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	Battle of Kleidion Information
		The Battle of Kleidion (also Clidium and Klyuch, "(the) key", or Belasitsa) took place on July 29, 1014 between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire.
		While leading his troops towards Kleidion Basil was frequently attacked by Bulgarian raiders, but the Bulgarians were defeated by a detachment of Byzantine troops under Theophylactus Botaniates, the strategos (duke) of Thessalonika.
		In the confusion, thousands of Bulgarians were killed; according to the account of Byzantine historian John Skylitzes, Samuil was present at the battle and was able to escape only with the help of his son's horse.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Battle_of_Kleidion (550 words)

	Battle of Kleidion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Kleidion (also Clidium and Klyuch, "(the) key", or Belasitsa) took place on July 29, 1014 between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire.
		While leading his troops towards Kleidion, Basil was frequently attacked by Bulgarian raiders, but the Bulgarians were defeated by a detachment of Byzantine troops under Theophylactus Botaniates, the strategos (duke) of Thessalonika.
		In the confusion, thousands of Bulgarians were killed; according to the account of Byzantine historian John Skylitzes, Samuil was present at the battle and was able to escape only with the help of his son's horse.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Kleidion (581 words)

	Medieval Warfare Encyclopedia Article @ Hostilities.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In most medieval battles, more soldiers were killed during the retreat than in battle, since mounted knights could quickly and easily dispatch the archers and infantry who were no longer protected by a line of pikes as they had been during the previous fighting.
		In numerous battles prior to the rise of the Swiss, it was not uncommon for pikemen to group together and await a mounted attack.
		For example, at the battle of Falkirk, the brave Scots pikemen, who had won several earlier victories, saw off the cavalry opponents but were caught in a static position; they met their demise through, ironically enough, the second prong of rising infantry dominance: the longbow.
	www.hostilities.net /encyclopedia/Medieval_warfare (7493 words)

	Learn more about List of battles (alphabetical) in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Battle of Covadonga - 722 - Moslem Conquest of Spain
		Battle of Mohacs - 1526 - Turkish Conquest of Hungary
		Battle of Pavia (773) - Conquests of Charlemagne
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /l/li/list_of_battles__alphabetical_.html (4758 words)

	Wikipedia: 1014
		July 29 - Battle of Kleidion: Basil II inflicts not only a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, but his subsequent savage treatment of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock.
		Battle of Clontarf; forces under Brian Boru defeat several allied Viking forces in Ireland, ending their power there but killing Brian in the process
		April 23 - Brian Boru, high king of Ireland during the Battle of Clontarf fought outside Dublin against the rebel Maelmordha of Leinster, who was aided by the Viking Sigtrygg of Dublin.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/1/10/1014.html (293 words)

	Battle of Kleidion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Battle of Kleidion (also Clidium and Klyuch, "(the) key", or Belasitsa) took place on July 29, 1014 between Bulgaria and the; Byzantine Empire.
		While leading his troops towards Kleidion, Basil was frequently attacked by Bulgarian raiders, but the Bulgarians were defeated by a detachment of Byzantine troops under Theophylactus Botaniates, the strategos (duke) of Thessalonika.
		In the confusion, thousands of Bulgarians were killed; according to the account of Byzantine historian John Skylitzes, Samuil was present at the battle and was able to escape only with the help of his son's horse.
	en.encyclopediahome.com /wiki/Battle_of_Kleidion (564 words)

	Battle of Kleidion, 1014, Chronicle of John Skylitzes in the Bibliotéca Naçional, Madrid, Bulgaria History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Battle of Kleidion, 1014, Chronicle of John Skylitzes in the Bibliotéca Naçional, Madrid, Bulgaria History
		Knowing that the Byzantine emperor would be approaching through the Kleidion pass, Samuel reinforced them with a wide trench and blocked them off with towers, which he secured by the presence of a strong and well-armed garrison.
		The strategos himself was killed in the battle south of Belasitsa mountain.
	www.megaone.com /nbulgaria/bulgaria/kleidion.htm (1280 words)

	July 29
		July 29 is the 210th day (211th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 155 days remaining.
		1014 - Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, but his subsequent savage treatment of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock.
		1588 - Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is defeated by an English naval force under command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake off the coast of Gravelines, France.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/j/ju/july_29.html (1292 words)

	UNIFORM INSIGNIA :: View topic - Greek Armed Forces History
		At the period of the battle of Heraclea, the pilum was not an ordinary equipment of all legionnaires.
		The exact cause of the start of the battle differs across reports; one story is that Paullus waited until late enough in the day for the sun not to be in the eyes of his troops, and then sent an unbridled horse forward to bring about alarm.
		The Battle of Syllaeum was a naval battle between the Arabs and the Byzantine Empire in 677, in coordination with a series of land battles in Anatolia and Syria.
	forum.uniforminsignia.net /viewtopic.php?p=10267 (9176 words)

