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Topic: Battle of Issus

	Battle of Issus
		In the Battle of Issus in 333 BC Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeated Darius III of Persia.
		The battle took place south of the ancient town Issus[?], which is close to present-day Iskenderum[?], Turkey, on both sides of a small river called Pinarus.
		The battle of Issus was a decisive Macedonian victory and it marked the beginning of the end of Persian power.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ba/Battle_of_Issus.html (518 words)

	Battle of Issus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alexander battling Darius at the Battle of Issus
		The battle took place south of the ancient town Issus, which is close to present-day Iskenderum, Turkey, on either side of a small river called Pinarus.
		The battle of Issus was illustrated (according to the Roman writer Pliny) by a Greek painter, Philoxenus of Eretria, in the late fourth century BC.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Issus (1241 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Battle Descriptions
		Battle of Issus, A.D. By late spring 194, the armies of Septimius Severus had fought their way through the Cilician Gates and were in Cilicia, preparing to enter Syria.
		Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, A.D. During Augustus's reign (27 B.C.-14 A.D..), probably the greatest disaster suffered by the Romans was the defeat in the Teutoburg forest when the former proconsul of Africa, Publius Quinctilius Varus, together with three legions (XVII, XVIII, and XIX), six cohorts and three squadrons of cavalry (alae) were practically slaughtered.
		Battle of Yarmuk, A.D. During the reign of Heraclius this battle was fought between Romans and Arabs in the Jordan valley in the Roman province of Palestine.
	www.roman-emperors.org /assobd.htm (2604 words)

	History of Art:The High Renaissance, Mannerism - Albrecht Altdorfer
		Altdorfer's masterpiece, the “Battle of Alexander at Issus” (1529; Alte Pinakothek, Munich), is both a battle scene of incredible detail and a highly dramatic and expressive landscape.
		The artist shows an event from the distant past, a battle fought near Issus in 333 B.C. This he sets against a panorama of sky and landscape; the battle in Asia Minor thus assumes the aura of a natural disaster, or a scene from some cosmic Armageddon.
		He represented the historic Battle of Issus as one of his contemporaries, the German physician and scholar Paracelsus, might have viewed it: an epic struggle of life and death fought out on a cosmic scale, whose drama is reflected in the swirling clouds above and the endless vista bevond.
	www.all-art.org /history230-10-2.html (3244 words)

	Battle of Issus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Alexander was surprised by this sudden movement but Darius had made a big mistake by positioning himself in a small area between the ocean and the mountains; he would never be able to utilize his immense army effectively.
		The battle was still very much at issue when Alexander led a charge with his heavy cavalry straight at Darius himself; he was easy to spot in his golden chariot.
		After this battle the most obvious strategy would have been that Alexander move to the east together with his army and royal hostages, to the heart of the Persian Empire before Darius had time to recruit new soldiers.
	members.tripod.com /joseph_berrigan/id33.html (449 words)

	Alexander's War Tactics at the Battle of Issus
		The battle was not fought at Issus, it was fought on the Pinarus River on the south-eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea (Hammond 96)
		Darius and the Persians suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Issus: 100,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry were killed (Fuller 162).
		During every battle there are always minor victories in different parts of the battlefield that influence the overall outcome, these are the minor victories during the Battle of Issus:
	www.richeast.org /htwm/Greeks/Issus/Issus.html (1217 words)

	Issus - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		ISSUS [Issus], ancient town of SE Asia Minor, now in Turkey, 5 mi (8 km) NW of Dörtyol.
		Located near the head of a gulf (the modern Gulf of Iskenderun), Issus was on a narrow strip of land backed by high mountains.
		In 622 the Byzantine emperor Heraclius won at Issus the first of a series of battles in which the west regained territory formerly lost to the Persians.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-issus.html (259 words)

	Battle of Gaugamela - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jan Brueghel the Elder, 1602, The Battle of Arbella, or The Battle of Issus
		Supposedly, the battle was held near a hill in the form of a camel's hump, hence the name etymology: Tel Gomel or Tel Gahmal, which translates as "Mount Camel" in Hebrew.
		As at Issus, substantial amounts of loot were gained following the battle, with 4,000 talents captured, as well as the King's personal chariot and bow.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Arbela (2128 words)

	AcademicDB - The battle of Issus, 333 BC
		The battle of Issus, 333 BC Home: History: By Event or Period: Ancient: The battle of Issus, 333 B
		The victory at the battle of Issus completed the takeover of Asia Minor and made Alexander to move south into Phoenicia and Egypt.
		The battle of Issus, 333 BC After the battle of Granicus in 334 BC, Alexander wintered over at several places.
	www.academicdb.com /battle_issus__bc_16083 (266 words)

