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Topic: Battle of Minorca

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	Minorca - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Minorca (Menorca both in Catalan and Spanish and increasingly in English usage; from Latin Balearis Minor, later Minorica "minor island") is one of the Balearic Islands (Illes Balears Catalan official name, Islas Baleares in Spanish), located in the Mediterranean Sea, and belonging to Spain.
		Minorca was annexed to the Caliphate of Córdoba in 903.
		The island was conquered by Alfonso III of Aragon on January 17, 1287, Minorca's national day, and until 1344 was part of the Kingdom of Majorca, before being annexed to Aragon and thus becoming later part of Spain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Minorca (828 words)

	John Byng - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By the time John enlisted in the Royal Navy in 1718, aged 14, his father George was already a well-established Admiral with a rising and stellar career, who ever since supporting William III in his successful bid to be crowned King of England in 1689 had seen his stature and fortune grow.
		On the approach of the Seven Years War the island of Minorca, which had been under British possession since 1708 when it was captured during the War of the Spanish Succession, was threatened by a French naval attack from Toulon and was actually invaded in 1756.
		The squadron was not very well manned, and Byng was in particular much aggrieved because his marines were landed to make room for the soldiers who were to reinforce the garrison, and he feared that if he met a French squadron after he had lost them he would be dangerously undermanned.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_Byng (1210 words)

	French Navy Web Page
		The French naval success at the Second Battle of the Virginia Capes in September 1781 was ‘the keystone' of the Yorktown Campaign, and provides dramatic testimony of the French Navy's contribution to the American cause in that theater of operations.
		His fame was won as victor of the Second Battle of the Virginia Capes, where his fleet of 24 French ships of the line drove off the 19 British ships under Admiral Graves in early September 1781, thus isolating the British forces of Cornwallis at Yorktown.
		Strategic Assessment of the Battle of the Saints (12 April 1782).
	www.xenophongroup.com /mcjoynt/marine.htm (6570 words)

	FIGHTING INSTRUCTIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The fleet lying in a line of battle, with their headsails to the mast, and if the admiral would have them fill and stand on, he will hoist a yellow flag on the Flagstaff at the fore top mast-head, and fire a gun, which the flagships in the fleet are to answer.
		In case any ship in the line of battle should be disabled in her masts, rigging or hull, the ship that leads ahead of her shall take her a-tow and the division she is in shall make good the line with her.
		When the fleet is in the Line of Battle, the signals that are made by the admiral, for any squadron, or particular division, are to be repeated by all the flags that are between the admiral and that squadron, or division, to whom the Signal is made.
	website.lineone.net /~cherbil/Misc/fightins.htm (1668 words)

	Battle of Toulon in 1744, aftermath -- NAVAL WARFARE IN THE AGE OF SAIL 1650-1815 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The results of the battle were so angered the Admiralty that when Mathews returned to England, Mathews, the van(rear) squadron commander Lestock as well as a number of ship captains were orderd to stand trial in a court-martial.
		Lestock answered for although he made all sail to join, he did not attack because the signal for the line-of-battle was flying at the same time as the signal to engage; meaning that he could not leave the line to fight without disobeying the order to form line.
		Adm George Byng sat on Mathews court-martial, the the results of this trial, influenced him in his conduct at the battle of Minorca in 1756, where his actions resulted in his own trial and execution.
	www.voy.com /39735/1229.html (477 words)

	Poke's Fifteen Decisive Battles
		Such, at that period, had been the recent aggrandizement of Russia; and the events of the last few years, by weakening and disuniting all her European neighbors, have immeasurably augmented the relative superiority of the Muscovite empire over all the other Continental powers.
		Yet a century and a half have hardly elapsed since she was first recognized as a member of the drama of modern European history-previous to the battle of Pultowa, Russia played no part.
		France was put in possession of the forts and factories which belonged to her in the East Indies, on the coasts of Coromandel, Orissa, Malabar, and Bengal, under the restriction of keeping up no military force in Bengal.
	www.standin.se /fifteen12a.htm (4670 words)

