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	Category:Battles - Military History Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Battles may be small scale, only involving a handful of individuals, perhaps two squads, up to battles on army levels where hundreds of thousands may be engaged in a single battle at one time.
		A "battle of annihilation" is one in which the defeated party is destroyed in the field, such as the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile.
		A "decisive battle" is one of particular importance; by bringing hostilities to an end, such as the Battle of Hastings, or as a turning point in the fortunes of the belligerents, such as the Battle of Stalingrad.
	www.militaryhistorywiki.org /index.php?title=Category:Battles (1314 words)

	List of battles 1400 BC-600 AD
		Battle of Sellasia[?] Defeat of Cleomenes III[?] of Sparta by Antigonus Doson[?] of Macedon and the Achaean League[?]
		Battle of Herdonia[?] Hannibal destroys the Roman army of the praetor Gnaeus Fulvius.
		357 Battle of Strasbourg (357)[?] Julian expels the Alamanni from the Rhineland
	www.fastload.org /li/List_of_battles_1400_BC-600_AD.html (4497 words)

	Battles
		The Battle of Cumae 474 BC The Battle of the Eurymedon c.
		The Battle of Tanagra 457 BC The Battle of Oenophyta 457 BC The Battle of Salamis / Cyprus 450 BC The Battle of Coronea 447 BC The Battle of Sybota 433 BC The Battle of Potidaea 432 BC War Memorial, Louvre Ma 863
		The Battle of Mantinea 362 BC The Battle of Tamynae 349 BC Munn, Mark H., The Defense of Attica: The Dema Wall and the Boiotian War of 378-375 B.C. Berekeley: University of California Press, 1993.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/History/Battles/Battles.html (1192 words)

	Città di Termini Imerese - Himera
		Himera became the frontier on the north coast, while Selinus became the frontier city in the south.
		After Himera was destroyed, many of the survivors relocated at Termini, about 9 miles to the west of Himera.
		Himera was among the first of cities to mint its own coins, the other cities including Messina, Naxos, and Selinus.
	www.comune.termini-imerese.pa.it /english/html/himera.htm (1544 words)

	c. The Rise of the Athenian Empire. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		In THE BATTLE OF SALAMIS, the Persians attacked the Greek fleet in the narrow strait, losing their advantage of numbers, and were decisively defeated.
		The Greek forces, led by the Spartan king Pausanias, defeated the Persians at the BATTLE OF PLATAEA.
		In the ensuing battle the Persian fleet was destroyed.
	www.bartleby.com /67/189.html (774 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 237 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In the battle that ensued the Carthaginians were totally defeated, with a loss, as it is pretended, of 150,000 men, while nearly the whole of the remainder fell into the hands of the enemy as prisoners.
		Hamilcar himself was among the slain, md a few ships, which had made their escape with i number of fugitives on board, perished in a storm, 50 that scarcely a messenger returned to bear the lisastrous news to Carthage.
		But he is represented by late writers as a man of singular leniency and moderation, and as seeking in every way to promote the welfare of his subjects ; and his name even appears to have become almost proverbial as an instance of a good monarch.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/1345.html (897 words)

	Whither Hannibal
		But Himera is better known as the place of two famous battles between the Greeks and the Carthaginians.
		It was the furthest westward penetration of the Greeks on the North Coast of Sicily.
		The first battle of Himera is said to have taken place on the same day as the Greeks’ most famous victory over the Persians at Thermopylae.
	www.chilit.org /QUATT4.htm (7017 words)

	480 BC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		August - Battle of Artemisium - The Persian fleet fights an inconclusive battle with the Greek allied fleet.
		September 23 - Battle of Salamis between Greece and Persia, leading to a Greek victory.
		Battle of Himera - The Carthaginians under Hamilcar are defeated by the Greeks of Sicily, led by Gelon of Syracuse.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/480_BC (208 words)