	Issus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Battle of Issus took place in late October,333 B.C. It was the first encounter between Alexander and the Persian king Darius.
		The plain of Issus was guarded by hills on the east and the Mediterranean on the western side.
		A mosaic from Pompeii depicting the Battle of Issus.
	oncampus.richmond.edu /academics/classics/students/brownie/issus.htm (181 words)

	The Battle of Issos (Issus) - All Empires (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Battle Summary Map - This map shows, in Pseudo 3D, the most important movements of the Battle.
		I have distinguished the terrain figures because in this battle it was the decisive element.
		Parmenion's task was to stop the Persians to the end of battle and he performed his task with success but as I tried to show, there was greatest danger in that area during the whole battle.
	www.allempires.com /article/index.php?q=battle_issus (864 words)

	Battle of Guagamela (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		He chose his battle on a level plain so that he could most effectively utilized his vast cavalry, which was his main force.
		A furious battle seesawed back and forth until a gap opened in the Persians right center and Alexander led a charge straight at Darius as he had done at the Battle of Issus.
		The results of the battles of Issus and Guagamela might have been completely different if the Persians had a more determined high king.
	members.tripod.com /joseph_berrigan/id35.html (669 words)

	Alexander vs. Darius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Battle of Issus was the first meeting between Alexander the Great of Macedon and Darius III of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
		Issus is a brilliant example how Alexander could think on his feet and react quickly to new threats as they presented themselves.
		It is extremely unlikely that the Greeks lost many men in the battle as they won for the most part on their front, and a number of sources describe them as retiring in good order from the field.
	www.ancientbattles.com /Issus/Issus.htm (7282 words)

	HELLAS:NET - Warfare
		After the battle of Granicus Alexander split up his army: he left Parmenio behind with the main force, while Alexander himself went south with a smaller force.
		This is a critical moment in the battle as the Greek mercenaries who are fighting at the Persian side are more than willing to enter this hole in the Macedonian formation.
		The Macedonian cavalry on the left is still in the same position as at the start of the battle, and the Persian cavalry is almost encircled by Macedonian light troops because of the sudden advancement of the phalanx.
	monolith.dnsalias.org /~marsares/warfare/battle/issus.html (1433 words)

	Alexander's Battles
		The battle between Macedonian king Alexander the Great and armies of the Persian Empire at the Granicus River in Asia Minor.
		When Alexander started his war against the Persians in the spring of 334 BC, he was met at the Granicus by an army of Persian soldiers and Greek hoplites.
		After the Battle of Granicus, all the states of Asia Minor submitted to Alexander the Great.
	www.angelfire.com /il/AlexanderTheGreat/battles.html (480 words)

	The Battle of Alexander by ALTDORFER, Albrecht
		Its subject is the victory of the young Alexander the Great in 333 B.C. over the Persian army of King Darius in the battle of Issos.
		The battle in fact took place in Turkey, however, on this painting it is shown in the rocky environment of the Alps with German cities in the background.
		The viewer, endowed with telescopic vision, witnesses the battle and the cosmic landscape.
	www.wga.hu /html/a/altdorfe/1/5battle.html (180 words)

	Issus
		If Darius would reach the Gulf of Issus he could use the support from the Persian fleet under Pharnabazus still operating in the Mediterranean Sea, thus easing his supply and possibly landing troops behind the enemy.
		Alexander addresses his officers before the battle of Issus by Andre Castaigne (1898/99).
		Battle of Issus or Arbela, Jan Brueghel the Elder
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/History/Battles/Issus.html (676 words)

	Alexander vs. Darius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		But as soon as Darius was certified of Alexander's approach for battle, he conveyed about 30,000 of his cavalry and with them 20,000 of his light-armed infantry across the river Pinarus, in order that he might be able to draw up the rest of his forces with ease.
		And it turned out just as Alexander had conjectured; for as soon as the battle became a hand-to-hand one, the part of the Persian army stationed on the left wing was put to rout; and here Alexander and his men won a brilliant victory.
		This was the conclusion of the battle at Issus of Cilicia.
	www.ancientbattles.com /Issus/Issus_source_materials.htm (6201 words)

	Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The battle was still very much at issue when Alexander led a charge straight at Darius himself.
		Issus marked the beginning of the end of Persian power in the Mediterranean.
		After Issus, Alexander knew he could bring Darius down; he began to dream of replacing him as King of Kings.
	history.boisestate.edu /westciv/alexander/06.shtml (220 words)

	Funagain Games: Battle Line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		If you can conclude where the lost battles are, you can dump at least one of your waste cards on each of them, which might force your opponent to play a card he'd rather not.
		You will not be replaying the battle of Issus, the siege of Tyre of any of the great battles of the period through this game, but the theme of formation based phalanx warfare sits amazingly well with the mechanics of the game.
		Battle Line was out of print for a while, and high demand finally brought back a second printing.
	www.funagain.com /control/product/~product_id=010983 (3088 words)

	Iranian History: The Dashing Iranian Army
		The battle at Issus in 333 BC between the Persian Army and the Macedonians led by Alexander was a decisive blow to Darius III.
		At this battle a number of units normally loyal to the Persians switched sides.
		After purple the most commonly found colour to use for battle robes was saffron." The crocus occurs spontaneously in Iran and its cultivation has been recorded in a number of Iranian provinces.
	www.oznet.net /cyrus/page1.html (266 words)

	WebMuseum: Altdorfer, Albrecht: The Battle of Alexander at Issus (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab-5.cs.princeton.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Its subject is the victory of the young Alexander the Great in 333 B.C. over the Persian army of King Darius III in the battle of Issus.
		Issus was an ancient town in southeast Asia Minor near modern-day Iskenderum, Turkey.
		Moreover, the soldier's armor and the fortified town in the distance are unmistakably of the 16th century.
	www.ibiblio.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wm/paint/auth/altdorfer/battle-issus (413 words)

	Gordium Knot, Plutarch
		For being much inferior in numbers, so far from allowing himself to be outflanked, he stretched his right wing much further out than the left wing of his enemies, and fighting there himself in the very foremost ranks, put the barbarians to flight.
		In this battle he was wounded in the thigh, Chares says, by Darius, with whom he fought hand-to-hand.
		But in the account which he gave Antipater of the battle, though indeed he owns he was wounded in the thigh with a sword, though not dangerously, yet he takes no notice who it was that wounded him.
	1stmuse.com /alex3/issus.html (931 words)

	Photo Gallery
		This mosaic depicts a battle between Alexander the Great and the Persian king Darius, probably the Battle of the Issus River in November of 333 B.C. It is in opus vermiculatum, with over one and a half million tesserae, none larger than 4 mm., in four colors: white, yellow, red, and fl.
		The painting is described by Pliny the Elder as representing "the battle of Alexander with Darius." Certain inconsistencies in the mosaic point to its derivation from another source.
		This close up of Alexander is from the mosaic of the battle of Issus from the Museo Nazionale, Naples, Italy.
	www.hackneys.com /alex_web/pages/alxphoto.htm (1591 words)

	Palette of king narmer and battle of issus
		The Palette of King Narmer and the Battle of Issus are two extraordinary art pieces that illustrate this influence.
		The Battle of Issus is a mosaic texture art piece that was found in Pompeii.
		In comparison and contrast, the Palette of King Narmer and the Battle of Issus have similar content and style where the figure stands out to be dominant.
	www.radessays.com /viewpaper/41790/Mohandus_Karamchand_Gandhi.html (285 words)

	Alexander 11: "Livin' On the Edge"
		The external threat was the king of Macedonia.
		Alexander and Darius’ forces first clashed at the Battle of Issus (modern Payas).
		Mindful that his reputation preceded him on his march to liberate the Greek world, Alexander continued to honor the Persian soldiers killed in battle against his army, singling out one Persian general in particular who had fought well against him.
	ablemedia.com /ctcweb/consortium/alexander11.html (637 words)

	Army and Battles (Alexander the Great on the Web) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Diodorus Siculus on the Battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.), from the Ancient History Sourcebook.
		Also, The battle of Granicus, The battle of Issus, The battle of Gaugamela.
		Battle of Issus by "Jojo Nebuchadnezzar." Unsatisfactory, but highly-graphical hobby-report.
	www.isidore-of-seville.com /alexander/3.html (778 words)

	Alexander the Great: the battle of Issus
		In November 333, Alexander the Great and his trusted general Parmenion defeated the Persian king Darius III Codomannus on the uneven coastal plain south of Issus.
		A full description of this battle can be found here.
		Rheomithres had been cavalry commander during the battle on the banks of the river Granicus in 334.
	www.livius.org /aj-al/alexander/alexander_t51.html (418 words)

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