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Topic: Battle of Morgarten

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	Historical Battles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		battle of Zurakow 1676 battle of Zlotow 1677 conquest of Weissenburg
		15.8.1702 battle of Luzzara 22.9.1702 battle of Thorn 12.10.1702 conquest of
		battle of Denain 22.12.1712 battle of Gadebesk 1713 conquest of Tönning
	britishbattles.homestead.com /files/index/HistoricalBattlesconsolidated.htm (8731 words)

	Battle of Sempach - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Sempach was fought on July 9, 1386 between Duke Leopold III of Austria and the Swiss Confederation.
		But the Confederation's army was also probably twice as strong as at the Battle of Morgarten and numbered somewhere between 6000 and 8000 men, since it was made not only of men from the four forest cantons, but also other Swiss cantons (Lucerne, Zürich).
		The Battle of Sempach is shrouded in mystery to this day, however early chronichles seem to mention extreme heat and clouds of dust.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Sempach (580 words)

	Battle of Morgarten
		On November 15th 1315, the soldiers of Archduke Leopold I of Austria[?] were thoroughly defeated by an ambush of the Swiss Confederation near the Morgarten[?] pass.
		The actual occasion for the war was a dispute between the Confederates of Schwyz and the Hapsburg-protected monastery of Einsiedeln[?] regarding some pastures.
		The victory of the confederates left them in their virtual autonomy and gave them a breathing space of some sixty years before the next Hapsburg attack, the battle of Sempach[?].
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ba/Battle_of_Morgarten.html (372 words)

	Battle of Morgarten - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On November 15, 1315, the Swiss Confederation thoroughly defeated the soldiers of Duke Leopold I of Austria in an ambush near the Morgarten pass.
		The house of Habsburg coveted the area around the Gotthard pass in order to secure this shortest passage to Italy, while the Confederates of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden had imperial freedom letters from former emperors granting them local autonomy within the empire.
		The Confederates prepared a road-block and an ambush at a point between Lake Aegeri and Morgarten pass where the small path led between the steep slope and a swamp.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Morgarten (495 words)

	Customs & Traditions in Switzerland: Remembering the Battle of Morgarten (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Although the memorial statue of the Battle of Morgarten stands in canton Zug, it was in fact in canton Schwyz that the Confederates defeated Duke Leopold of Austria.
		Cause for the battle was a 250 year-old dispute between the people of Schwyz and the monastery of Einsiedeln which was held under Habsburger rule.
		Originally, the anniversary of the battle was a strict fasting day and not intended as a victory celebration but as a memorial day for the 14 Swiss soldiers who fell.
	www.swissworld.org /dvd_rom/eng/customs_2003/content/history/morgarten.html (267 words)

	History of Switzerland
		Swiss history began the year 1291 in the Swiss town of Rütli[?] with a contract, known as the Bundesbrief[?] ("the Eternal Alliance") between leaders of regions called Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden in what is now Switerland.The Bundesbrief united them in the struggle against their foreing rulers, the Hapsburgs.
		At the Battle of Morgarten in 1315, the Swiss defeated the Habsburg army and secured quasi-independence as the SSwiss Confederation.
		However, true indapendance was not to be achieved until three centuries later, at the Peace of Westphalia.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hi/History_of_Switzerland.html (396 words)

	Battle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Battle of Morgarten On November 15th 1315, the soldiers of Archduke Leopold I of Austria were thoroughly defeated by an ambush of the Swiss Confederation near the Morgarten pass.
		The story of the famous battle of June 17, 1775 is told here with "personal accounts and eyewitness descriptions of the battle, along with contemporary maps, drawings, engravings, broadsides, and artifacts, either preserved by the participants or found on the battlefield." Also includes biographical sketches of the authors and recipients of the documents presented.
		Star Wars The Battle of Endor is a space combat action game that puts you in the middle of the battle against the second death star from the Return of the Jedi.
	www.meoubattle.info (1386 words)

	The Baldwin Project: Stories of William Tell Told to the Children by H. E. Marshall
		When the Swiss were ready for battle, they fell upon their knees, as their old custom was, calling upon God, as their only Lord and Master, to help them that day.
		He was led almost by force out of the battle by a soldier who knew the mountain passes, and pale as death, broken and sad, he arrived late that evening at a place of safety.
		In gratitude for the victory of Morgarten, the Swiss built a chapel upon the battlefield.
	www.mainlesson.com /display.php?author=marshall&book=tell&story=battle (2185 words)

	Real Miniatures Price List
		Battle of Maratnon, 490 BC Persian shield-bearer infantryman crushing Lakedimonian hoplite.
		Battle of Mantineia, 362 BC Colonel of Polish Winged Hussars Regiment.
		Battle of Thermopylae, 480 BC Prince Hector of Troja.
	www.realminiatures.com /pricelist.php (1335 words)

	Timeline: 1300-1400 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Edward III invades Scotland on Balliol's behalf and defeats the Scots at the battle of Halidon Hill.
		Battle of Neville's Cross--David II of Scotland defeated and captured by the English.
		Battle of Sempach--Swiss beat Austrian army and kill Leopold III of Austria.
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/timeline_1300.html (2075 words)

