed head had a "coronal," which was blunt.
		Never was battle more fiercely contested than on that Monday, 6th July, when the French succeeded in breaking through the host of their enemies.
	www.gutenberg.net /1/1/3/6/11363/11363-h/11363-h.htm (19498 words)

	Le Jeu de la Hache - 15th century polaxe treatise
		But this kind of battling in doublet and hose is not recorded by any of the chroniclers; and it is interesting to note that the earlier version of Talhoffer of 1443, has the combatants in full armour (pl. XXXVIa, b).
		Philippe de Commines's story of the aftermath of the battle of Fornovo in 1495 - which has been cited by Ewart Oakeshott, European Weapons and Armour from the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution (North Hollywood, Ca., 1980), 49, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the polaxe against men in armour - is not at all relevant.
		Commines specifically remarks that the knights were so well protected that they would not have been killed had they not been outnumbered by three or four to one.
	www.thearma.org /spotlight/lejeudelahache.htm (3506 words)

	Fornovo 1495 — www.greenwood.com
		In this remarkable book David Nicolle details the French campaign leading up to Fornovo, the battle itself, and the aftermath.
		The final section of the book deals with the end of the campaign, and France's withdrawal.
		David Nicolle's attention to detail, such as his mention of the capture of King Charles' book of pornographic pictures by the Italians at Fornovo, combined with his ability to see the broader picture of the Italian campaign itself, makes this an interesting and comprehensive volume.
	www.greenwood.com /books/bookdetail.asp?sku=C8850 (286 words)

	CHARLES VIII - Online Information article about CHARLES VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		It cannot be denied that he showed bravery at the See also:
		battle of Fornovo (the 5th of See also:
		He was preparing a fresh expedition to Italy, when he died on the 8th of See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CHA_CHR/CHARLES_VIII.html (518 words)

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