	The Trial and Execution of Admiral the Honourable John Byng, Part I
		The inconclusive Battle of Minorca, fought on 20 May 1756, prevented the relief of St. Philip's Castle on Minorca, and the whole island fell to the French on 29 June 1756.
		Breaking, or the crossing a line of battle with a ship or group of ships, was not discovered until Admiral Rodney, by serendipity, crossed the French line of battle in the Caribbean in 1782 at the Battle of the Saints.
		Minorca, however, remained a secondary theater, something to be seen in both the smallness of the squadron assigned—ten ships of the line, equipped and manned with difficulty—and the commander appointed to overall command by the Admiralty—Vice-Admiral the Honourable John Byng.
	lifeloom.com /II2Guest.htm (3592 words)

	Blockade of Naples and battle of Copenhagen (from Horatio Nelson, Viscount Nelson) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Battles of Cape St. Vincent and the Nile
		British naval commander in the wars with Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, who won crucial victories in such battles as those of the Nile (1798) and of Trafalgar (1805), where he was killed by enemy fire on the HMS Victory.
		The Battle of Marathon was a decisive victory for the Greeks during the Persian Wars.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-5165 (803 words)

	Ships of the World: An Historical Encyclopedia - - Chronologies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Battle of Minorca: Byng fails to press home English attack on Port Mahon in first action of Seven Years' War; he is later hanged.
		Battle of the Falkland Islands: SMS Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Leipzig, and Nürnberg sunk by HMS Invincible and Inflexible.
		Battle of Leyte Gulf, comprising Battles of Sibuyan Sea, Surigao Strait, Samar, and Cape Engaño.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/ships/html/sh_000108_chronologies.htm (5827 words)

	Battle of Trafalgar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It would have been curious if he had not for he would be exposed on his quarterdeck until, after the first broadside, it was often hid by gunsmoke and even then roundshot, grapeshot and the chain and bar shot fired to cut rigging, would be flying.
		The noise and vibration of the battle was thunderous, muffling the screams and moans of the injured men below.
		The admiral wanted news of the battle and called for Hardy: "Will no one bring Hardy to me? He must be killed." Then a midshipman came below to tell him that his flag-captain was engaged on deck but would come down as soon as possible.
	www.nelson-society.org.uk /html/body_battle_of_trafalgar.htm (5191 words)

	Minorca Chapter 6
		The customary prelude to battle was a race to 'gain the weather gage', that is remain to windward of the enemy, which would give a vital advantage during the coming fight.
		Naval battles in the days of sail were highly conventionalised in their manoeuvres, and the Battle of Minorca was no exception.
		On the morning after the battle there was no sign of the enemy fleet, and Byng himself lay about ten leagues to the south of the island.
	www.islandofminorca.info /Minorca%20files/chapter6/49.htm (625 words)

	CHRONOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The battle was a major defeat for the English who lost 17 ships with some 8,000 casualties set against the 7 ships and 2,000 casualties suffered by the Dutch.
		To the west, a separate battle was fought between the two rear divisions under Admirals Cornelis Tromp and Jeremy Smyth with the English Admiral rapidly gaining the upper hand.
		Tromp was forced to withdraw to the shelter of the Dutch coast.
	website.lineone.net /~d.bolton/Chron/chron.htm (1192 words)

	Spanish Succession (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Dutch government retained a veto on the use of their troops and they repeatedly blocked Marlborough’s plans to bring the French to battle.
		He then shifted his reserves to the right and, after a close-fought cavalry battle in which Marlborough himself led a counter-charge, routed the French who lost 18,000 men to Marlborough’s 3,600.
		In September 1708 Lieutenant-General James Stanhope captured Minorca and in the summer of 1710 he advanced on Madrid.
	www.national-army-museum.ac.uk /pages/spanish.html (872 words)

