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Topic: Battle of Nicopolis

	French Military Victories
		Battle of Sentinum - 295 B.C. The Gauls and Samniums under Egnatius are defeated by Decius Mus and Fabius Maximus Rullianus of the Roman Republic.
		Battle of Telamon - 224 B.C. The out-numbered Gauls led by Concolitanus and Aneorestus are defeated by Atiliua Regulus and Aemilius Papus of the Roman Republic.
		Battle of Gergovia - 52 B.C. The Gallic Tribes led by Vercingetorix defeat the Roman Republic army of Julius Caesar.
	www.militaryfactory.com /battles/french_military_victories.asp (2771 words)

	Battle of Mohács - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Mohács (Hungarian: mohácsi csata or mohácsi vész, Turkish: Mohaç Savaşı or Mohaç Meydan Savaşı) was fought on August 29, 1526 between the Hungarian army led by Louis II and the Ottoman army led by Suleiman the Magnificent.
		The battle meant the end of the independent Kingdom of Hungary, but the Ottoman forces withdrew in September and the territory was contested by the Habsburg Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, Louis's brother-in-law and successor by treaty with King Ladislaus.
		This battle is sometimes compared to the battles of Nicopolis and Crécy in the 14th century, where slow knights in heavy armor suffered major defeats at the hands of less armored opposition equipped with ranged weapons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Mohacs (726 words)

	Battle of Nicopolis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is often referred to as the crusade of Nicopolis, and was both the largest and last large-scale "crusade" of the Middle Ages.
		Nicopolis was besieged only in name; neither French nor Sigismund brought with them any siege engine --- they were ill prepared for any kind of attach to a well defended city fortress and having no tactics whatsoever to attack a regular army of Ottomans.
		Stefan Visoki, after the demise of Ottomans in the Battle of Angora and consequent death of Bayezid I, became Sigismund's vassal, and received in governorship Beograd, Rudnik, Macva and property in Buda.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis (1633 words)

	The Battle of Nicopolis - 47 BC (DBA Battle Scenario)
		Employing ambassadors in an unsuccessful attempt to delay Domitius, Pharnaces retired from Cappadocia to the vacinity of Nicopolis in lesser Armenia.
		Nicopolis represents a pretty straight-forward battle, requiring only slight modifications to the DBA army lists and special rules to deal with deployment, the Mithradatic trenches, and the proximity of Nicopolis.
		Given descriptions of the battle, it is believed that Pharnaces abandoned his father's experiment with Imitation Legionaries in favor of a classical Hellenistic phalanx.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/battles/nicopolis47bc.html (711 words)

	Wikipedia: Beyazid I
		On the demand of the Byzantine emperor John V Palaeologus a new Crusade was organized to defeat Beyazid.
		In 1396, the Christian allies, under the leadership of the Hungarian King and Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, was defeated in the Battle of Nicopolis.
		In the fateful Battle of Ankara, on July 20, 1402, Beyazid was captured by Timur and kept chained in a cage as a trophy.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/b/be/beyazid_i.html (248 words)

	Battle of Nicopolis: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		He had fought smaller battles with the Ottomans earlier in the year, but to the French, ignorant of Turkish tactics, this was unacceptable: they had come to fight and refused to wait.
		Nicopolis was immediately besieged, but it was well-defended and well-supplied, and the crusaders had brought no siege machines (siege machines: a siege engine is a device that is designed to break or circumvent city walls and other...
		The Hungarians and Poles (Poles: A long (usually round) rod of wood or metal or plastic) were defeated at the Battle of Varna (Battle of Varna: the battle of varna took place on november 10, 1444 near varna in eastern bulgar...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/battle_of_nicopolis (1482 words)

	The Battle of Nicopolis, 1396, end of Second Bulgarian Empire
		At the military council before the battle, Sigismund advised a cautious approach and proposed to use his own horse-archers as the first attack, with the Crusader cavalry in reserve to deliver the decisive blow against the Ottoman lines.
		In the middle of the dramatic battle in view of the terrible fight given by French knights, the hero of Wallachia (Romania), Mircea the Brave has deserted the Christians and joined the victorious arms of ottoman sultan.
		Nicopolis 1396: The Last Crusade (Campaign Series #64) on the French-led crusade against the Ottomans in Bulgaria, with 14 color plates.
	www.geocities.com /nbulgaria/bulgaria/nicop396.htm (1665 words)

	The Battle of Nicopolis (1396), according to Johann Schiltberger
		The Battle of Nicopolis (1396), according to Johann Schiltberger
		One of the most important battles in European history was fought on September 25, 1396.
		Nicopolis was the first battle where the Ottoman Turks encountered a western European army.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/nicopolis.htm (1448 words)

