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	Battle of the Kalka River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Battle of the Kalka River (May 31, 1223) was the first military engagement between the Mongol armies of Genghis Khan and the East Slavic warriors.
		It was fought on the bank of the Kalka River, somewhere between present-day Donetsk and Mariupol.
		The Battle of the Kalka River is commonly viewed as a catastrophe in the disintegrating Kievan Rus'.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Kalka_River (469 words)

	Encyclopedia: Battle of Kalka River
		Battle of Kalka River (31st May, 1223 N.S.) was the first military engagement between the Mongol armies of Genghis Khan and the East Slavic warriors.
		The Kalchik, or Kalmius River is a river in Ukraine.
		Kalka River 1223: Genghiz Khan's Mongols Invade Russia is an excellent overview of the first Mongol invasion of medieval Russia.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Battle-of-Kalka-River (883 words)

	Mongol invasion of Rus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In response to this call Mstislav the Bold and Mstislav Romanovich the Old formed a league and went out eastward to meet the foe, but they were utterly defeated in a great battle on the banks of the Kalka (1223), which has remained to this day in the memory of the Russian common people.
		Now the country was at the mercy of the invaders, but, instead of advancing, they suddenly retreated and did not reappear for thirteen years, during which the princes went on quarrelling and fighting as before, till they were startled by a new invasion much more formidable than its predecessor.
		Crossing the Volga, he mustered a new army, which was totally exterminated by the Mongols in the Battle of the Sit River on March 4.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Russia (1548 words)

	Amazon.ca: Kalka River 1223: Genghiz Khan's Mongols Invade Russia: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-12)
		The battle of Kalka 1223, in which the Mongol generals Subotai and Jebei (with orders from Genghiz Khan) utterly crushed the russian military alliance, truly was one of the more decisive battles in european history, since it subsequently led to the devastating invasion of central europe in 1241.
		There are a total of five 2-D maps in Kalka 1223 (Eurasian Steppes, Mongol campaigns in 1220-2, the Russian armies assemble in 1223, Movements to the Kalka River and the Mongol Withdrawal) and three 3-D "Bird's Eye View" maps of the Battle of Kalka River.
		The actual account of the Battle of Kalka River is a bit hazy due to the paucity of sources - the exact location of the battle is not even known - and Dr. Nicolle covers it in less than 6 pages of text.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/1841762334 (1302 words)

	::HOW DID THE MONGOLS LINK EAST AND WEST? ::
		The battle of the Kalka River (now renamed the Kalmyus River) in southern Russia is a good example of the kind of campaign Chinggis Khan waged to gain territory and of the key role of the horse.
		At the Kaka River, the Mongols finally took a stand, swerving around and positioning themselves in battle formation, with archers mounted on horses in the front.
		The battle at the Kalka River resembled, with some slight deviations, the general plan of most of Chinggis Khan's campaigns.
	www.globaled.org /nyworld/materials/mongol/Howdid2.html (1237 words)

	MSN Encarta - Russia
		In the Battle of the Kalka River (now Kal’mius River), the Polovtsy-Russian coalition was routed.
		The Swedes descended from the Baltic and sought to penetrate the territories of Novgorod.
		Not until the reign of Ivan III Vasilyevich (1462-1505), or Ivan the Great, did Muscovy throw off all control by the Golden Horde and establish itself as the dominant power in northern Russia.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569000_17/Russia.html (1240 words)

	Battle of the Kalka River, 1223
		Taking place in the Southern Ukraine near the mouth of the Dniepr River the battle of Kalka River was part of the Mongol invasion of Russia between 1221-1224.
		The Mongol Commander Subatai smashed the Army of Prince Mstislav of Kiev despite the Russians outnumbering the Mongols 2 to 1 having 80,000 troops compared with an estimated 40,000 Mongols.
		The Battle was another example of Subatai's skilful leadership and left the Ukraine open to pillage for the Mongols even though Genghis Khan regarded the invasion as merely a reconnaissance in force.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/battles_kalka.html (90 words)

	Encyclopedia: Kalka River
		Formerly known as the Kalka River, it was the scene of the bloody battle between Mongols and East Slavs in 1223.
		In response to this call Mstislav the Bold and Mstislav III of Kiev formed a league and went out eastward to meet the foe, but they were utterly defeated in a great battle on the banks of the Kalka (1223), which has remained to this day in the memory of the Russian common people.
		Crossing the Volga, he mustered a new army, which was totally exterminated by the Mongols on the Sit' River on March 4.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Kalka-River (286 words)

