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Topic: Battle of Navas de Tolosa

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Las Navas de Tolosa

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	Probert Encyclopaedia: Battles (Pre-1600) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Battle of Hattin was a major defeat for the Crusaders by Saladin on the 4th of July 1187 at a village in Palestine 8 km north-west of Tiberias.
		The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement fought on October the 7th 1571, in the Gulf of Lepanto (now the Gulf of Corinth) between an Ottoman Turkish fleet and that of the Holy League, an alliance of Spain, Venice, Genoa, and the Papal States formed by Pope Julius II in 1511.
		The Battle of Navas de Tolosa was fought in 1212 between Yakub Almansur of the Almohades and the kings of Aragon, Castile and Navarre.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /FB.HTM (4528 words)

	Palencia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Palencia is a city in the northwest of the Tierra de Campos of central Spain, the capital of the province of Palencia in the autonomous community of Castile-Leon.
		In 1410 Bishop Sancho de Rojas fought at the battle of Antequera, where the Infante Ferdinand, regent of Castile and LeÃ³n, defeated Mohammed VII, king of Granada, and in the Treaty of Caspe he aided Ferdinand to secure the crown of Aragon.
		A short distance south of the city, in the village of BaÃ±os de Cerrato, is the oldest church on the peninsula, a seventh-century basilica dedicated to Saint John and built by the Visigoth King Reccaswinth (died 672).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Palencia (1032 words)

	Batalla de Las Navas de Tolosa - Wikipedia en espaÃ±ol
		Este acto de los reyes y caballeros cristianos infunde nuevos brÃos en el resto de las tropas y es decisivo para el resultado de la contienda: los musulmanes son derrotados de forma abrumadora y su caudillo tiene que escapar precipitadamente.
		De este botÃn se conserva la bandera o pendÃ³n de Las Navas en el Monasterio de Las Huelgas en Burgos.
		Como consecuencia de esta batalla, el poder musulmÃ¡n en la PenÃnsula IbÃ©rica comenzÃ³ su declive definitivo y la Reconquista tomÃ³ un nuevo impulso que produjo en los siguientes cuarenta aÃ±os un avance significativo de los llamados reinos cristianos, que tomaron casi todos los territorios del sur bajo poder musulmÃ¡n.
	es.wikipedia.org /wiki/Batalla_de_las_Navas_de_Tolosa (786 words)

	The Probert Encyclopaedia - Weapons and Warfare (B)
		The Battle of Algiers was a bitter conflict in Algiers from 1954 to 1962 between the Algerian nationalist population and the French colonial army and French settlers.
		The Battle of Culloden was a defeat in 1746 of the Jacobite rebel army of the British prince Charles Edward Stuart (the 'Young Pretender') by the Duke of Cumberland on a stretch of moorland in Inverness-shire, Scotland.
		The Battle of Hattin was a major defeat for the Crusaders by Saladin on the 4th of July 1187 at a village in Palestine 8 km northwest of Tiberias.
	www.fas.org /news/reference/probert/F2.HTM (16989 words)

	THE ALMOHAD INVASION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		His troops were encamped on the level plain of Las Navas de Tolosa, just to the south of the Despeñaperros pass through the Sierra Morena: the site is not far away from today's road and rail link between Madrid and Cordoba.
		Archbishop of Toledo Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, King Alfonso's companion throughout the battle, sent then his portion of the reserve and the Toledan standard were committed to the conflict at that point, while the fleeing Christians were persuaded to return to the yet undecided battle.
		Battle of Navas de Tolosa at Battles of Portugal.
	es.geocities.com /endovelico2001/med/almohad.html (3163 words)

	The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
		Several campaigns and battles are described, including the battles of Alarcos (1195) and Muret (1213) and the siege of Cordoba in 1236.
		Las Navas de Tolosa represented a major victory for the Christian forces in Spain, and within fifty years most of the Muslim lands in Spain had fallen to Castilian forces.
		The battle was joined, but neither side was overcome, although at times they pushed back the enemy, and at other times they were driven back by the enemy.
	www.deremilitari.org /RESOURCES/SOURCES/tolosa2.htm (2306 words)

	Probert Encyclopaedia: People and Peoples (Alf-Alz) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Alfred de Musset was a French romantic poet.
		De Musset's earliest work was 'Contes d'Espagne et d'Italie', published in 1830, which took Paris by storm.
		They were defeated in Spain at the Battle of Navas de Tolosa in 1212 and in Morocco by a revolt of the nomadic tribes in 1269.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /C1B.HTM (2738 words)

	Spain. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is traversed from west to east by mountain chains—notably the Sierra de Guadarrama—and the valleys of the Douro (Duero), the Tagus, and Guadiana rivers.
		In the battle of Navas de Tolosa (1212), a turning point in Spanish history, the Almohads were defeated by Alfonso VIII of Castile, whose successors conquered most of Andalusia.
		Widespread opposition forced Primo de Rivera’s resignation in 1930; in 1931, after a great republican victory in municipal elections, Alfonso XIII was deposed and the second republic established.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sp/Spain.html (5840 words)