	The Battle of Himera
		Herodotus maintains that Hamilcar, unable to obtain a favorable omen during his many sacrifices that day and having heard that his army was on the brink of defeat, leaped into the flames.
		The battle serves as a classic example of ancient greek bias, and the storytelling, literary, anti-barbarian, pro-Greece style of Herodotus.
		If Hamilkar killed himself prior to the battle's climax, as implied, the Greeks not only won, they anhihilated the gargantuan force.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/History/Battles/Himera.html (331 words)

	Wars of Carthage and Syracuse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Although decisively defeated by Syracuse and its allies at the battle of Himera in 480 BC, the city-state of Carthage continued to enjoy remarkable economic prosperity.
		After seizing Himera in a furious assault and slaughtering its inhabitants, the victorious Carthaginian leader returned to Carthage, leaving his forces in firm control of the entire area to the north and west of the captured cities.
		Syracuse was reduced to a sphere of dominance in eastern Sicily, and events were set in motion for the appearance of a new and overwhelming player on the scene: the Roman Empire.
	www.boglewood.com /sicily/carthage.html (557 words)

	Silinus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		After the battle of Himera Selinunte allied itself with Syracuse against Carthage, and in 409 B.C. the Carthaginians, summoned to the help of Segesta, the mortal enemy of Selinunte, sent an army of 100,000 under Hannibal, son of Gisco, which took Selinunte by assault before the allied troops of Agrigentum and Syracuse could arive.
		Living close to the Carthaginian trading outposts in the western part of the island, the city was intimidated by Punic power and reluctantly allied itself with Carthage in their first invasion of the Greek Sicilian territories.
		The Carthaginian army, 100,000 strong, assisted by the army of Segesta, eventually defeated and sacked the cities of Selinus, Akragas, Gela, Himera and Camarina.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /AncGreece/silinus.htm (3015 words)

	Carthage - Crystalinks
		Landing at Panormus (modern-day Palermo), he was then decisively defeated by Gelon at the Battle of Himera.
		He was either killed during the battle or committed suicide in shame.
		He was successful in capturing the smaller cities of Selinus (modern Selinunte) and Himera, before returning triumphantly to Carthage with the spoils of war.
	www.crystalinks.com /carthage.html (3393 words)

	Himera
		But, in 480, they were defeated in the battle of Himera by Theron, who had received help from Gelon, the tyrant of Syracuse.
		The tradition has it that the battle took place on the very same day as the battle of Salamis (Herodotus, VII, 166-167), as if to suggest that the Greek world was saved from "barbarians" from the east (the Persians) and west (the Carthaginians) on that day.
		It is worth noticing that the Carthaginians were of Phoenician origin and that most of the fleet that was defeated at Salamis was made up of Phoenician contingents in the Persian army (Persia irtself was not a country of sailors and had to hire or enroll mercenaries for subjected countries to staff its fleet).
	plato-dialogues.org /tools/loc/himera.htm (493 words)

	Carthage, ancient city, N Africa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The move against the island, begun by settlements in W Sicily, was brought to a halt when the Carthaginian general Hamilcar (a name that recurred in the powerful Carthaginian family usually called the Barcas) was defeated (480
		B.C.) by Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse, in the battle of Himera.
		Although the Carthaginian general was the formidable Hannibal, Carthage was finally defeated, partly by the Roman generals Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus (see under Fabius) and Scipio Africanus Major, and partly by the fatal division of the leading families in Carthage itself, which prevented Hannibal from receiving proper supplies.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ca/CarthageAf.html (789 words)

	The Battle of Kleidi Pass, 28 July 1014 (DBA Battle Scenario)
		Battle of Himera, 480 B.C. With mainland Greece occupied with its Persian Wars, the Carthaginians thought that with they would face little problem in conquering the Greek colonies on Sicily.
		The Greek is the attacker and deploys first in front of his camp minus the 3 extra elements that deploy in the BUA as the garrison of Himera, with the LH element dismounted.
		Battle of Himera 409 B.C. Hoping to avenge their defeat in 480 BC, the Carthaginians under Hannibal, grandson of Hamilcar, tried a more vigorous campaign in 409 B.C., during which they destroyed a number of Greek cities and finally laid siege to Himera.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/battles/Himera/index.html (626 words)