	Royal Navy: History
		Again the "new" ship was placed in reserve and did not commission until 1755 when she joined the Mediterranean Fleet, then commanded by Vice Admiral John Byng.
		At the Battle of Minorca in May 1756, Lancaster was the third ship in the line and suffered heavily due to lack of support.
		Immediately joining Admiral Duncan's force, she took part in the Battle of Camperdown, the last major action against the Dutch Navy.
	www.royal-navy.mod.uk /static/pages/1653.html (1166 words)

	Manx Quarterly #8 p739/740 - Old Phil
		He lied a leg shot off, an' used to limp aroun' on a stump of a wooden leg an' a crutch.
		shot off at the knee by a cannon ball it wor, at the battle of Minorca-that bein' the name of an ilan' somewhere in the Medit'ranean, my out' man said, where we got badly licked.
		So out' Minorca said, an' when he wor fairly woun' up, he'd jump off his stool, swing his crutch over his shouldher, an' stump up an' down his flagged floor, makin' as much noise as a whole regiment with his wooden stump, an' show them how the battle ought to hev been won.
	www.isle-of-man.com /manxnotebook/mquart/mq08739.htm (925 words)

	Gibraltar & Minorca (British Empire & Commonwealth Land Forces)
		Minorca constitutional history: Minorca was captured by the British in 1709 during the War of the Spanish Succession, and retained under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.
		The island was captured by the French in 1756 and ceded back to Britain in 1763 at the end of the Seven Years' War.
		Britain returned Minorca to Spain in 1783 as part of the settlement of the American War of Independence.
	www.regiments.org /nations/europe/gibralta.htm (233 words)

	Fellowship of First Fleeters
		He entered the Greenwich Hospital School at the age of 11 and was first apprenticed to Captain Redhead as a Merchant Seaman at 13, entering the Royal Navy as a Midshipman just prior to his 16th birthday.
		He took part in the Battle of Minorca against the French and saw service in the Mediterranean.
		In 1760 he served under a relative, Captain John Everitt in the Caribbean, arriving in Antigua on 25th October of that year and saw slavery for the first time, a state which horrified him, and fought against it for the remainder of his life.
	www.geocities.com /fellowship_of_first_fleeters (917 words)

	Napoleon's return from Egypt: the battle that never was (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In the aftermath of the battle of the Nile, Nelson was left in Egypt with his army, attempting but failing to find an overland route back to Europe thanks to the successful defence of Acre by the Turks, aided by a British squadron under Sir Sydney Smith.
		There were now 32 British ships off Minorca, poised between the seventeen Spaniards, not all of them fit for sea, in Carthagena and the 25 French in Toulon.
		In many ways the battle or battles that never took place represented a missed opportunity for glory for the French: even without the Spaniards, Bruix's fleet that first sailed into the Mediterranean heavily outnumbered anything the British had in one place in the East.
	www.cleverley.org /navy/napreturnbattle.html (750 words)

	Dawn of a new nation - PittsburghLIVE.com
		Fort Necessity, the venue for the first pitched battle, was especially bitter for Washington, a 22-year-old Virginia militia colonel.
		His surrender on July 3, 1754, to a combined force of French and Indians was clouded by his simultaneous declaration of guilt as the assassin of a young French officer five weeks earlier at what is today called Jumonville Glen.
		Washington's case was especially curious, in that his reputation would survive nearly two decades of military inactivity, from the time he quit the Virginia militia in January 1759 until he was called on to lead the colonial cause in June 1775.
	www.pittsburghlive.com /x/tribune-review/regional/s_193424.html (1778 words)

	Heimskringla: Saga of Sigurd the Crusader and His Brothers Eystein and Olaf
		This was his first battle with heathen men; and he won it, and took eight galleys from them.
		King Sigurd then proceeded on his voyage, and came to Norfasund; and in the sound he was met by a large viking force, and the king gave them battle; and this was his fifth engagement with heathens since the time he left Norway.
		Then the emperor prepared for the games, which were held in the usual way; but this day everything went on better for the king than for the queen; for the queen has always the half part in the games, and their men, therefore, always strive against each other in all games.
	sunsite.berkeley.edu /OMACL/Heimskringla/crusaders.html (11455 words)

