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Topic: Battle of Lugou Bridge

	Encyclopedia: Battle of Lugou Bridge
		Lugou Bridge (蘆溝橋 lugouqiao) is located in Fengtai (豐台 feng1 tai2), a suburb south of Beijing.
		The bridge was the choke point of the Pinghan Railway (Beijing-Wuhan) and guarded the only passage leading Beijing to KMT-controlled area from the south.
		The west end of the bridge was controlled by the Japanese and the east by the KMT.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Battle-of-Lugou-Bridge (1805 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge Incident Information - TextSheet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a battle between the Japan's Imperial Army and China's National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
		Lugou Bridge (蘆溝橋 lugouqiao) locates in Fengtai (豐台 feng1 tai2), a suburb area south of Beijing.
		The bridge was the choke point of Pinghan Railway (Beijing-Wuhan Railway) and guarded the only passage leading Beijing to KMT-controlled area from the south.
	www.search-mesothelioma.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/marco_polo_bridge_incident.html (1820 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge Incident - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變, 七七盧溝橋事變) was a battle between Japan's Imperial Army and China's National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
		It is also known as the Marco Polo Bridge because the bridge was believed to be described in the works of Marco Polo.
		The Lugou Bridge was the choke point of the Pinghan Railway (Beijing-Wuhan), and guarded the only passage leading Beijing to KMT-controlled area from the south.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Lugou_Bridge (1871 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Empire_of_Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		U.S. and Filipino forces in the Battle of the Philippines (1942) surrender (May 8).
		Japan defeated at the Battle of Midway (June 6).
		Allied victory in the Battle of Milne Bay (September 5).
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Empire_of_Japan (1038 words)

	World War II
		Luftwaffe was unable to defeat the Royal Air Force in the Battle of Britain and gain the air superiority needed to invade Britain.
		In the spring the Wehrmacht was able to restore the front line and make a successful riposte in the Second Battle of Kharkov, but their offensive at the massive Battle of Kursk (July 1943) was so unsuccessful that the Red Army were able to counterattack and regain the ground previously lost.
		After a desperate counteroffensive by the German army in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944, the Allies entered Germany in 1945.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/w/wo/world_war_ii.html (3757 words)

	Learn more about World War II in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Germany was unable to defeat the Royal Air Force in the Battle of Britain and gain the air superiority needed to invade Britain.
		Seesaw battles across the North African desert between Rommel's Afrika Korps and the Eighth Army came to an end with the British Commonwealth victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein.
		Moscow was again spared, and at the end of 1942 the Soviets succeeded in surrounding and destroying the German 6th Army of 300,000 at the horrendously bloody Battle of Stalingrad.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /w/wo/world_war_ii.html (2358 words)

	Battle of Lugou Bridge Article, BattleLugouBridge Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a battle between Japan 's Imperial Army and China 's National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
		The bridge was the choke point of the Pinghan Railway (Beijing - Wuhan) and guarded the only passage leadingBeijing to KMT -controlled area from the south.
		The west end of the bridge was controlledby the Japanese and the east by the KMT.
	www.anoca.org /japanese/th/battle_of_lugou_bridge.html (1811 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Sino-Japanese_War_(1937-1945) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Following the Battle of Lugou Bridge in 1937, the Japanese occupied Shanghai, Nanjing and Southern Shanxi as part of campaigns involving approximately 200,000 Japanese soldiers, and considerably more Chinese soldiers.
		While the battle was a military defeat for the Chinese, it proved that China was not willing to be defeated and showcased the Chinese determination to the world.
		The battle lasted over three months and proved to be an enormous morale booster as it ended the Japanese taunt of conquering Shanghai in three days and China in three months.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Sino-Japanese_War_(1937-1945) (4028 words)

	Second Sino-Japanese War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The early manifestations of this plan were commonly known as "China Incidents", since Japan never did formally declare war until Pearl Harbor: Luokouchiao or Marco Polo Bridge Incident (for the reason that on this bridge occurred the first provocations that resulted in Japanese invasion); similarly, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria was called the Mukden Incident.
		Most historians place the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War on the Battle of Lugou Bridge (Marco Polo Bridge Incident) on July 7, 1937.
		This Marco Polo Bridge Incident not only marked the beginning of open, though undeclared, war between China and Japan but also hastened the formal announcement of the second Kuomintang-Communist Party of China (CPC).
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Second_Sino-Japanese_War (2886 words)

	Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Battle of Lugou Bridge (Marco Polo Bridge Incident) on July 7, 1937.
		Following the Battle of Lugou Bridge in 1937, the Japanese occupied Shanghai, Nanjing and Northern Shanxi as part of campaigns involving approximately 200,000 Japanese soldiers, and considerably more Chinese soldiers.
		Chinese historians estimated that as many as 300,000 people died in the Nanjing Massacre, after the fall of Nanjing.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/s/si/sino_japanese_war__1937_1945_.html (1269 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge Incident : Marco Polo Bridge incident (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Marco Polo Bridge Incident was an accidental battle between the Japanese and Chinese armies, opening the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
		Despite determined resistance by KMT forces, Japanese army managed to take the bridge and eventually Beijing which was abandoned by KMT.
		The battle officially marked large-scale Japanese invasion of China, and is often considered to be the start of the second Sino-Japanese War.
	www.city-search.org /ma/marco-polo-bridge-incident.html (2280 words)

	World War 2 Battles -- Pacific Theater
		Neosho was unsalvageable, and was bombed and sunk by Henley at 2:28 P.M. On the face of it, the Battle of the Coral Sea appeared to be a victory for the Japanese.
		The battle of Okinawa proved to be the bloodiest battle of the Pacific War.
		In the battle of Okinawa, the rate of combat losses due to battle stress, expressed as a percentage of those caused by combat wounds, was 48% [in the Korean War the overall rate was about 20-25%, and in the Yom Kippur War it was about 30%].
	webpages.charter.net /wisconsinlegion-7thdistrict/WW2_Battles_Pacific.htm (15272 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge Incident - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Marco Polo Bridge Incident (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		* To the Southwest : Lugou Bridge at Wanping Prefecture (宛平縣;) where Wanping Town (宛平鎮) was located.
		At the time of the war, the Chinese armies (KMT and CCP) were mostly infantry equipped with rifles, spears and sabers.
		bombarding the town while the infantry with tanks marched across the bridge at dawn.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Marco-Polo-Bridge-Incident.html (1852 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge Incident - TheBestLinks.com - Battle of Lugou Bridge, Beijing, Battle, Communist Party of China, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Marco Polo Bridge Incident - TheBestLinks.com - Battle of Lugou Bridge, Beijing, Battle, Communist Party of China,...
		Battle of Lugou Bridge, Marco Polo Bridge Incident, Beijing, Battle, Communist...
		Same as Phase I except 132th was moved to garrison Nanwan Town which is between Wanping Town and Beijing.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Battle_of_Lugou_Bridge.html (1916 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge Incident - China-related Topics M-P - China-Related Topics
		The Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a battle between Japan's Imperial Japanese ArmyImperial Army and China's National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
		The bridge was the choke point of the Pinghan Railway (Beijing-Wuhan) and guarded the only passage leading Beijing to KuomintangKMT-controlled area from the south.
		The west end of the bridge was controlled by the Japanese and the east by the KuomintangKMT.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident (1894 words)

	EZGeography - Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
		The early manifestations of this plan were commonly known as "China Incidents": Luokouchiao or Marco Polo Bridge Incident (for the reason that on this bridge occurred the first provocations that resulted in Japanese invasion); similarly, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria was called the Mukden Incident.
		First Period: July 7, 1937 (Battle of Lugou Bridge) - October 25, 1938 (Fall of Hankou (汉口)).
		Military supplies and advisors arrived, including future Soviet war hero Georgy Zhukov, who witnessed the battle of Tai er zhuang (台儿庄;).
	www.ezgeography.com /encyclopedia/Second_Sino-Japanese_War (2290 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge Incident (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		At midnight July 8, Japanese artillery units started bombarding the town while the infantry with tanks matched across the bridge at dawn.
		During the meeting of all senior KMT officers of the 24th Army in Beijing on July 12, Qin insisted that KMT forces must remain defending and resisted any temptation of negotiating with the Japanese whom he did not trust.
		As the recent Chinese victory relied on outnumbering the opponent, he transferred Zhao's 132th accompanied by Qin to station at Nanwan Town which was between the bridge and Beijing to keep up the pressure from concentration of Japanese forces.
	www.theezine.net /m/marco-polo-bridge-incident.html (1808 words)

	Read about Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and learn ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Marco Polo Bridge Incident (for the reason that on this bridge occurred the first provocations that resulted in Japanese invasion); similarly, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria was called the
		communist forces of Mao Zedong, he mostly tried to preserve the strength of his army and avoid heavy battle with the Japanese in the hopes of defeating the Communists once the Japanese left.
		Moreover, Chiang could not risk an all-out campaign given the poorly-trained, under-equipped, and unorganized state of his armies and opposition to his leadership both within Kuomintang and in China at large.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Sino-Japanese_War_(1937-1945) (2144 words)