	The First Bulgarian Empire, Bulgaria History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The decisive battles began in the Danube delta area in the year 679 A.D. In 678 the Roman emperor Constantine IV Pagonatus successfully defended Constantinople against the frightening attacks of the Arabs.
		The Battle of Acheloos (Acheloi), 20 August 917 AD On 20 August, in the fifth indiction [AD 917], the battle between the Romans and Bulgarians was fought by the river Acheloos [near the modern village Acheloi, 8 kilometers north from Anchialos (modern Pomorie) on Bulgaria's Black Sea coast].
		Samuel's army was overwhelmed in the Battle of Kleidion (the Key) on 29 July 1014.
	www.megaone.com /nbulgaria/bulgaria/history1.htm (3361 words)

	Basil II - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In the 990s, he launched a campaign against the Muslim Arabs to the south of the empire's heartland, and won several battles in Syria.
		Finally, on July 29, 1014, Basil II cornered the Bulgarian army and forced it to fight at the Battle of Kleidion, with Samuil several miles away from the battlefield.
		He tells their side of the long battle, that occupied almost forty years.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Basil_II (1684 words)

	1014
		July 29 - Basil II corners Bulgarian army and forces it to fight the Battle of Kleidion[?].
		Henry II of Germany crowned Henry I, Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Benedict VIII (ruled since 1003)
		April 23 - Brian Boru, high king of Ireland during the Battle of Clontarf
	www.fastload.org /10/1014.html (185 words)

	July 29 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		July 29 is the 210th day (211th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 155 days remaining.
		1014 - Byzantine-Bulgar Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, but his subsequent savage treatment of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock.
		1588 - Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines - English naval forces under command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake defeats the Spanish Armada off the coast of Gravelines, France.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/July_29 (1380 words)

	The First Bulgarian Empire, Bulgaria History
		The decisive battles began in the Danube delta area in the year 679 A.D. In 678 the Roman emperor Constantine IV Pagonatus successfully defended Constantinople against the frightening attacks of the Arabs.
		The Battle of Acheloos (Acheloi), 20 August 917 AD On 20 August, in the fifth indiction [AD 917], the battle between the Romans and Bulgarians was fought by the river Acheloos [near the modern village Acheloi, 8 kilometers north from Anchialos (modern Pomorie) on Bulgaria's Black Sea coast].
		Samuel's army was overwhelmed in the Battle of Kleidion (the Key) on 29 July 1014.
	www.angelfire.com /nb/nbulgaria/bulgaria/history1.htm (3410 words)

	The Cockpit of Europe: wars, battles, and military history of the Balkans and the Balkan peoples
		In the great battle of Forum Trebonii, the emperor's son was slain during the Roman assault, but the first line of King Cniva¿s Goths was shattered, so too the second.
		Battle of Dorostol 971 Saturday, 2/21/04, 6:36 AM fought on the Danube by Svyatoslav of Kiev - he may originally have been a Varangian Swedish Viking, who ascended the rivers leading into Russia from the Baltic, and founded principalities at Kiev and other places.
		Battle of Plevna 1877 Wednesday, 10/30/02, 11:46 AM prior to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877 Plevna was a small and unknown town without fortifications.
	britishbattles.homestead.com /balkans.html (3639 words)

	Basil II Biography
		In the 990s he launched a campaign against the Muslim Arabs to the south of the empire's heartland and won several battles in Syria.
		Finally on July 29 1014 Basil II cornered the Bulgarian army and forced it to fight at the Battle of Kleidion with Samuil several miles away from the battlefield.
		He tells their side of the long battle that occupied almost forty years.
	www.ebiog.com /biography/966/basil-ii/bio.htm (1511 words)

	da 1014 Centuries Centuries 10th century 10th century 11th...
		July 29 July 29 - Battle of Kleidion Battle of Kleidion: Basil II Basil II inflicts not only a decisive defeat on the Bulgaria Bulgarian army, but his subsequent savage treatment of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock.
		Battle of Clontarf Battle of Clontarf; forces under Brian Boru Brian Boru defeat several allied Viking Viking forces in Ireland Ireland, ending their power there but killing Brian in the process
		April 23 April 23 - Brian Boru Brian Boru, high king of Ireland Ireland during the Battle of Clontarf Battle of Clontarf fought outside Dublin against the rebel Maelmordha of Leinster, who was aided by the Viking Sigtrygg of Dublin.
	www.biodatabase.de /1014 (395 words)

