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	Battle of Hattin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The battle took place near Tiberias, in an area whose chief geographic feature is a double hill, in fact an extinct volcano, (the "Horns of Hattin") beside a pass through the northern mountains between Tiberias and the road from Acre to the west.
		This embassy was defeated at the Battle of Cresson on May 1, by a small force under the command of Saladin's son.
		Raymond of Tripoli, having escaped the battle, died of pleurisy later in 1187.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Hattin (1572 words)

	Battle of Cresson - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Cresson was a small battle fought on May 1, 1187, at the springs of Cresson, or 'Ain Gozeh, near Nazareth.
		It was a prelude to the defeat of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin two months later.
		Raymond III of Tripoli, who had previously been regent for the kingdom and was still one of the kingdom's wisest advisors, refused to accept Guy of Lusignan as king, Guy being a recent arrival from Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Cresson (905 words)

	Battles
		His most impressive battle victory was at the Battle of Hattin, which set the stage for him to recapture Jerusalem.
		Battle of Poitres - Battle in the 8th century, southern France, in which the Franks lead by Pepin II defeated a raiding band of Muslim warriors from Spain and halted Muslim expansion into Western Europe.
		Battle Of Hattin - The decisive battle of the 2nd Crusades, in which Saladin, defeated the Crusader army in between twin mountains, which in turn lead to the eventual capture of Jerusalem.
	filebox.vt.edu /users/ofarooq/heroes_and_battles.htm (737 words)

	The Battle of Hattin
		The king of Jerusalem and many of his barons were taken captive on a hill called the Horns of Hattin, and it is from that hill that the battle is named.
		For more information on the battle see the article The Battle of Hattin Revisited by Benjamin Z. Kedar The first account of this battle given here is from The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre (Lyon Eracles version), which was written in the early thirteenth-century.
		It is a right belonging to the barons of the kingdom that, when the whole army is in their lordship, the baron on whose land the battle is to take place leads the first division and is out in front: on entering his land he leads the vanguard and on leaving leads the rearguard.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/ctit2.htm (2894 words)

	Battle of Hattin (1187 AD)
		In the battle that followed the crusader army was destroyed.
		The famous third crusade pitted Richard the Lionhearted against Saladin, but the Battle of Hattin had permanently turned the momentum against the crusaders.
		Battle 2: Early in this battle the powerful Templars were able to break through the Muslim lines and threatened to turn the flank.
	www.juniorgeneral.org /hattin/hattin.html (1468 words)

	Battle of Hattin, 4 July 1187
		The battle of Hattin was the greatest disaster to befall the crusader states, and saw the destruction of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
		The campaign that led to Hattin was not the first major invasion that had been faced by the crusaders, but it came at a time when the crusaders were especially divided.
		The crusaders had defeated similar invasions by refusing to risk battle and occupying well supplied positions, while their enemies armies wilted away in the sun.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/battles_hattin.html (1421 words)

	Battle of the Horns of Hattin.
		For the Fourth of July, 1187 was to be one of the bloodiest battles of the crusades, the Battle of the Horns of Hattin.
		The area is called the Horns of Hattin for the two rocky peaks that raise over the brush covered slopes behind Tiberius on the Sea of Galilee.
		He was chastised by his father, who said as long as the tent stood the battle had not been won.
	www.angelfire.com /ma2/bdot/thattin.html (990 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook:The Battle of Hattin 1187
		The Countess [Eschiva, wife of Raymond III of Tripoli] and the Galileans, since the city was not fortified, sent messengers to the Count and King with the news: "The Turks have surrounded the city.
		Our men formed their battle lines and hurried to pass through this region in the hope that when they had regained a watering place and had refreshed themselves, they could attack and fight the foe more vigorously.
		When our men were arrayed and grouped in battle formation the infantry were ordered to take positions facing the enemy's arrows, so that the infantry would be protected from an enemy charge by the knights' lances.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/1187hattin.html (2501 words)

	Kingdom of Heaven \| The Battle Of Hattin - July 4th, 1187 \| The Knights Templar \| templarhistory.com
		The area is called the Horns of Hattin for the two rocky peaks that rise over the brush covered slopes behind Tiberius on the Sea of Galilee.
		As they made the trek in the hot desert sun they found no water to aid their thirst and in the heavy armor must have been near exhaustion.
		So secure had they trapped them that a chronicler of the event claimed, "not a cat could have slipped through the net." The tired crusaders were outnumbered by ten to one and as dawn approached, the Moslem horns blew heralding the coming attack.
	www.templarhistory.com /hattin.html (1263 words)