	Battle of Morgarten - NetSword Discussion Forums
		Courtrai, Bannockburn, the aforementioned Morgarten, Laupen, Sempach, the Swiss war with Charles the Bold of Burgundy, the English victories over France in the Hundred Years War (longbowmen and dismounted knights acting as heavy infantry).
		At the eve of the battle of Courtrai, Willem van Gulik, the Flemish commander told his men 'a knight is worth ten footsoldiers'.
		This appears to have been the major field recognition sign of the Swiss, and was fashioned from white cloth and sewn onto the hose or doublet.
	www.netsword.com /ubb/Forum4/HTML/000399.html (1432 words)

	Customs & Traditions in Switzerland: Remembering the Battle of Sempach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		There, the lay priest of Sempach recites from the 1577 historical account of the battle.
		Then a representative of the cantonal government and a student address the audience about the deeds and actions of the men who fought at Sempach, and about the situation of political life in the present.
		The festivities end with an announcement of the results, a brass band concert and a dance.
	www.swissworld.org /dvd_rom/eng/customs_2003/content/history/sempach.html (170 words)

	The Wargamer - 1000 Years of War in Review
		Battle of Bannockburn (1314) ensures Scottish independence as Robert Bruce VIII and 30,000 Scots rout 100,000 English under the bisexual Edward II.
		In 1322, Germans prevail at the Battle of Muhldorf, capturing Frederick.
		Murad was killed probably at the beginning of the battle (there comes a legend about him being killed by Serbian noble), is succeed by Bayazid I who energetically takes over command.
	www.wargamer.com /articles/1000Y/1000y_p4.asp (1151 words)

	Origin by Martin
		This hill was the scene of the battle of Blenheim, August 12, 1704, during the war of Spanish Succession.
		Two French armies with their ally, the elector of Bavaria, and the troops of the Duke-Bishop of Cologne, were defeated by the Imperialist's Grand Alliance of English, Dutch, and Prussian forces commanded by the English Duke of Marlborough, John Churchill, together with the Imperial general, Prince Eugene of Savoy.
		On November 14th, the day before the battle of Morgarten, he was captured, managed to escape, but was pursued, again overtaken and slain.
	posom.com /Shellenberger/martin.shtml (2936 words)

	Switzerland
		Because of the prestige won by Schwyz in the battle, the confederation as a whole became known by forms of this name (e.g., Schweiz [German], Suisse [French], Svizzera [Italian], or Switzerland).
		If the worst occurred and an isolated column was caught in the open, the troops could always form a square or hedgehog, facing outward in all directions while keeping up a steady fire from their crossbows and relying on their pikes to keep the opposing horse at a respectful distance until help arrived.
		Discarding all armour except for the helmet and cuirass, the Swiss were able to march 30 miles a day and attack with a celerity and discipline that were disconcerting to their adversaries.
	www.vakkur.com /hx/swiss_hx.htm (1841 words)

	Reformation & Resistance - Switzerland's Secret Strategy For Survival
		In 1315, at the Battle of Morgarten, 1 400 Swiss peasants ambushed 20 000 Austrian knights and infantry in a narrow Alpine passage, showering them with rocks and driving them into a lake, where many drowned.
		In 1386, at the Battle of Sempach, 4 000 Austrian knights were defeated by 1 300 Swiss peasants.
		At the Battle of Morat, another French army of 23 000 was destroyed by a surprise attack, with the Swiss killing 10 000 French invaders, for the loss of only 410 Swiss.
	www.christianaction.org.za /newsletter_uca/uca_2002-ed3_reformation_resistance.htm (4928 words)

	Battle of Morgarten, November 1314 (Switzerland)
		Battle between the Swiss and an army lead by Duke Leopold, brother of Frederic of Hapsburg, part of his struggle with Lewis of Bavaria for the Imperial crown.
		However, the Swiss were aware of his movements, and were able to block the Morgarten pass themselves.
		The impact within the Empire was dramatic - this was the first time that a feudal host had been destroyed by peasant troops, and like Bannockburn and later Crecy marked the end of the tactical supremacy of feudal cavalry.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/battles_morgarten.html (192 words)

	Snapshot of Europe: Switzerland
		The authenticity of the Federal Charter is disputed with many historians agreeing that it is in fact a forgery of the 14th century.
		The expansion of the federation, and the reputation of invincibility acquired during the earlier wars, suffered a first setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano.
		The conflict between Catholic and Protestant cantons persisted, erupting in further violence at the battles of Villmergen in 1656 and 1712.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /Europeweb/snapshot/Snapshot-Europe41.htm (607 words)

	The Swiss - NetSword Discussion Forums
		The battle of Morgarten was fought in terrain that strongly favoured the Swiss.
		the swiss reputation is mostly based on the battle of grandson, where the swiss carree hold the fire of the burgundian artillery and the wales archers, despite heavy loses the kept on marching forward.
		Legend says that in the battle of sempach, the swiss where unable to break the phalanx of the austrian knights and sufferd heavy loses.
	www.netsword.com /ubb/Forum4/HTML/000154.html (7422 words)

