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Topic: Battle of Manila (1899)

	Manila Summary
		Manila lies at the mouth of the Pasig River on the eastern shores of Manila Bay, which is on the western side of Luzon.
		Manila is bordered by several municipalities and cities in Metro Manila: Navotas and Caloocan City to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, San Juan and Mandaluyong City to the east, Makati City to the southeast, and Pasay City to the south.
		Manila is the seat of the Archdiocese of Manila and the Primate of the Philippines.
	www.bookrags.com /Manila (4051 words)

	Dewey, George. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Manila was at his mercy, but he waited for reinforcements; meanwhile he brought Emilio Aguinaldo, the Filipino rebel, back from exile to lead a revolution in the Philippines.
		In maintaining relations with neutral warships at Manila, Dewey had to exercise firmness with the officers of five German ships who would not accede to his blockade rules.
		Promoted to admiral of the navy in 1899, he was feted on his return to the United States with almost hysterical enthusiasm and briefly received wide support as a potential presidential candidate.
	www.bartleby.com /65/de/Dewey-Ge.html (318 words)

	USA-Presidents.Info - William McKinley Third State of the Union Address
		Following the termination on January 20, 1899, by Mexico of the convention of extradition of December 11, 1861, a new treaty more in accordance with the ascertained needs of both countries was signed February 22, 1899, and exchanged in the City of Mexico on the 22d of April last.
		By the act of March 2, 1899, Congress gave authority to increase the Regular Army to a maximum not exceeding 65,000 enlisted men, and to enlist a force of 5,000 volunteers, to be recruited from the country at large.
		Manila, whose inhabitants were fleeing to the country a few months ago, is now a populous and thriving mart of commerce.
	www.usa-presidents.info /union/mckinley-3.html (16601 words)

	Timeline 1898-1899 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1899 Winston Churchill published "The River War, An Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan." This was the 1st use of the machine gun in battle.
		1899 Sep, The USS Charleston engaged in shellfire upon Subic Bay in the Philippines.
		1899 Dec 15, In South Africa the Boars defeated the British at the Battle of Colenso.
	www.timelines.ws /1898_1899.HTML (9218 words)

	USN Officer Sleeve Rank Insignia, 1852-1899
		The ranks of admiral and vice admiral lapsed in 1891 and 1890 respectively with the deaths of their holders, but the insignia remained on the books in case Congress reestablished the grades.
		Likewise the rank of commodore was abolished by the Naval Personnel Act of March 1899, but the insignia remained regulation and could be worn by retired commodores.
		When the victor of the Battle of Manila Bay, George Dewey, was awarded the rank of Admiral of the Navy in 1899, Farragut's insignia of 1866 was revived, minus the special star.
	www.naval-reference.net /uniforms/misc/usn_sleeve_rank.html (564 words)

	Manila Travel Information - Best Asia Philippines - Cheap? Affordable and Best Discount Manila Philippine Web ...
		Manila is actually more than Manila: the metropolis of today not only encompasses the City of Manila, but it includes seven (7) other cities and nine (9) towns.
		Manila is home and working place to nearly 2 million industrious, charming and hospitable people; likewise the city is the haven of approximately 3 million daytime transients.
		The creation of Manila Hotel was the result of the urban design scheme during the American Colonial Era, thus it was intended to deliver Manila, once and for all from the standing reproach of inhospitality to the traveler.
	www.bestasiaphilippines.com /manilainfo.shtml (6335 words)

	Battle of Manila - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Several land battles were fought over control of the city of Manila.
		The first battle was fought between the British and the Spanish, with the British taking control of Manila for a couple of years.
		The second battle was during the Spanish-American War in 1898 in which the city, held by the Spanish, surrendered to U.S. forces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Manila (253 words)