	The Battle of Hattin Revisited
		But a battle's contribution to the art of war is not necessarily commensurate with its political significance and, still less so, with the fascination it holds for posterity.
		The problem with this reconstruction is that, in order to reach the Horns of Hattin, the main body of the Frankish army must have crossed the watershed at some point, i.e., dislodged the Muslims from their purported position and none of our sources indicates that the Franks scored such an initial success.
		Thus, under the difficult circumstances of the final battle, the ascent to the horns made considerable military sense: the ancient walls provided some protection from Muslim arrows and allowed the Frankish archers to shoot at their enemies as if from the ramparts of a castle.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/articles/kedar.htm (6918 words)

	Crusade
		In 1071, at the Battle of Manzikert, the Byzantine Empire had been defeated, and this defeat led to the loss of all but the coastlands of Asia Minor (modern Turkey).
		A Latin hegemony in the Levant would provide leverage in resolving the Papacy's claims of supremacy over the Patriarch of Constantinople, which had resulted in the Great Schism of 1054, a rift that might yet be resolved through the force of Frankish arms.
		In the Byzantine homelands the Eastern Emperor's weakness was revealed by the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, which reduced the Empire's Asian territory to a region in western Anatolia and around Constantinople.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/c/cr/crusade.html (4084 words)

	Templars: The Horns of Hattin - PopMatters Music Review
		The Battle of Hattin occurred in 1187 and was perhaps the most decisive blow against the Crusaders, leading ultimately to their downfall.
		The Horns of Hattin, from which the new Templars album draws its name, was a ring of barren hills that the Muslim forces trapped the Crusaders in, including the Knights Templar, and which became a killing field, wiping out most of the Christian army.
		The album's artwork is a painting of the Battle of Hattin, and the interior of the insert bears various historical images.
	www.popmatters.com /music/reviews/t/templars-horns.shtml (570 words)

	Some Great Military Blunders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However, each victory got harder and harder - after the battle of Asculum he noted, "Another such victory and we shall be ruined." It was Beneventum that proved his ruin.
		He also left the battle before it was over, which caused his troops to panic and flee.
		At the height of the Battle of Balaclava, an order was sent to the British Light Cavalry to enter a valley lined with riflemen and take the heavy artillery batteries situated at its end.
	www.rense.com /politics6/blund.htm (1990 words)

	Battle of Arsuf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Battle of Arsuf was a battle of the Third Crusade between Richard I and Saladin.
		After capturing Acre in 1191, Richard fought many minor battles with Saladin, whose main objective was to prevent Jerusalem from being recaptured.
		The Crusaders could also take pride in their first victory since the Battle of Hattin in 1187.
	www.wordlookup.net /ba/battle-of-arsuf.html (305 words)

	The Preceptory Armory, created Sept 95, revised Apr 96
		At Hattin, a barren but brushed double hill guarding a pass on the road from Tiberias to Acre, the Christians suffered a decimating defeat that enabled Saladin to roam freely all over Palestine, without the Franks being able to do anything about it.
		He deemed the battle finished when he held the tent and its contents, and as the field calmed down, he saw the fullness of his victory.
		King Guy and his party were bought out of Saladin's hold, but the Battle of Hattin was a very decisive event in the decline of the Latin Kingdom in Palestine.
	www.webpages.free-online.co.uk /portcull/armhatti.htm (761 words)

	Total War Center - Downloads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Previous battles that I've made will be updated, so it's worth downloading this small ZIP file again, so that you can replace the old versions of historical battles with new, updated ones.
		May 10: As well as updating the battle of Acre to be more playable for the Egyptians, I've also included a new battle in the collection, this time not by me, but by Overlord_63.
		The Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 between the Mongol army and the Mameluks was the first battle where the Mongols were properly defeated.
	www.twcenter.net /downloads/db?mod=503 (810 words)

	The Knights Hospitallers
		Nevertheless, it is Raymond who is credited with initiating the military role in the form of convoys to ensure the safe passage of pilgrims to and from the Holy Land, though there is no mention of active participation in battles at this stage.
		This does not wholly discount the early participation in more extensive military duties, however, as the statutes of Roger of Moulins only mention care of the sick, yet he died in battle in 1187, and his predecessor, Gosbert (1177) was also active on the field.
		Charles V had granted them Malta in 1530, but in return expected their participation in his campaigns such as that at Tunis (1535), and they formed part of the Holy League force that gained victory at the battle of Lepanto in 1571.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Olympus/9767/hospitallers.html (1113 words)