	SECOND SINO-JAPANESE WAR FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Battle of Lugou Bridge (Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident) on July_7, 1937.
		Such studies claim that the Communists actually played a miniscule involvement in the war against the Japanese compared to the Nationalists and used guerilla warfare as well as opium sales to preserve its strength for a final showdown with the Kuomintang.
		He also expressed frustration at not being allowed by the Chinese Communists to visit the frontline, although as a foreign diplomat Vladimirov may have been optimistic to expect to be allowed to join Chinese guerrilla sorties.
	www.witwib.com /Second_Sino-Japanese_War (3759 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge Incident - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lugouqia (蘆溝橋 lu2 gou1 qiao2) literally means "Reed-gutter Bridge".
		To the Southwest : Lugou Bridge at Wanping Prefecture (宛平縣;) where Wanping Town (宛平鎮) was located.
		This page was last modified 14:33, 30 May 2005.
	americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident (1859 words)

	Battle_of_Lugou_Bridge Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It gave the United Kingdom control of the seas, removing all possibility of a French invasion and conquest of Britain.
		The phrase has become extremely well-known in Britain as a result of Lord Nelson's fame and the importance of the Battle of Trafalgar in British history.
		led the British fleet to victory in the Battle of Trafalgar, defeating Pierre-Charles Villeneuve and his combined French and Spanish navy.
	wiki.free-online-dictionary.org /article/Battle_of_Lugou_Bridge (619 words)

	World War Two - The History Beat
		In the two battles at El Alamein in June and late October - early November, the British under General Montgomery pushed the Germans out of Egypt, westward towards Tunisia.
		The Japanese expansion throughout the Pacific and Asia was halted by their devastating defeat at the Battle of Midway, where they suffered crippling losses to their carrier fleet.
		Hard-fought battles at Tarawa, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and others resulted in horrific casualties on both sides, but the Japanese were finally driven back.
	history.searchbeat.com /worldwar.htm (3889 words)

	Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) - Freecyclopedia.com :: The World Bank of Knowledge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Most historians place the beginning of the second Sino-Japanese War on the Battle of Lugou Bridge (also known as the "Marco Polo Bridge Incident") on July 7, 1937.
		Property loss was worth up to 383,301.3 million US dollars according to the currency exchange rate in July 1937, roughly 50 times of the GDP of Japan (770 million US dollars).
		See also: Chinese history -- Republic of China -- Military history -- List of battles -- World War II -- KMT -- History of Japan -- 1937 -- July 7 -- January 28 -- Battle of Lugou Bridge
	www.sneaknews.com /econtents/si/Sino-Japanese_War_(1937-1945).html (1027 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge Incident - Battle of Japan's Imperial Army and China's National Revolutionary Army
		Marco Polo Bridge Incident - Battle of Japan's Imperial Army and China's National Revolutionary Army
		Phase II During the meeting of all senior KMT officers of the 24th Army in Beijing on July 12, Qin insisted that KMT forces must remain defending and resisted any temptation of negotiating with the Japanese whom he did not trust.
		Look forward to more links, resources, and shopping information as we are currently updating this section.
	www.japan-101.com /history/marco_polo_bridge_incident.htm (2041 words)

	Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Such studies claim that the Communists actually played a miniscule involvement in the war against the Japanese compared to the Nationalists and used guerilla warfare as well as opium sales to preserve its strength for a final showdown with the Kuomintang (Chang and Ming, July 12, 2005, pg.
		He also expressed frustration at not being allowed by the Chinese Communists to visit the frontline (Chang and Ming, July 12, 2005), although as a foreign diplomat Vladimirov may have been optimistic to expect to be allowed to join Chinese guerrilla sorties.
		Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story (London, 2005); Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0679422714
	www.variedtastes.com /encyclopedia/Sino-Japanese_War_(1937-1945) (4177 words)

	1937 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		May 27 - In California, the Golden Gate Bridge opens to pedestrian traffic creating a vital link between San Francisco and Marin County.
		The next day, President Franklin D. Roosevelt pushes a button in Washington, DC signaling the start of vehicle traffic over the Bridge.
		December 13 - Battle of Nanjing ended as the Japanese took the city and began 3 months of atrocities
	www.wordlookup.net /19/1937.html (997 words)

	Manchukuo : Manzhouguo
		Manchuria was set up to aid the Chinese Communists against Kuomintang in Chinese Civil War.
		See also: Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), Battle of Lugou Bridge
		Manzhouguo issued its first postage stamps on July 28, 1932.
	www.fastload.org /ma/Manzhouguo.html (398 words)

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