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	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Battle of Novara or Battle of Bicocca (Bicocca is a borough of Novara) was one of the battles fought between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia during the First Italian War of Independence, within the era of Italian unification.
		Lasting the whole day of March 22, 1849 and ending at dawn on March 23, it resulted in a severe defeat and retreat of the Piedmontese (Sardinian) army.
		The seizure of Mortara led to a battle between Austrian and Piedmontese troops at Novara, 28 miles (45 km) west of Milan.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Battle_of_Novara_(1849) (388 words)

	Encyclopedia: Battle of Novara (1849) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Battle of Novara was one of the battles fought between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia during the Italian wars of independence, within the era of Italian unification.
		Charles Albert of Sardinia Charles Albert (October 2, 1798 â€“ July 28, 1849) was the Duke of Savoy, Piedmont, Aosta and King of Sardinia from 1831 to 1849.
		The seizure of Mortara led to a battle between Austrian and Piedmontese troops at Novara, 28 miles (45 km) west of Milan.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Battle-of-Novara-(1849) (1185 words)

	NOVARA - LoveToKnow Article on NOVARA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Novara, the ancient Novaria, according to Pliny a place of Celtic origin, according to Cato (but wrongly) of Ligurian origin, was a municipal city, and lay on the road between Vercellae and Mediolanum.
		A dukedom of Novara was constituted by the Lombards, a countship by Charlemagne.
		Restored to Savoy in 1814, it was in 1821 the scene of the defeat of the Piedmontese by the Austrians, and in 1849 of the more disastrous battle which led to the abdication of Charles Albert and an Austrian occupation of the city.
	2.1911encyclopedia.org /N/NO/NOVARA.htm (513 words)

	List of battles 1801-1900
		1812 Battle of Aslanduz[?] Oct 31 The Russians defeat the Persian army of Abbas Mirza.
		1828 Battle of Praia Bay[?] August 28 - The Miguelite fleet in Portugal is defeated by the loyalists of Queen Maria in the Azores.
		1849 Battle of Segesbar[?] July 31 - Hungarian forces under Jozef Bem are defeated by the Russians and Austrians under Paskievich and Haynau.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/li/List_of_battles_1801-1900.html (4549 words)

	MANFREDO FANTI - LoveToKnow Article on MANFREDO FANTI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		But on the outbreak of the war between Piedmont and Austria in 1848 he hurried back to Italy, and although at first his services were rejected both by the Piedmontese government and the Lombard provisional government, he was afterwards given the command of a Lombard brigade.
		He was elected member of the Piedmontese chamber in 1849, and on the renewal of the campaign he again commanded a Lombard brigade under General Ramorino.
		After the Piedmontese defeat at Novara (23rd of March) peace was made, but a rising broke out at Genoa, and Fanti with great difficulty restrained his Lombards from taking part in it.
	34.1911encyclopedia.org /F/FA/FANTI_MANFREDO.htm (1238 words)

	Novara: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Several battles were fought (1500, 1513) near Novara during the Italian Wars.
		The diocese of Novara was the western neighbor of the archdiocese...colleagues in Italy and throughout Europe.
		The 150 employees at the remainder of Novaras Midland operation in Shenstone are being told...said.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/novara.jsp?l=N&p=3 (1386 words)

	HOTELS IN NOVARA - novara hotels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Novara is a city of Piedmont, in North-west Italy.
		Accommodation in Novara - It's the capital city of the province of Novara.
		Novara was the site of two important battles, the Battle of Novara (1513) and the Battle of Novara (1849) in the Italian Wars of Independence.Novara, is noted for the manufacture of wool, cotton, and silk textiles, and machinery.
	www.alberghi-in-italia.it /hotels/novara_hotels.htm (89 words)

	Italy - MSN Encarta
		In April 1848 Pius IX denounced the war against Austria, and in July the Austrians defeated the Piedmontese army at the Battle of Custozza.
		In the spring of 1849 his army suppressed revolts on the mainland and regained control of Sicily by bombarding its main cities.
		In northern Italy, Austrian armies led by Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky crushed the revolutions in the Battle of Custoza.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761555207_12/Italy.html (2247 words)