	John Skylitzes, Synopsis Historion, Excerpt 1
		Knowing that the emperor always made his incursions through so-called “Kiava Longon” 1 and [the pass known as] “Kleidion,” he undertook to fortify the difficult terrain to deny the emperor access.
		On 29 July, in the twelfth indiction [1014, Xiphias and his men] descended suddenly on the Bulgarians, from behind and screaming battle cries.
		Skylitzes was writing most probably between 1079 and 1096, thus already up to eighty years after the battle.
	homepage.mac.com /paulstephenson/trans/scyl1.html (728 words)

	Basileios o Megas: The life of the bulgar slayer - Message Board - ezboard.com
		The date of this battle is unknown: either late 976 or early 977.
		The second of these reverses was so serious that Basil II marched from his wars in Bulgaria with a detachment of the Byzantine field army, crossed Anatolia in a little over two weeks, and arrived unexpectedly in northern Syria in the early spring of 995.
		The first, in the front of battle, was thrown from his horse, by the stroke of poison, or an arrow; the second, who had been twice loaded with chains, and twice invested with the purple, was desirous of ending in peace the small remainder of his days.
	pub18.ezboard.com /fbalkansfrm48.showMessage?topicID=108.topic (13096 words)

	The Second Bulgarian Empire and Ottomans Rule, Bulgaria History
		After being victorious at the infamous battle of Kleidion (29 July 1014), he blinded the Bulgarian captives, around 15,000 and led them back to the Bulgarian king Samuel by a one-eyed man. At the sight of his mutilated soldiers Samuel had a heart attack and died two days later.
		On 22 September 1396, at Nicopolis they met the Ottoman army and its Serbian allies in the dramatic battle of Nicopolis.
		Ignoring the advice of the Hungarian King, the Crusaders charged the Turks and were in turn smashed by the Ottoman and Serbian heavy cavalry.
	www.geocities.com /nbulgaria/bulgaria/history2.htm (1440 words)

	July 29 Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, but his subsequent savage treatment of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock.
		1030 - Ladejarl-Fairhair succession wars: Battle of Stiklestad - King Olaf II fights and dies trying to regain his Norwegian throne from the Danes.
		1588 - Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines - English naval forces under command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake defeats the Spanish Armada off the coast of Gravelines, France.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/July_29.html (2063 words)

	1014
		July 29 - Basil II corners Bulgarian army and forces it to fight the Battle of Kleidion[?].
		Henry II of Germany crowned Henry I, Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Benedict VIII (ruled since 1003)
		April 23 - Brian Boru, high king of Ireland during the Battle of Clontarf
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/10/1014.html (146 words)

	Basil II Summary
		The Byzantine civil wars had weakened the empire's position in the east and the gains of Nikephoros II Phokas and John I Tzimiskes came close to being lost, with Aleppo besieged and Antioch threatened by the enemy.
		Finally, on July 29, 1014, Basil II outmaneuvered the Bulgarian army in the Battle of Kleidion, with Samuel separated from his force.
		Having crushed the Bulgarians, Basil was said to have captured 15,000 prisoners and blinded 99 of every 100 men, leaving 150 one-eyed men to lead them back to their ruler, who fainted at the sight and died two days later suffering a stroke.
	www.bookrags.com /Basil_II (2722 words)

	Roman Emperors DIR Basil II
		[[18]] The most plausible resolution is that the first battle was fought at Pankaleia close to Amorium on the western reaches of the plateau in June of 978; the second at Basilica Therma in the eastern Anatolian theme of Charsianon in March 979.
		[[68]] Certainly, it is in the context of annual campaigns led by the emperor that Scylitzes refers to the battle of Kleidion, a contest in the passes near Strumitza north of Thessalonica, during which a Bulgarian blockade was broken by an attack from the rear by Basil's general Nicephorus Xiphias.
		Vladislav himself was eventually killed in 1018 in battle outside the city of Dyrrachium, the event which finally persuaded the Bulgarian royal family and senior army commanders to surrender to the emperor.
	www.roman-emperors.org /basilii.htm (16624 words)

	1014 Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		July 29 - Battle of Kleidion: Basil II inflicts not only a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, but his subsequent savage treatment of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock.
		Henry II of Germany crowned Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Benedict VIII (ruled since 1003)
		April 23 - Brian Boru, high king of Ireland during the Battle of Clontarf fought outside Dublin against the rebel Maelmordha of Leinster, who was aided by the Viking Sigtrygg of Dublin.
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/1/10/1014.html (282 words)

	Medieval documents from Macedonia, sources for Macedonian history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		He received the nickname "of Bulgaria", because he was head of the Bulgarian church.
		At that time, among the race of Bulgars, a certain Samuel commanded that he be called emperor, fought many battles with the Greeks, and drove them completely from Bulgaria.
		The people of Bulgaria, after many vicissitudes of fortune and after frequent battles in the past, had become subjects of the Roman Empire.
	site.znain.com /macedonia/pictures-and-docs/medieval.html (1994 words)

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