	Monte Polizzo: The Stanford project
		Consequently, when both forces were drawn up in battle-order, a fierce battle took place in which the Selinuntines were the victors, having slain not a few Aigestans.
		Since the Aigestans had been humbled and were not strong enough of themselves to offer battle, they at first tried to induce the people of Akragas [modern Agrigento] and Syracuse to enter into an alliance with them.
		Stefano Vassallo has suggested that the Carthaginian defeat at the battle of Himera in 480 broke the delicate balance of power that had sustained Elymian wealth, and caused the rural population to relocate to Aigesta for security.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/archaeology/MountPolizzo/objectives.htm (1413 words)

	Persia and the Greeks
		494 B.C. BATTLE OF LADE: Collapse of the Ionian Revolt
		BATTLE OF SALAMIS: Decisive Defeat of Persian Navy
		BATTLE OF HIMERA: Gelon of Syracuse defeats Carthaginian army in Sicily
	www.tulane.edu /~august/chron/greekper.htm (319 words)

	Ancient Greek Battles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		362 BC Battle of Mantinea (2 of 3)
		209 BC Battle of Lamia - 2nd Battle
		207 BC Battle of Mantinea (3 of 3)
	www.ancientgreekbattles.net /battles.htm (86 words)

	Sicilian Peoples: The Carthaginians - Best of Sicily Magazine - Carthaginians, Phoenicians, Hanibal, Hamilcar, Punic ...
		In 580 BC, around the time the Phoenicians and Persians were defeated at Salamis in Greece, the Carthaginians suffered a serious defeat by Syracusan troops at the battle of Himera, east of Palermo.
		In 341 BC, Corinthian and Syracusan troops defeated a Carthaginian force at the battle of the River Crimisus.
		Agathocles, a later leader of Syracuse, having lost an earlier battle against the Carthaginians, invaded north Africa in 310 BC, but this was not the end Carthage.
	www.bestofsicily.com /mag/art156.htm (1549 words)

	A History of Africa, Chapter 3
		If a general lost a battle, it was considered a crime against the state, and he would be exiled or even tortured to death if it looked like he was making a habit of losing.
		Even so, the Greeks saw the battle of Himera as a dramatic deliverance, which they compared with the victory they won against the Persians at Salamis in the same year; later on, historians improved this coincidence to the same day.
		The captured women and children were given as prizes to the soldiers, while Hannibal took 3,000 male prisoners to the spot where Hannibal had died, and tortured and killed them as a sacrifice to the spirit of his grandfather.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /africa/carthage.html (9490 words)

	Demareteion Dekadrachms
		Combined with other sources of information, the association of the first dekadrachms of Syracuse with the battle of Himera's aftermath becomes suspect.
		Much of its chronology is directly dependent on the dating and interpretation of the Demareteion dekadrachms, and this introduces another argument against the latter coins being commemoratives issued shortly after the battle of Himera in 479.
		Assuming that the dekadrachms come later than their counterparts with empty exergues, that the archaic pieces were first struck upon the accession of Gelon at Syracuse, and that they are indeed commemorative of the Carthaginian defeat at Himera, it is necessary to cram the entire archaic series into only seven years (485 to 479).
	www.writer2001.com /fick.htm (1733 words)

	Demareteion Dekadrachms - Part Two
		B.V. Head, a pioneering researcher in Sicilian numismatics, interprets this device "to symbolize the vanquished naval power of the Tuscans, just as the lion which appears on Gelon's coins after the battle of Himera [the Demareteion dekadrachms] may symbolize the destruction of the African dominion in Sicily." 13.
		Likewise, Head's willingness to interpret the lion on the dekadrachms as a sign of victory at Himera ought to counsel against blind acceptance of his link between the sea monster and victory at Cumae.
		The coins maintained their fabric and general design types throughout this era, but the evolution of small details such as hairstyle, decorative adornment (jewelry and headbands) and exergual devices allows them to be placed in a relative chronology reflecting the transition of Greek art in general, from the Archaic to Classical periods.
	www.writer2001.com /fick2.htm (1292 words)