	László Veszprémy (CEU-Institute and Museum of Military History) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		If there is something to differentiate the Nicopolis crusade, then it is its careful preparation and timing, the precise timing of the preparatory military blows and the successful execution of most of them.
		It was the battle of Nicopolis that brought the Hungarian monarchs face to face with the reality of threatening superior Ottoman realm and a more sophisticated Turkish strategics.
		Nicopolis does mark a turning point in Hungarian war history, although the further advancement of the Turk was not caused by the lost battle; it was rather a warning signal awakening those involved to the dangerous historical process.
	www.ceu.hu /medstud/events/ev004/veszprem.htm (474 words)

	Battle of Nicopolis - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The countryside was plundered along the way, and the city of Rahova was sacked, its inhabitants killed or taken prisoner.
		Image:Battle of Nicopole battle map 1396.jpg On the 25th both sides prepared for battle.
		Image:Battle of Nicopolis 1396 bayazid and segismundodeluxemburgo.jpg Image:Battle of Nicopol aftermath Thr masacreofthecristians revenge for rahova massacre.jpg
	www.pacificgrid.com /mediawiki/index.php/Battle_of_Nicopolis (1246 words)

	Nicopolis (BiblePlaces.com)
		The odeum of Nicopolis was built in the late 1st century A.D. and used until the late 3rd century A.D. At one point a roof covered the structure.
		Nicopolis Bible Study (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia) Good discussion of Paul's intended stay in Nicopolis with a summary of the city's early history.
		Nicopolis (Catholic Encyclopedia) Surveys the history of the city from the first century BC through the eighth century AD.
	www.bibleplaces.com /nicopolis.htm (482 words)

	Worcester Art Museum - Bayezid I, "The Thunderbolt," Routs the Crusaders at the Battle of Nicopolis
		Bayezid I, "The Thunderbolt," Routs the Crusaders at the Battle of Nicopolis, from the Hunernama of Loqman, 1584
		In 1396 Venetian and Hungarian Crusaders besieged the Bulgarian fortress of Nicopolis, which was held by the Ottomans.
		In this illustration, he appears as the mounted swordsman with the large, multiplumed turban in the center of this painting.
	www.worcesterart.org /Collection/Islamic/1935.13.html (233 words)

	Chapter Moguls, Ottoman Turks. of History of The Decline And Fall of The Roman Empire by Gibbon
		Sigismond, the Hungarian king, was the son and brother of the emperors of the West: his cause was that of Europe and the church; and, on the report of his danger, the bravest knights of France and Germany were eager to march under his standard and that of the cross.
		In the battle of Nicopolis, Bajazet defeated a confederate army of a hundred thousand Christians, who had proudly boasted, that if the sky should fall, they could uphold it on their lances.
		The battle of Nicopolis would not have been lost, if the French would have obeyed the prudence of the Hungarians; but it might have been gloriously won, had the Hungarians imitated the valor of the French.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/1/62/109/25719/2.html (827 words)

	The Battle Of Hydaspes ( 326 B.c. ) - Stirpes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		In this battle Alexanders horse, Bucephalus, was wounded and died.
		Alexander had ridden Bucephalus in everyone of his battles in Greece and Asia, so when it died, he was grief stricken and founded a city in India in his horses name.
		The battle itself is a brilliant show of cavalry maneuvers that became decisive factor in this battle.
	forum.stirpes.net /showthread.php?t=3485 (1015 words)

	Battle of Nicopolis (1396 AD) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		But their advance was halted at the town of Nicopolis, which resisted the Crusader siege for over two weeks.
		This battle is between the Later Ottoman Turks (#160b) and 166 Later Hungarian (#166).
		However, the crusader knights may be moved as a group with other elements, as long as these others match the knights speed and join the crusaders heading directly towards the nearest enemy.
	fanaticus.org /DBA/battles/nicopolis.html (453 words)

	The Development of Battle Tactics in the Hundred Years War
		The Prince's three `battles' (one of which may have been south of the river when the action began) were defending a position protected by hedges, trees and marshy land.
		Nicopolis (in modern Bulgaria) was the place where the largely Burgundian and French crusaders of 1396 were totally defeated by the Ottoman sultan Bayezit (fig.
		His main battle, dismounted, was flanked by 2,000 archers who poured arrows upon the surprised Flemings, meanwhile 400 men-at-arms and 1,000 `gros valets' (more lightly equipped) remained mounted to sweep in on the flanks and rear.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/articles/bennett2.htm (6910 words)

	New Page 13 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Its first significant opponent was the young Serbian Empire, which was worn down by a series of campaigns, notably in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, in which the leaders of both armies were killed, and which gained a central role in Serbian folklore as an epic battle and beginning of bad luck for Serbia.
		The 1566 Battle of Szigetvar, the third siege in which the fort was finally taken but the Sultan died, deterred that year's push for Vienna.
		After winning the Battle of Vienna, the Holy League gained upper hand, and conducted the reconquest of Hungary (Buda and Pest, the former under the command of a Swiss-born convert to Islam, was retaken in 1686 - followed by a mass slaughter reminiscent of the Crusaders' taking of Jerusalem).
	koz.vianet.ca /boshis56.htm (1524 words)