	Battle of Legnica - The HelpFox tells all he knows about Battle of Legnica. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-12)
		The date of the battle is usually given as occurring sometime in early April, although the exact date is uncertain - the
		Also, as with many historical battles, the exact details of force composition, tactics, and the actual course of the battle are woefully lacking and usually contradictatory.
		While the Poles still celebrate this battle as their saving of Europe, current history has it a bitter defeat for the Poles, and the saving of Europe as simply fate and luck, the death of Ogedei Khan, and the subsequent power struggle that tied up Mongol armies in internal struggles.
	battle-of-legnica.helpfox.com /?t=Battle+of+Legnica (947 words)

	Top 25 Greatest Tactical Feats - History Forum
		This battle is often portrayed as one of the greatest in Swedish military history.
		The ensuing Battle of Salamis was one of the decisive engagements of history.
		The battle of kawanakajima usually refers to the fourth encounter which was the most eventful between the forces of Uesugi Kenshin and Takeda Shingen.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=2536&st=0& (3936 words)

	Mykhail Vsevolodovych (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-12)
		After the death of Volodymyr Sviatoslavych at the Battle on the
		River in 1223, Mykhail assumed the throne of
		Chernihiv and began a campaign of territorial aggrandizement.
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/M/Y/MykhailVsevolodovych.htm (212 words)

	Genghis Khan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Temüjin organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia that was closer to the Mongol border.
		At the Battle of Kalka River in 1223, the Mongols defeated the larger Kievan force, capturing and killing six princes, including Mstislav of Kiev.
		Folklore says that a river was diverted over his grave to make it impossible to find (The same manner of burial of Sumerian folk hero Gilgamesh.) Other tales state that his grave was stampeded over by many horses, over which trees were then planted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genghis_Khan (6652 words)

	Cumans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The field of Igor Svyatoslavich's battle with the Kypchaks, by Viktor Vasnetsov.
		While the Cumans were assimilated, their name can still be seen in placenames such as the city of Kumanovo in Macedonia, Comăneşti in Moldavia and Comana in Dobruja.
		For the Russian relations with the Polovtsi, see the Battle of the Stugna River, the Battle of the Kalka River, and the Tale of Igor's Campaign.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cumans (462 words)

	Yuri II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The third and best-loved son of Vsevolod III, he first distinguished himself in the battles against Ryazan in 1208.
		When the Mongols first approached Russia in 1223, he sent a small unit against them, but it arrived too late to take part in the disastrous Battle of the Kalka River.
		Yuri himself was killed on March 4, 1238 in the Battle of the Sit River, whereby vast Mongol hordes defeated the army of Vladimir-Suzdal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yuri_II_of_Russia (345 words)

	Battle of Legnica - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		The Battle of Legnica (often called the Battle of Liegnitz, or, occasionally, of Leignitz) took place in 1241 near the city of Legnica between the invading Mongols and the Poles under Henry II the Pious, Duke of Poland (Silesia), supported by the feudal nobility including the Teutonic Knights.
		The date of the battle is usually given as early April, although the exact date is uncertain - the 9th is popular.
		The battle has undergone some historical revisionism, in 1911 the battle was where "Henry II...
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Battle_of_Legnica (494 words)

	Battle of Kalka (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-12)
		In addition to siege engineering, the Mongols were also adept at river-work, crossing the river Sajo in spring flood conditions with thirty thousand cavalry during one night during the battle of Mohi (April, 1241), defeating the Hungarian king Bela IV.
		Similarly, in the attack against the Khwarezmshah, a flotilla of barges were used to prevent escape on the river.
		The death toll (by battle, massacre, flooding, and famine) of the Mongol wars of conquest is placed at about 40 million according to some [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#Mongol sources].
	battle.of.kalka.en.reference.pl (7269 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Mongol invasion of Russia
		In 1223 an army from Kievan Rus', together with a force of Turkic Polovtsians (Cumans), faced a Mongol raiding party at the Kalka River.
		Early in 1223, the Mongol armies under Subudai Bahadur and Jebei Noyon 'the Arrow,' Genghis Khan's dreaded "dogs of war," approached the steppe occupied by the Kipchak nomads, the Cumans.
		One branch of the Mongol force withdrew to Saray on the lower Volga River, establishing the Golden Horde.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus (844 words)