	Philippine News -- Manila Standard Today -- Independence from what? -- june13_2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Thus, Aguinaldo, and, by extension, his revolutionary army and the First Philippine Republic were robbed of the fruits of their victory in 1899, which set the tone of our relationship with the Americans all the way to the 21st century.
		George Dewey sailed into Manila Bay in May 1898 to demolish the Spanish fleet, there were German and Japanese naval squadrons waiting nearby, off Subic Bay, looking for an opportunity to finish off the Spaniards themselves.
		He overslept on the night the katipuneros launched their first attack on the Spanish garrisons in Manila and so missed the signal (a flare) to attack the garrison assigned to him.
	www.manilastandardtoday.com /?page=antonioAbaya_june13_2006 (960 words)

	Prints Old & Rare - Philippines page
		Engraved scene from Harper’s Weekly, titled "A Triumphal Parade of Insurgent Troops in Manila." A large crowd is shown watching a float pass by, flying the insurgent flag.
		Includes insets of Manila and Vicinity, Manila, a Concise Map of the Philippine Islands and the China Sea, Batan and Babuyan Is., and Sulu Archipelago.
		Seven half-tones published in Leslie's Weekly in 1899 which depict historical railroads and their bridges, as well as some of the insurgents.
	www.printsoldandrare.com /philippines/index.html (1570 words)

	Timeline 1898-1899 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1899 Winston Churchill published "The River War, An Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan." This was the 1st use of the machine gun in battle.
		1899 May 30, Irving G. Thalberg, legendary MGM production executive, was born in Brooklyn, N.Y. 1899 May, "The stock market is in the nature of a barometer which reflects the rise and fall of general conditions," so said Charles Dow in a WSJ column.
		1899 Dec 15, In South Africa the Boars defeated the British at the Battle of Colenso.
	timelines.ws /1898_1899.HTML (9218 words)

	Events of the War
		In April of 1899, General Otis sent troops commanded by Gen. MacArthur north from Manila along the rail line, in search of the enemy.
		In June of 1899, Otis began boasting to the press of the upcoming “final battle” against the Filipinos.
		In November of 1899, American troops converged on the city of Pozorrubio in northern Luzon, in hopes of trapping Aguinaldo.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Crete/9782/events.htm (3208 words)

	Philippine Insurrection Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients 1899 - 1901
		Similarly, Spain's Pacific Fleet was wiped out in the Battle of Manila Bay, and American troops landed on the outskirts of the capitol city.
		Citation: For extraordinary heroism and eminent and conspicuous conduct in battle at the junction of the Cadacan and Sohoton Rivers, Samar, Philippine Islands, 17 November 1901.
		Citation: For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy in battles, while with the Eighth Army Corps on 25, 27, and 29 March, and on 4 April 1899.
	www.medalofhonor.com /PhilippineInsurrection.htm (5865 words)

	USA Philippines War 1899-1902
		Philippine-American War 1899-1902 (1906) a war between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899 to 1902; the insurrection may be seen as a continuation of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.
		Throughout the spring of 1899, American troops pushed north into the central Luzon Plain, and by the end of that year the Filipino general Emilio Aguinaldo retreated into the inaccessible northern mountains.
		Although the ports of Iloilo on Panay and Cebu on Cebu were captured in February 1899, and Tagbilaran, capital of Bohol, in March, guerrilla resistance continued in the mountainous interiors of these islands.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/papa/philippines1899.htm (914 words)

	NAMED CAMPAIGNS - PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION
		On 21 April 1899, General Lawton's troops assembled at La Loma Church, advanced on San Isidro where insurgent troops were dispersed, and returned to Manila on the 30th of May. Later, the busy soldiers of Lawton's command overran strong insurgent entrenchments on the Zapote River.
		In October 1899, organized resistance in Cavite and adjacent provinces was destroyed by forces under General Wheaton and Brig.
		On March 6, 7, and 8, 1906 the battle of Bud Dajo was fought to a successful conclusion by Regulars and in mid-June 1913 Moros at Bagsac were whipped.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/reference/picmp.htm (921 words)