	FIREARMS AND FREEDOM - Switzerland's Secret Strategy For Survival (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In 1315, at the Battle of Morgarten, 1400 Swiss peasants ambushed 20000 Austrian knights and infantry in a narrow Alpine passage, showering them with rocks and driving them into a lake, where many drowned.
		In 1386, at the Battle of Sempach, 4000 Austrian knights were defeated by 1 300 Swiss peasants.
		At the Battle of Morat, another French army of 23 000 was destroyed by a surprise attack, with the Swiss killing 10000 French invaders, for the loss of only 410 Swiss.
	www.christianaction.org.za /firearmnews/2002-2_targetswitzerland.htm (3214 words)

	1315 oddd.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		- 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria.
		In 1477 the last duke Charles the Bold was killed in battle and Burgundy itself taken back by France.
		His daughter Mary and her husband Maximillian moved the court to Brussels and ruled the remnants of the empire (the Low Countries and Franche-Comté, then still a German fief) from there.
	www.oddd.org /en/1315 (7428 words)

	2. The Swiss Confederation. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The legend of the Swiss patriot William Tell, whom Austrian officials forced to shoot an apple off his small son's head, derives from this period.
		Leopold of Austria, in an effort to crush the Swiss and punish them for support of Louis IV against the Habsburg Frederick the Handsome, was thoroughly beaten at Morgarten, a battle that began the brilliant career of the Swiss infantry in Europe.
		Renewal and strengthening of the league and its confirmation by Louis IV.
	www.bartleby.com /67/546.html (803 words)

	Niderost Family History
		They fought at the Battle of Morgarten where the Swiss defeated the Hapsburg army in 1315, and died in the crushing defeat at the battle of Marignano.
		He constructed the large relief of the Garden of Glaciers in Lucerne, representing the Muotatal at battle that delivered them from the Russians and French on December 1, 1799; died in Schwyz in 1854.
		Josef Viktor, son of Anton Ignaz, was a Lieutenant in the Spanish Army and an officer in Canton Schwyz.
	www.niderost.com /pages/famhist.htm (2255 words)

	World History 1300- 1400
		The two armies met at the Battle of Bannockburn, which took place in central Scotland.
		In the course of the battle, the French king, John II, was taken prisoner and brought to England.
		- The Portugese fought Castile at the Battle of Ajubarrota.
	www.multied.com /dates/1300ad.html (903 words)

	Leopold I of Austria (Habsburg) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		After the death of his parents, he became the head of the House of Habsburg.
		As the administrator of Further Austria, he incurred a decisive loss against the Swiss in the Battle of Morgarten in 1315.
		After Frederick's capture by King Louis the Bavarian after the Battle of Mühldorf he struggled for his release.
	www.gogoglo.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/l/le/leopold_i_of_austria__habsburg_.html (136 words)

	The Battle of Sempach.
		The Swiss were not only few in number, but armour was scarce among them; some had only boards fastened on their arms by way of shields, some had halberts, which had been used by their fathers at the battle of Morgarten, others two-handed swords and battleaxes.
		A priest from a pulpit in the open air gives a thanksgiving sermon on the victory that ensured the freedom of Switzerland, and another reads the narrative of the battle, and the roll of the brave 200, who, after Winkelried's example, gave their lives in the cause.
		No wonder that men thus nurtured in the memory of such actions were, even to the fall of the French monarchy, among the most trustworthy soldiery of Europe.
	digital.library.upenn.edu /women/yonge/deeds/sempach.html (948 words)

	war_1200s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		At the Battle of Morgarten in 1315, Swiss eidgenossen, or "oath brothers," learned that an unarmoured man with a seven-foot (200-centimetre) halberd could dispatch an armoured man-at-arms.
		Displaying striking adaptability, they replaced some of their halberds with the pike, an 18-foot spear with a small, piercing head.
		As armoured tactics developed, the position of the commander as well as the role he played in battle changed.
	www.vakkur.com /hx/war_1200s.htm (1144 words)

	Battle Index
		Marne, first battle of the, 5-10 September 1914 (France)
		Medway, battle of, 43 A.D. Mergentheim, battle of, 2 May 1645
		Monongahela, battle of the, 9 July 1755 (America)
	www.historyofwar.org /battleindex_m.html (85 words)

	(GCGNMT) Laupen’s longest day by Admiral Whitetrousers
		The Bernese army comprising soldiers from Oberhasle, Simmental, Weissenburg and the Wald cities fought the Burgundy partners from Basel, Lausanne, Gruyère, Nidau and Neuenburg.
		This and the earlier Battle of Morgarten (1315) established the reputation of Swiss soldiers because relatively poorly armed and protected Bernese defeated heavily armoured cavalry.
		This battle was the first time the Swiss cross (white cross on red background) was used in Battle.
	www.geocaching.com /seek/cache_details.aspx?guid=a2b3c80b-2a74-46c4-9c62-a81f67da16bc (483 words)

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