	Osprey Campaign 98 : Kalka River 1223 : Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia
		The overwhelming Mongol victory over Prince Mstislav 'the Daring' of Galicia along with his Russian and Kipchaq allies at the battle of the Kalka River was one of the most significant events in Russian history.
		Even today some still blame defeat at the Kalka River and the subsequent Mongol occupation for Russia's supposed isolation and separation from the mainstream of European history.
		It was a battle in the open steppe grasslands in which Mongol horse-archery tactics reigned supreme.
	www.militaryfocus.com /osprey/campaign/98.htm (365 words)

	Kotian
		Mongols in 1222, Kotian left the Dnieper region and sought the aid of the princes of
		They were all defeated, however, by the Mongols at the Battle on the
		He settled with the remainder of the Cumans in Hungary, under the protection of the Hungarian king.
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/K/O/Kotian.htm (80 words)

	Mongol General Subudai
		Pushing on across the river Don they penetrated the Crimean peninsula and were in the Ukraine to winter the snows of 1222-23.
		These were the soldiers Subadai and his colleagues led to their deaths at the battle of the Kalka river.
		The Mongols took a stand near Eger to the east of the river Sajo, on a flat plain bounded to the north by the famous wine-growing area of Tokay.
	home-4.worldonline.nl /~t543201/web-mongol/mongol-subudai.htm (1533 words)

	Sword Forum International - "Kalka River: 1223" by Nicolle & Shpakovsky
		Kalka River: 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols Invade Russia by David Nicolle and Viacheslav Shpakovsky.
		Maps, fl and white photos of historical illustrations, color photos of the battle field as it appears today, drawings and photos of archeological finds, and color plates are used to aid the text.
		The origins of the conflict, the cultures, commanders, tactics, and the after effects of the battle are examined.
	forums.swordforum.com /showthread.php?threadid=40385 (251 words)

	Total War Center - Downloads
		Previous battles that I've made will be updated, so it's worth downloading this small ZIP file again, so that you can replace the old versions of historical battles with new, updated ones.
		May 10: As well as updating the battle of Acre to be more playable for the Egyptians, I've also included a new battle in the collection, this time not by me, but by Overlord_63.
		The Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 between the Mongol army and the Mameluks was the first battle where the Mongols were properly defeated.
	www.twcenter.net /downloads/db?mod=503 (810 words)

	Osprey Campaign Series
		The Ardennes offensive in December 1944, known to history as the "Battle of the Bulge", was the decisive campaign of the war in North-West Europe.
		ISANDLWANA 1879: The battle of Isandlwana fought on January 22, 1879, was the greatest defeat suffered by the British Army during the Victorian era.
		Kalka River: The consequences for the history of Europe were incalculable.
	www.hubhobbyshop.com /press3cs.htm (4835 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Genghis Khan [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-12)
		For example when he was engaging in battle with the shah of Khwarezmid Empire, it was seen as non-holy war between two leaders by the other Muslim leaders and therefore didn't join war against Genghis Khan.
		Mongol leader during battle might be anywhere in the formation and he used flags and horns to order his strategies on time.
		To the Mongols, victory was what mattered most, and they couldn't afford to lose battle nor men because they were extremely poor in logistics compared to their opponents (at least twice as low in almost all battles) and being far away from their land.
	encyclozine.com /Genghis_Khan (6505 words)

	China History Forum, online chinese history forum > Cavalry vs Infantry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-12)
		If you read the Osprey Campaign series volume on the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223, in which the Mongols defeated the Russians, you'll see David Nicolle's argument (which is based on current research) that the idea that the Mongols relied mainly on light horse archers is a myth.
		At the Kalka River, the Mongols opened the battle with a heavy cavalry charge in which one of the Russian commanders was killed by a lance.
		Dec 8 2004, 10:55 PM If you read the Osprey Campaign series volume on the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223, in which the Mongols defeated the Russians, you'll see David Nicolle's argument (which is based on current research) that the idea that the Mongols relied mainly on light horse archers is a myth.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /lofiversion/index.php/t1329.html (4490 words)

	Kalka River 1223 : Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia (Campaign) (David Nicolle , Victor Korolkov) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-12)
		While it is fairly obvious that the Russians sought to defeat or deter invasion and the Mongol incursion was a reconnaissance in force, surely more could have been said about objectives and strategic goals.
		Dr. Nicolle points out that the Polovtsians had light and heavy cavalry that was equal in mobility to the Mongol cavalry and in the advance to the Kalka River, the Allied covering force three times defeated Mongol cavalry rearguards.
		Had this army been deployed behind the Dniepr River and allowed to fight a set-piece battle, it would have done better.
	www.abduct.com /shopaaer/us/product/1841762334.htm (1216 words)

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