	Torres Quevedo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The first large body of Spanish lyric poetry is also to be found in 'Cantigas de Santa Maria' ('Songs of the Virgin Mary'), an anthology traditionally attributed to King Alfonso X himself.
		Illustration from the book 'Libro de ajedrez, dados y tablas' also know as 'El libro de los juegos' wrote in 1283 by Alfonso X 'El Sabio' King of Spain which biography you had found in previous stamps.
		The 'Navas de Tolosa' battle against moslems is represented as a chess play, and next stamp is and image honoring the King Alfonso X 'El Sabio' ('The wise').
	www.geocities.com /Heartland/plains/4292/tematic/torres.htm (371 words)

	Chapter 7 - Spoils Division, Society Organized for War by James F. Powers
		As an encouragement to turn booty in when one came upon it in the wake of battle, in Castile the finder was awarded a quarter of its value after it was held for nine days.
		Battle situations greatly favored the knight in the acquisition of booty, and the knight's ability to join the fast-moving mounted raiding parties provided opportunities for spoils the unmounted militiaman never encountered.
		In the case of battles fought in the vicinity of the town, the rent collectors and hired workers of a landlord were expected to turn in any booty they found to their landlord, who presumably brought such materials to the proper officials to make his claim.
	libro.uca.edu /socwar/sw7.htm (12212 words)

	LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The July 16 1212 battle of Las Navas de Tolosa is considered a major turning point in the history of Medieval Iberia.
		The forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile were joined by the armies of his peninsular rivals, Peter II of Aragon and Alfonso II of Portugal in battle against the Muslim Almohad rulers of the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula.
		The defeat of the Almohads signaled the beginning of a long decline in the power of the Moors in the Iberian Peninsula, and gave further inertia to the Christian Reconquest begun by the kingdoms of northern Iberia in the century before.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/LAS+NAVAS+DE+TOLOSA (144 words)

	Alarcos, Battle of -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The battle marked the end of the order's expansion along the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea and the beginning of the decline of its power.
		Two battles in the fall of 1777 that marked the turning point for the Continental Army in the American Revolution were the Battles of Saratoga.
		The Battle of Marathon was a decisive victory for the Greeks during the Persian Wars.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9005354 (881 words)

	Itinerario VI.El Legado Andalusi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Puerta de Sevilla bears traces of the various stages Carthaginian, Roman, Andalusi, Early Medieval Christian and Modern of its construction, while the Puerta de Córdoba constitutes a monumental arch flanked by two towers of tapial (a building technique that involves packing a mixture of damp earth into a frame or mould) and parallelepiped-brick construction.
		Ibn Hamusk's success was the result of fleeting pacts with the two powers that were battling over the region at the time, namely, the independent kingdom of Ibn Mardanis on the east coast, and the Almohads who appointed Ibn Hamusk as the governor of all of their lands in Jaén.
		Following the battle at Navas de Tolosa and until its final conquest by Alfonso XI in 1341, Alcalá repeatedly changed hands, Muslim and Christian.
	www.legadoandalusi.es /itinerarios/it6/eng/circuitos6.htm (5493 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Innocent III
		During the pontificate of Celestine III (1191-1198), a member of the House of the Orsini, enemies of the counts of Segni, he lived in retirement, probably at Anagni, devoting himself chiefly to meditation and literary pursuits.
		Previous to his death he had urged the College of Cardinals to elect Giovanni di Colonna as his successor; but Lotario de' Conti was elected pope, at Rome, on the very day on which Celestine III died.
		He prepared a crusade against the Moors and lived to see their power broken in Spain at the battle of Navas de Tolosa, in 1212.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08013a.htm (4245 words)

	World history 1200- 1300 AD
		- At the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, forces of the Christian Spanish King Alfonso VIII of Leon and Castile were victorious against Muslim Almohades.
		The French were defeated by the English at the Battle of Lincoln and then lost their fleet at the naval Battle of Sandwich.
		In the course of the battle, the Mongol general Ket Buqa was killed and thus the Mamelukes carried the day.
	www.multied.com /dates/1200ad.html (1363 words)

	Medieval History Time-Line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Muslims defeat the Visigoths at the battle of the Guadalquivir River, during which King Roderick disappeared and became one of that select group of monarchs known as the "Sleeping Kings," who will return to save their people when their realm is desperate straits.
		Immediately after participating in Las Navas de Tolosa, Pedro II of Aragon went beyond the Pyrenees Mountains to protect the rights of two of his nieces, whose lands had been seized by Simon de Montfort.
		Peter was defeated and killed in the battle of Muret, and de Montfort was now unopposed in his conquest of the lands of southern France.
	www.ku.edu /kansas/medieval/108/texts/timeline.html (5202 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: CABEZA DE VACA, ALVAR NUNEZ
		It descended from an ancestor who had helped secure victory for Christian forces at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) by marking an unguarded pass in the Sierra Moreno with the skull of a cow.
		Cabeza de Vaca's reluctance to leave the Galveston area was influenced by a single surviving countryman, Lope de Oviedo, who refused to leave the initial landfall island.
		In 1532 Cabeza de Vaca convinced the reluctant Spaniard to accompany him along the coast toward Pánuco, as the other survivors had done in the spring of 1529.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/CC/fca6.html (1226 words)

