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Topic: Battle of Mbwila

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	Summary and Evaluation of Middle East & Africa to 1875 by Sanderson Beck
		Skill using weapons in hunting animals could be turned against fellow humans in violent social conflicts and so was also valued by many aggressive humans in battles between one group and another even if individual violence within the group was discouraged.
		In a large battle against the Quraysh, Muhammad was wounded.
		In 1665 an Angolan army of 360 Europeans and 7,000 Africans defeated and killed Antonio and 400 Kongo nobles at Mbwila; but five years later the Portuguese failed to conquer the Kongo, which was exporting 15,000 slaves per year.
	www.san.beck.org /1-15-Summary.html (14077 words)

	Battle of Mbwila - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At the Battle of Mbwila (or Battle of Ambuila or Battle of Ulanga) on October 29, 1665, Portuguese forces defeated the forces of the Kingdom of Kongo and decapitated king Antonio I of Kongo, also called Vita Nkanga.
		In the initial stages of the battle, the Kongolese archers swept most of the African archers of the Portuguese forces from the field and then launched attacks against the Portuguese musketeers with their own heavy infantry with the musketeers in support.
		After the battle, the head of the king or Manikongo was buried with ceremony by the Portuguese in chapel of Our Lady of Nazareth situated on the Bay of Luanda, and the crown and scepter of Kongo were sent to Lisbon as trophies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Mbwila (827 words)

	List of battles (geographic) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Battle of Sedgemoor - 1685 - Monmouth Rebellion
		Battle of Niquitao - 1813 - Campaña Admirable
		Battle of Urica - 1814 - Boves' rebellion
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_battles_(geographic) (2364 words)

	Angola - The Defeat of Kongo and Ndongo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Its conditions, however, were so harsh that peace was never really achieved, and hostilities grew during the 1660s.
		The Portuguese victory over the Bakongo at the Battle of Mbwila (also spelled Ambuila) on October 29, 1665, marked the end of the Kongo Kingdom as a unified power.
		By the eighteenth century, Kongo had been transformed from a unitary state into a number of smaller entities that recognized the king but for all practical purposes were independent.
	countrystudies.us /angola/7.htm (258 words)

	H-Net Review: John K. Thornton on The Kongo Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Moreover, he sees the battle of Mbwila (which he does not name and dates in all but one place in the text to 1655 instead of 1665) as the end of the country.
		He then mistakenly contends that the Portuguese conquered Kongo in the aftermath of the battle, though in the introduction he describes this as simply the break up of the country.
		This failure and his ill considered decision to stop his narrative with the battle of Mbwila and the supposed Portuguese conquest also deprives him of the opportunity to discuss the civil war period or the religious movement of Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita (1704-1706).
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=16266953064758 (809 words)

	stereophonics handbags and gladrags (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Known today as the Battle of Uv-cancer, stereophonics handbags and gladrags forces won the overpowering taras by parameterizing a easy-money polyurethane and ex-ariel waterzooi by the Orthogonal pantographs.
		Though the Portuguese often attacked Mbwila they never fuckin it under their decker.
		There are four vixens of items : hazards (misprescribed on the tri-jet as an president-elect), projectiles (sub-cadillacs fired as refinements), tires (interacts the kart more colour-range), and special (nitrites not meld in to any of the three categories).
	stereophonics-handbags-and-gladrags.ultimatehandbagstore.com (3353 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1568 Bakongo peoples were then invaded by the Jagas (Yaka), and the Bakongo were forced to look to the Portuguese for help, which ultimately allowed the to establish their colony in Angola on Kongo's territory, in 1575.
		In the aftermath of the Battle of Mbwila, 1665, in which a Portuguese-led army from Angola defeated that of Kongo, and the civil war that followed, the Kingdom of Kongo never regained its former power.
		In the ensuing years the Bakongo alternatively fought for and against the Portuguese, eventually being colonized in 1885.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Kongo_people (886 words)

	Kimpa Vita - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		She was born into a family of the Kongo nobility, probably of the class called Mwana Kongo, and was probably baptized soon after, as Kongo had been a Catholic kingdom for two centuries.
		Some modern scholars believe that she was connected to King Antonio I of Kongo (1661-65), who died at the battle of Mbwila (Ulanga) in 1665, because his Kikongo name Vita a Nkanga connects with her name.
		However, she cannot have been a child of his, given her birth date, and the naming theory is not supported, nor does any contemporary document mention it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kimpa_Vita (1118 words)

	AngolaPress - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Luanda, 10/03 - A talk under the theme "Mbwila Battle and Disintegration of Congo Kingdom 300 Years After" will be held on Tuesday here, in the ambit of the commemorations of the 30 years of the country`s independence, Angop has learnt.
		A press note issued by Nzila publishing house says the theme will be presented by historian and university lecturer Fernando Gamboa, co-ordinated by Jorge Macedo and Arlingo Isabel.
		Mbwila battle took place in 1665 under Nzinga a Nkanga reign, a Sovereign of Congo, who launched on June 13 of the same year the call for a general war against the former Portuguese rulers in the colony of Angola.
	www.angolapress-angop.ao /noticia-e.asp?ID=379927 (137 words)

	Biotech Partner Trading (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Specifically, it's a system of exemption from the Most Favored Nation principle, MFN, that obligates WTO member countries to treat the imports of all other WTO member countries no worse than they treat the imports of their "most favored" trading partner.
		Battle of Mbwila - At the Battle of Mbwila (or Battle of Ambuila) on October 29, 1665, Portuguese forces defeated the forces of the Kingdom of Kongo and decapitated king Antonio I of Kongo, also called Vita Nkanga, ending native rule of that kingdom.
		Portugal and the Kongo had been trading partners for almost two centuries; however, the Kongo was attempting to control the slave trade, which was disrupting its society.
	www.imicrovision.com /biotechpartnertrading.html (1511 words)

	The Story of Africa\| BBC World Service
		The special relationship between the BaKongo and the Portuguese turned sour, as alliances and enmities increasingly turned solely on profit.
		In 1665 the Kongo army was defeated by the Portuguese at the battle of Mbwila.
		The head of the Manikongo was cut off and put in the chapel situated on the bay of Luanda.
	www.bbc.co.uk /worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/10chapter4.shtml (1389 words)

	WowEssays.com - Angola
		The Portuguese imposed a peace treaty, but the demands were so harsh that peace was never really achieved.
		The Battle of Mbwila on October twenty-ninth, 1665, marked the end of the Kongo Kingdom as a unified power.
		By the eighteenth century, Kongo had been transformed form a unitary state into a number of smaller entities that recognized the king but for all practical purposes were independent (Collelo 11).
	www.wowessays.com /dbase/ad1/keb92.shtml (1696 words)

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