	The Manila Times Internet Edition \| History
		In his book Manila, My Manila National Artist for Literature Nick Joaquin writes that during those times, while the Filipinos had their attention focused on what was going on in Malolos, the Americans had their eyes glued to what was going on in Paris.
		The Manila Times for a long time had this motto under its flag: “Pioneer American daily in the Far East.” Underneath was the claim: “Published every day since 1898.” The statement was true, and remained so until the paper burned down in 1928.
		Boguslav, after serving with The Manila Times for 27 years, excluding the war years when he was in an internment camp, and the 15-year period when The Times lay in inanimate suspension, died in Manila in 1962 at the age of 67.
	www.manilatimes.net /others/history.html (5870 words)

	Today in History: July 1
		While the first day of the battle was counted a Confederate victory, the tide would turn on July 2.
		The battle would come to be viewed as the turning point of the Civil War.
		Just because it was a battle site and a park they made it into a military camp and it killed off their own troops by the thousand.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/today/jul01.html (1778 words)

	Manila Bay
		The Battle of Manila Bay was one of two major American naval victories in the Spanish-American War, both of which were very decisive, and, in hindsight, very one-sided.
		Chief Engineer Randall of the HUGH McCULLOCH had passed away from a heart attack as the squadron entered Manila Bay, but may be considered a casualty of the battle also, since his conditon may have been the result of the tension of the moment and the heat of the engine rooms.
		The stress of the battle and the excessive heat in his battle station in the OLYMPIA's conning tower (an armored steel cylinder with a slit in it to view the action outside) were too much for him.
	www.spanamwar.com /mbay.htm (5608 words)

	Manila Bay — FactMonster.com
		Manila Bay, nearly landlocked inlet of the South China Sea, SW Luzon, the Philippines.
		The city of Manila is on the eastern shore of the bay, and on the southeast is the city of Cavite, and a historic naval base.
		The entrance to Manila Bay (c.11 mi/18 km wide) is divided by the island of Corregidor into two channels; the northern channel, between Corregidor and Bataan peninsula, is only c.2 mi (3.2 km) wide.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0831543.html (271 words)

	Manila Observatory
		The Manila Observatory is a private non-stock, non-profit, scientific research institution that was established in 1865 by the Jesuit mission in the Philippines.
		During the battle of Manila Bay, the Observatory, with all its valuable instruments and scientific documents, was completely destroyed.
		In 1963, the Manila Observatory transferred to the Loyola Heights campus of the Ateneo de Manila University where it continued its seismic, geomagnetic and radio physics research while expanding into solar physics as well.
	www.observatory.ph /about.php (375 words)

	Class of 1899 Biographies
		The first enemy of the Class of 1899 was a winter blizzard that covered the Plain with two feet of snow.
		As could be expected from their early graduation, most of the Class of 1899 were sent to the Philippines, and three of them, Henry Way, Pierce Foster, and Robert Calvert, died while serving there.
		After graduating on 15 Feb 1899, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Cavalry and assigned to Ft. Reno, OK. He spent the majority of the next two years in China and was involved in the operations against the Boxers, the capture of Peking and the Imperial Palace, and the battle south of Peking.
	usmalibrary2.usma.edu /1899/classbios.htm (13575 words)

	The Philippines War
		New York Times correspondent called it “the liveliest engagement of the war.” Next to the battle for Manila itself five months earlier and up until that time, the Battle of the Zapote River on June 13, 1899, was indeed the biggest.
		But it remained a threat, so a reconnaissance-in-force was ordered to clear the countryside between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay south of the city.
		The battle opened when Companies F and I, 21st Infantry, were ambushed near Bacoor by 1,000 Filipinos.
	www.i-kirk.info /2nd14th/rphlppns.html (756 words)

	Manila City Religious Tourist Attractions - Manila Travel Hotels Lodging Discounts Philippines
		Description: The seat of the Catholic Archdiocese of Manila, is presently the 6th cathedral to rise on the site since 1581.
		Stone reconstructions of the church followed in 1899 but was burned down in 1929.
		The structure was damaged by the earthquake, and then during the Battle of Manila in 1945.
	alltravelnetwork.com /philippines/travelinfo/manilareligious.html (999 words)