	Andalucia information - Jaen Battle Sites Information, Spain - Car hire
		Las Navas de Tolosa is today a district of the municipality of La Carolina.
		On its outskirts, in 1212, one of the most transcendental battles of the Reconquest took place, which implied the beginning of the end of the Arab hegemony on the mainland.
		In Las Navas de Tolosa stands the parochial church, and within it are displayed allegorical objects of this event.
	www.carmalaga.com /informacion-jaen/jaen-battles-sites.htm (319 words)

	War and Peace
		In 1212 one of the most decisive battles in Spanish history took place at Navas de Tolosa, when King Alfonso VIII’s army of 110,000 Castilians, Aragonese, Navarrese and Catalans, reinforced by 70,000 crusaders from elsewhere in Europe, defeated a force of 250,000 Moors led by the feared Almohad commander Al-Nasir.
		The battle, in which 60,000 Moors were killed, marked the beginning of the end of Moorish rule in Spain: within four decades Seville and Cordoba had been conquered, leaving only the Kingdom of Granada under Moorish rule.
		Separated from the battle of Navas by 15 miles and six centuries, Bailen was the setting for the first pitched battle between Spain and France during the Napoleonic War.
	www.spainview.com /andalucia/ja004.html (561 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As a consequence of the Christian victory at Las Navas de Tolosa, the power of the Almohads, the Berber regime that had dominated Muslim Spain (Al-Andalus) from the mid-twelfth century, was shattered, enabling the Christians to take over almost all of southern Spain in the ensuing forty years.
		The battle was the result of a crusade against the Muslim infidel in Spain organized by Alfonso VIII of Castile, Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada, archbishop of Toledo (d.
		The Christian armies arrived at Las Navas de Tolosa, which lies to the northeast of Córdoba and Jaén, on Friday, July 13.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/ml_028500_lasnavasdeto.htm (367 words)

	Smatterings of Random Spanish History dealing with the Moors
		A battle in which the Visgothic king, Pelayo, defeated the Muslim army in 722 became the symbol of Christian Reconquest, "The Reconquista." Uprisings and revolts of Christians and Jews in Cordoba, 805, 817 and Toledo, 814 and 837 were all surpressed.
		It was the defeat and capture of Toledo from the Moors by Alfonso VI in 1085 that led to the summoning of Almoravids, a fundamentalist sect, from Africa.
		In 1410 Ferdinand won a major battle at Antequera resulting in his being crowned King of Argon in 1412.
	foclark.tripod.com /gypsy/Spain.html (1169 words)

	Spanish-Jewish Chronology. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Massacre of Jews in Najera after the battle outise the city between the troops of Pedro I and those of the Pretender Henry of Trastamara.
		Juan I of Castile dies in Alcala de Henares.
		Castile's representative to it is Alphonso of Cartagena, a converso, son of the bishop Pablo de Santa Maria.
	sefarad.rediris.es /english/cronologia_english.htm (2901 words)

	MuslimHeritage.com - Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Their leader Yusuf Ibn Tashfin, called Yusuf in the film, is darkened in deeds more than in skin; cruel as much as ugly; his being and manners all oozing with malevolence and wickedness.
		[44] At the very decisive battle of Navas de Tolosa, in 1212, Al-Nasir's much superior army was too disunited to face effectively a smaller, and yet united Christian army.
		In the wake of the battle, 70,000 Muslim prisoners were slaughtered at the order of the Bishops of Toledo and Narbonne who were at the scene.
	www.muslimheritage.com /features/default.cfm?ArticleID=448 (3072 words)

	Rennaisance Scottish History
		Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England captured by Simon de Montfort.
		William Wallace fights English at the Battle of Stirling and is defeated at The Battle of Falkirk.
		Giles de Retz, marquis de Laval, marshal of France in 1429 murders six of his seven wives, and is ultimately strangled in 1440.
	www.tartanplace.com /tartanhistory/tartanhisear3.html (4444 words)

	The Worlds of Alfonso The Learned and James The Conqueror
		The battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, on the central Spanish highlands, precipitated the Almohad collapse.
		The battle of Muret in 1213, just south of Toulouse, ended Catalan hegemony in southern France; its confused aftermath threatened to split these linguistic-cultural affiliates apart, and to isolate Occitania as a vacuum of power vulnerable to takeover by its rough northern neighbor Francia.
		War was the dominant motif of their lifetime and century, an ever-recurrent fury of internal and external fighting, culminating in the twenty-year general war of the Sicilian Vespers just after both men died.
	libro.uca.edu /worlds/chapter1.htm (5648 words)

	Medieval Dates
		Historians symbolically attribute the defeat of a Moorish army at the Battle of Covadonga to a Christian noble, Pelayo.
		The battle itself continues to exist as a part of Spanish historical legend.
		The Christian armies of León, Castile, Navarre and Aragon defeat the Almohads in the decisive Battle of Navas de Tolosa, a mountain pass that guaranteed Christian forces passage into Southern Spain.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /santiago/text.html (2125 words)

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