	480 BC at AllExperts
		* August 11 - The Battle of Thermopylae.
		* August - Battle of Artemisium - The Persian fleet fights an inconclusive battle with the Greek allied fleet.
		* Battle of Himera - The Carthaginians under Hamilcar are defeated by the Greeks of Sicily, led by Gelon of Syracuse.
	en.allexperts.com /e/0/480_BC.htm (253 words)

	History and background information on Sicily, Italy
		Rivalries developed, and internal battles were frequent and bloody.
		In BC 480, at the battle of Himera, an alliance of Agrigento, Syracuse and Gela defeated the Carthaginians, heralding the beginning of a 'Golden Age'.
		This operation was to form the plan of action for the Battle of Hastings against the Saxons just a few years later - it is held that several knights were present at both clashes.
	www.knowital.com /history/sicily/sicily-history.html (1504 words)

	(20) Siculo-Punic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Carthage, a Phoenician settlement on the coast of northern Africa, began to compete with the Greeks for control of Sicily in the fifth century B.C. Its interference there eventually led to the Battle of Himera in 480 B.C., in which combined Greek forces soundly defeated the Carthaginians.
		The Carthaginians returned at the end of the fifth century, destroying Himera and other Sicilian cities.
		The Syracusans resisted them throughout the fourth century, confining them to the western part of the island, where they minted coins to pay their troops.
	www.lawrence.edu /dept/art/buerger/catalogue/020.html (270 words)

	Commands & Colors Ancients: Expansion Pack 1: Greeks and Eastern Kingdoms
		With your Greeks you will be able to turn west and battle the Carthaginians in Sicily, or as King Pyrrhus at Heraclea and Ausculum, battle the Romans.
		The battle dice resolve combat quickly and the command cards provide an element of luck that creates a fog of war and presents players with both challenges and opportunities for victory.
		Yet the tactics you need to execute conform remarkably well to the advantages and limitations inherent to the various Ancient units, their weapons, terrain and the history.
	www.boardgamegeek.com /game/22605 (464 words)

	Arts and Literature
		The Greeks defeat the Persians at the battle of Marathon.
		The Athenians spreat the war into Boeotia, but are defeated at the battle of Delium.
		Hanibal invades Sicily and defeats the Sicilian Greeks at the second battle of Himera.
	www.comm.unt.edu /~ktaylor/timeline.htm (225 words)

	Victory at Himera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		At Himera, on the north coast of Sicily, the Carthaginians met devastating defeat at the hands of Syracuse, aided by the forces of Agrigento.
		Thereafter, with the external threat repulsed, Gelon, Tyrant of Syracuse, consolidated his power throughout most of Greek Sicily.
		After a series of Persian victories in preliminary naval engagements and a costly victory over the Spartans on land at Thermopylae, the Persian and Athenian fleets met each other at Salamis in one of history's most celebrated sea battles.
	www.boglewood.com /sicily/himera.html (225 words)

	Special Places in Nature
		It was ruled 570–554 BC by the notorious tyrant Phalaris, who was reputed to have had men roasted alive in a brazen bull, and it reached its peak in 480 when the tyrant Theron, in alliance with Syracuse, won the decisive Battle of Himera over the Carthaginians.
		The Annals of Tighernach tell of Dowth being plundered and burnt in 1059, with a record in the Annals of the Four Masters of three great early battles at Dowth, and a later burning in 1170.
		In the last century, a house was built on the summit of the mound.
	www.stevenredhead.com /Natures-Places/worldhistory.html (1317 words)

	Time line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Battle of Artemisium: Naval battle and part of the Persian War
		Battle of Himera: The Carthaginians attack Greek colonies on Sicily
		Battle of Cumae: Etruscan attack on the colonies of Magna Graecia
	www.hoplites.co.uk /html/timeline.html (303 words)

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