	Battle of Hattin, 1187
		The disastrous battle and its aftermath were bewailed by the author of the
		The opposing lines were drawn up at a place called Hattin, in the hills behind Tiberius on the Sea of Galilee.
		When the noise of battle had ceased, and Saladin beheld the captives being dragged away and the dead strewn about, he raised his eyes to heaven and thanked God for the victory, as he always did when things went well for him.
	www.umich.edu /~iinet/worldreach/assets/docs/crusades/hittinwest.html (745 words)

	History Lessons for Junior Generals- Using Historical Simulations to Teach History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Battle of Chaeronea, 338 BC - Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander want to take control of Greece, but the Theban Sacred Band is ready to fight to the death to stop them (Miniature Battle) by Brett Drake
		The largest battle in the south is a ruinous victory for Cornwallis and the British.
		This is a variant of the WW I aerial combat battle.
	www.juniorgeneral.org (1363 words)

	SCC Forums -> New Historical Battles Pack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Turks had nothing to do with this battle, it was the Egypto-Syrian Army (both from barracks in Damascus and Cairo) that Saladin commanded, the Ayyubid State.
		The crusaders are way underpowered, I played it twice on the VH setting, playing the Turks and I massacred most of the Crusader army while it was on its move from its starting position to forming a defence line up the hill.
		Overall, for the historical accuracy, this battle must be redisigned AFTER the MOD is completely finished, Mamluks etc. But for now, this is quite good.
	www.stratcommandcenter.com /forums/index.php?showtopic=8591 (1122 words)

	AllRefer.com - Hattin, Battle of (Middle Eastern History) - Encyclopedia
		Hattin, Battle of[hAttEn´] Pronunciation Key, battle on July 4, 1197, in N Palestine, where Saladin's Muslim forces defeated the Christian armies of Guy de Lusignan.
		When Saladin attacked Tiberias in July, 1187, Christian forces attempted to aid the besieged city but were roadblocked; they waited on a plateau near the town of Hattin.
		The Muslims quickly surrounded the camp, cutting off their enemies' water supply and then attacking.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/H/Hattin-B.html (195 words)

	Israel Antiquities Authority - Gallery of Sites and Finds
		The pretext for the battle was the siege that Saladin placed on Tiberias, seat of the Principality of Galilee, on the 2nd of July, two days prior to the decisive battle.
		On the way to Tiberias, in the vicinity of the Horns of Hittim, the decisive battle took place when the Crusader army, which was dying of thirst, was vanquished.
		During the excavation we discovered that probably already in the 12th century (before or after the Battle of Hattin) or in the 13th century CE, not long after it was built, the gate itself was blocked by the construction of two walls that were erected across it, thereby negating its use altogether.
	www.antiquities.org.il /site_Item_eng.asp?id=46 (1307 words)

	Learn more about July 4 in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		1187 - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin.
		1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Vicksburg - Ulysses S. Grant and the Union army capture the Confederate city Vicksburg, Mississippi after the town surrendered.
		1187 - Raynald of Chatillon was executed by Saladin after the Battle of Hattin.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /j/ju/july_4.html (839 words)

	ipedia.com: Crusade Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		His successor permitted the Byzantine Empire to rebuild it, and pilgrimage was again permitted, but many stories began to be circulated about the cruelty of the Muslims toward Christian pilgrims, which played an important role in the development of the crusades later in the century.
		More immediately important to the formation of the crusading idea was the decisive victory of the Muslim Seljuk Turks over the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071.
		A sure sign of Byzantine desperation was the appeal of Alexius I Comnenus to his enemy the Pope for aid.
	www.ipedia.com /crusade.html (2742 words)

	List of battles fought by Muslims during Ramadan - Landover Baptist Community Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It's one thing to have an absurd faith that calls for men marrying multiple 6-year-olds, but what I really don't understand is people who don't even practice what they preach! Muslims are supposed stop their bloodlust for just 10 days, but it seems they can never quite make it.
		"The great battle of Badr" or "Conquest of Mecca", was the first battle between believers and infidels.
		The soldiers of Islam, under the leadership of Muhammad, established a training and fighting camp in Tabouk during the month of fasting, and attacked the Byzantine army.
	www.landoverbaptist.net /forums/index.php?showtopic=5663 (1282 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The film, which began shooting last week in Spain, is set in the time of King Baldwin IV (1161-1185), leading up to the Battle of Hattin in 1187 when Saladin conquered Jerusalem for the Muslims.
		They refer to The Talisman, which depicts the Muslims as sophisticated and civilised, and the Crusaders are all brutes and barbarians.
		Riley-Smith added: “Guy of Lusignan lost the Battle of Hattin against Saladin, yes, but he wasn’t any badder or better than anyone else.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1040119/asp/foreign/story_2802059.asp (660 words)

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