	Minorca Chapter 6
		It was unfortunate that the first news the British Admiralty received of the defeat was from the same source.
		Both Galissonnitre's report of the Battle of Minorca and news of the capitulation reached the Duke of Newcastle and the king, via the Spanish ambassador in London.
		The king was angry, and the source of the news did nothing to assuage him.
	www.islandofminorca.info /Minorca%20files/chapter6/50.htm (525 words)

	KINGDOM - Online Information article about KINGDOM
		Tours, and a few years later were driven ou"tslof Gaul.
		battle of Tours emphasized and increased• the power and reputation of Charles Martel; As a See also:
		The emperor Alexius Coninenus found himself on his accession in : The 1081 threatened by the Seljuks (the victors in the de- eastern ' cisivebattle of Manzikertin 1071) and by the Sicilian Empire Normans who in io8i besieged Durazzo.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /KHA_KRI/KINGDOM.html (5150 words)

	1756 FACTS AND INFORMATION
		April_12 - The French invade Minorca, then under British control.
		May_28 - The British garrison in Minorca surrenders to the French.
		August_29 - Frederick_the_Great invades Saxony, beginning the war on the continent.
	www.beatlesfacts.com /it:1756 (156 words)

	Elizabeth's Bookshop : Welcome
		By 1744 he was had his own ship, and saw his first action as commander of the Berwick at the Battle of Toulon (1744).
		From 1766 until 1771 he was first lord of the Admiralty, he was made admiral of the fleet in 1768, and created Baron Hawke of Great Britain in 1776.
		Royal Navy Admiral Byng and the disastrous 1756 Battle of Minorca, his court-martial, the government cover-up and `one of the most cold-blooded and cynical acts of judicial murder in all British history`.
	www.elizabethsbookshop.com.au /products/0/213 (459 words)

	BYNG, John autographs, letters, documents, manuscripts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The month after signing this commission, Byng failed to prevent the French fleet from taking Minorca, for which he was shot on the quarter-deck of the Monarque in Plymouth harbour (prompting Voltaire's celebrated observation that 'dans ce-pays-ci il est bon de tuer de temps en temps un amiral pour encourager les autres').
		In the battle of Minorca HMS Lancaster, of 66 guns, was the third ship in the van, and suffered considerable damage due to the lack of support provided by Byng, commanding the rear.
		The Lieutenant at Arms was customarily the youngest lieutenant of a ship, charged with instructing, and during battle supervising, the seamen in the use of small arms.
	manuscripts.co.uk /stock/21463.HTM (227 words)

	The French and Indian Wars
		Describe 18th Century warfare by drawing a picture of an average 18th century land battle.
		Draw a typical eighteenth century battle with infantry, cavalry, and artillery.
		Draw a cartoon or map of the battle of the Monongahela, July 9, 1755:
	www.l-spioneers.org /mmeylin/teams/king/ss/Units/Unit-Five.html (3433 words)

	Military Prints, Battle of Lexington (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Military art prints of the American Revolution including the Siege of Yorktown and George Washington before the Battle of Trenton.
		USCS Ranger captained by John Paul Jones attacks and defeats HMS Drake of the Copeland Islands at the mouth of Belfast Lough.
		This was the first battle of the newly formed American Continental Navy.
	www.war-art.com /lexington.htm (951 words)

	Admiral Arthur Phillip (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Phillip was educated at the school of the Greenwich Hospital, and at the age of 13 was apprenticed to the merchant navy.
		Phillip joined the Royal Navy at fifteen, and saw action at the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in the Mediterranean at the Battle of Minorca in 1756.
		In 1762 he was promoted to Lieutenant, but was placed on half pay when the Seven Years' War ended in 1763.
	www.grandpapencil.com /austral/phillip.htm (1286 words)

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