	Timeline
		Battle of Hastings, battle that brought William the Conqueror to the English throne
		Battle of Manzikert (Byzantine Empire), crushing defeat of Byzantine army led by the Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes inflicted by the Seljouks of Alp Arslan
		Battle of Aljubarotta (Portugal), victory for John, master of Avis, establishing him as king of Portugal.
	www.historyofwar.org /periodframe.html (1855 words)

	The Ottomans and their dynasty - All About Turkey
		Europe was only temporarily able to resist their advance: the turning point came at the Battle of Varna in 1444 when a European coalition army failed to stop the Turkish advance.
		Gallipoli was conquered in 1354 and a vast crusading army was crushed at the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396.
		The outcome of battles was no longer a foregone conclusion and Europeans began to score victories against the Turks.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /ottoman.htm (1765 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		John's attitude was undecided; he negotiated with the court and also with the English;.
		Although he talked of helping his sovereign, his troops took no part in the battle of Agincourt (1415), where, however, two of his brothers, Anthony, duke of Brabant, and Philip, count of Nevers, fell fighting for France.
		In 1417 John made an attack on Paris, which failed through his loitering at Lagny; 1 but on the 3oth of May 1418 a traitor, one Perrinet Leclerc, opened the gates of Paris to the Burgundian captain, Villiers de 1'Isle Adam.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=36080 (1042 words)

	Bulgaria Under Ottoman Domination 1336
		On 22 September 1396, at Nicopolis they met the Ottoman army and its Serbian allies in the dramatic battle of Nicopolis.
		The land was regarded as the property of the supreme ruler, the Sultan, who distributed it among his subordinate administrators (judges), war veterans and servicemen of the reserve, and to the so-called spahi - regular servicemen all of whom were granted the rights of feudal landowners for life.
		It was the duty of the landed officers and servicemen to report in times of war in full battle trim at the places of muster in various districts (sandjaks).
	www.geocities.com /nbulgaria/bulgaria/ottomans.htm (2451 words)

	The Battle of Nicopolis, 1396, end of Second Bulgarian Empire
		In 1393, Turnovo, the capital of Bulgaria fell and the king Ivan Shishman is besieged by Islamic invaders in Nicopolis (Bulgarian fortress on the Danube River).
		The objective of Sigismund was to take the strong fortresses of Nicopolis and Dorostolum and using them as strongholds to chase the Islam invadors out of Europe.
		The appalling behavior of the French knights, the complete lack of coordination and battle planning were the major cause of the disaster.
	www.angelfire.com /nb/nbulgaria/bulgaria/nicop396.htm (1701 words)

	In the Footsteps of History
		The Battle of Elfincourt — based on the lopsided 1415 English victory at Agincourt — was a featured scenario in White Dwarf a number of years back, and the Battle of Bogwurst — based on the 1485 Battle of Bosworth Field — is a semi-historical scenario from the back of the Warhammer rule book.
		The 1525 Battle of Pavia has always been one my favorites, a fight complicated by the fact that most of it took place at night or in the fog of early morning.
		It was a challenging battle, an entertaining one full of surprises and shocks, and when it was over; I saw the seeds for grudge matches and revenge scenarios.
	www.warmongerclub.com /articles/historybattle.html (2128 words)

	The Sixth Great Race War - The Ottoman Holocaust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The battle of Kosovo also became famous for one other event: during the battle, a normal act of war, a Serbian soldier killed the Ottoman emperor of the time, one Murad.
		The Battle of Nicopolis was celebrated by the Ottomans with the massacre of all White prisoners taken - several thousand White soldiers were executed out of hand by the non-White invaders in a bloodthirsty orgy lasting several hours.
		The Battle of Gallipoli, where an Allied invasion of the Ottoman Empire was repulsed with serious losses, saw one of the very few Ottoman military victories of the entire war.
	www.stormfront.org /whitehistory/hwr35.htm (5594 words)

	Osprey Campaign 64 : Nicopolis 1396 : The Last Crusade
		The background to the Nicopolis Crusade can be found in the rapid spread of Ottoman Turkish conquests, particularly in the southern Balkans, during the second half of the 14th century.
		At Nicopolis on the Danube they met the Ottoman army in battle.
		Ignoring the advice of their Hungarian and Transylvanian allies the Crusaders charged the Turks and were in turn smashed by the Ottoman heavy cavalry.
	www.militaryfocus.com /osprey/campaign/64.htm (205 words)

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