	The Manila Times Internet Edition \| TOP STORIES > 100 significant dates in Philippine history
		The normal school on Taft Avenue in Manila is now known as the Philippine Normal University.
		This first labor federation in the country was established at Teatro Variedades in Sampaloc, Manila, with Isabelo de los Reyes as president and Hermenigildo Cruz as secretary.
		Organized by Hermenigildo Cruz, the organization battled for an eight-hour working day, abolition of child labor, just labor standards for women and liability of capitalists.
	www.manilatimes.net /national/2006/sept/20/yehey/top_stories/20060920top8.html (999 words)

	Philippine-American War information - Search.com
		Hostilities started on February 4, 1899 when an American soldier shot a Filipino soldier who was crossing a bridge into American-occupied territory in San Juan del Monte, an incident historians now consider to be the start of the war.
		By the end of February, 1899, the Americans had prevailed in the struggle for Manila, and the Philippine Army of Liberation was forced to retreat north.
		The correspondents returned to Manila to report that American captives were “treated more like guests than prisoners,” were “fed the best that the country affords, and everything is done to gain their favor.” The story went on to say that American prisoners were offered commissions in the Philippine army and that three had accepted.
	www.search.com /reference/Philippine-American_War (5067 words)

	George Dewey
		During the Battle of Port Hudson on the night of March 14, the MISSISSIPPI ran onto a mud bank, where she caught fire and was abandoned.
		In March, 1899, by an act of Congress, Dewey was appointed Admiral of the Navy.
		In the summer of 1901, Dewey was president of the Court of Inquiry which investigated the conduct of Rear Admiral Winfield Scott Schley prior to and during the Battle of Santiago de Cuba.
	www.spanamwar.com /dewey.htm (2373 words)

	Fire Fight, 1899
		Fire Fight, 1899: Major Frank Anders describes a battle during the Phillipine Insurrection.
		In preparation for the attack on Manila, the Americans cut the underwater cable connecting the capital city with Hong Kong.
		The leaders of the Filipino nationalistic movement, who had been battling a long campaign for independence, where no more ready to accept American domination than they were that of the Spanish.
	www.eyewitnesstohistory.com /vopi.htm (417 words)

	Navy battle streamers
		The use of battle streamers had its beginnings in antiquity when various emblems were carried into combat.
		Specific actions or battles are highlighted by bronze and silver stars embroidered on the ribbon.
		Today's battle streamers affixed to the military flags of the United States are colorful symbols and reminders of sacrifice, service and a proud heritage -- a tribute to the men and women of the armed forces, past and present, who have responded in America's times of need.
	www.history.navy.mil /faqs/faq45-1.htm (677 words)

	HD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		He was appointed a Naval Cadet on 16 July 1887, and graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy, 30 June 1891, after which he served aboard the USS Atlanta for two years as a Midshipman in the Navy.
		After that battle, under the orders of Admiral Dewey, he landed at the Spanish Navy Yard at Cavite, Philippine Islands, in command of a company of Marines.
		Following the Battle of Manila Bay he served in the Philippine Islands for two years aboard the USS Baltimore, USS Olympia and USS Oregon taking part in numerous operations afloat and ashore during the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection.
	hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil /HD/Historical/Whos_Who/Willams_D.htm (864 words)

	The Funeral of General Henry W. Lawton in Manila, December 30, 1899
		Over the body of Major-General Henry W. Lawton were performed at Manila, on December 30, 1899, the military funeral rites commensurate with his rank.
		He was given the full measure of the little left for men who had fought by his side and loved him to do in honor of the memory of a brave, great, man, before his country, so far away, took him back and tenderly laid him to rest beneath the softened shades of Arlington.
		He appreciated the fighting-man and mourned the loss of brave men in battle; he willingly suffered the same privations as the enlisted man; he was known, on occasion, to ignore his rank and work side by side with the common soldier, and every soldier knew it, and respected and admired him the more.
	www.culbertsonmansion.com /Lawton/Info/Harpers-FuneralManila.htm (965 words)

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