	JAMES BIRDSEYE McPHERSON - LoveToKnow Article on JAMES BIRDSEYE McPHERSON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In October he distinguished himself in command of an infantry brigade at the battle of Corinth, and on the 8th of this month was made major-general of volunteers and commander of a division.
		On the 22nd of July, when the Confederates under his old classmate Hood made a sudden and violent attack on the lines held by the Army of the Tennessee, McPherson rode up, in the woods, to the enemys firing line and was killed.
		MACUGNAGA, a village of Piedmont, Italy, in the province of Novara, 20 m.
	35.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MP/McPHERSON_JAMES_BIRDSEYE.htm (2298 words)

	Luigi, Count Cibrario - LoveToKnow 1911
		But the proposal fell through when the news of the armistice between King Charles Albert and Austria arrived, and the two delegates were made the objects of a hostile demonstration.
		In October 1848 Cibrario was made senator, and after the battle of Novara (March 1849), when Charles Albert abdicated and retired to a monastery near Oporto, Cibrario and Count Giacinto di Collegno were sent as representatives of the senate to express the sympathy of that body with the fallen king.
		He reached Oporto on the 28th of May, and after staying there for a month returned to Turin, which he reached just before the news of Charles Albert's death.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Luigi,_Count_Cibrario (599 words)

	Novara at AllExperts
		Novara is a city of Piedmont, in North-west Italy, to the west of Milan.
		It is the capital city of the province of Novara.
		Founded in ancient times by Romans, Novara was the site of two important battles, the Battle of Novara (in 1513) in the War of the League of Cambrai and the Battle of Novara (in 1849) in the Italian Wars of Independence.
	en.allexperts.com /e/n/no/novara.htm (139 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, Alabama (AL) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		General Radetzky was in the military for over 70 years, until his death at age 91, and is known for the victory at the Battle of Novara (1849) won on March 23, 1849.
		At the Battle of Marengo, as colonel on the staff of Melas, he was hit by five bullets, after endeavouring on the previous evening to bring about modifications in the plan suggested by the "scientific" Zach.
		In 1809, now a lieutenant field marshal, he fought at the Battle of Wagram, and in 1810 he was created a Commander of the Order of Maria Theresa and was awarded the colonelcy of the 5th Radetzky Hussars.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz (1177 words)

	Austrian military occupation of the Oltreticino Novarese in 1849
		The tragic Battle of Novara of 23 March 1849 saw the defeat of the Army of Sardinia which was beaten by the Royal Imperial Austrian Army and was the inglorious end of the First War of Independence.
		From the middle of April 1849, the Sardinian Government found it necessary to send a high military office, Colonel Mathieu, with the duty of Royal Extraordinary Commissioner attached to the Austrian General Headquarters, that had stayed in Novara until the withdrawal of all the Austrian troops from the Piedmont region.
		The second is a letter dispatched from Novara on 4 May thereafter and addressed to the Milanese Director of the Austrian Campaign Post Office, in which there is a complaint of a lost document that had been consigned to the military postal courier on the Novara-Mortara route.
	www.kitzbuhel.demon.co.uk /austamps/sjr02/index.htm (1150 words)

	North Shore Wargames Club Colonial Links
		Battle between the Austrian army and the French-Piedmontese army on 4 June 1859.
		Overview, Battle of The Alma, Battle of Balaklava.
		Among the reconnaissance, sketch, and theater-of-war maps are the detailed battle maps made by Major Jedediah Hotchkiss for Generals Lee and Jackson, General Sherman’s Southern military campaigns, and maps taken from diaries, scrapbooks, and manuscripts.
	www.geocities.com /northshore_wargames/Colonial_Links (924 words)

	Neue Rheinsiche Zeitung No. 260 March 1849
		The lost battle at Novara resulted merely in a strategic disadvantage; the Italians were cut off from Turin, whereas the way to it lay open to the Austrians.
		The battle at Novara and the paralysis of the Piedmontese which followed it prove that in extreme cases, when a people needs to exert all its strength in order to save itself, nothing hinders it so much as the monarchy.
		The Austrians were completely successful in establishing their line of battle and simultaneously delivering a concentric attack on all points of the Piedmontese battle formation with such a superiority of force that the Piedmontese were crushed by it.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1849/03/31a.htm (2995 words)

	Novara and its surroundings, between history and nature
		Novara and its surroundings, between history and nature
		Novara and continues through the plain with rice-fields, between the Sesia’s and Ticino’s shore, near the border with the Lombardy.
		Novara, following the State Road 299 it is possible to see the
	www.piemondo.it /eng/piedmont/novara_eng.htm (290 words)

	Charles Albert of Sardinia Summary
		Charles Albert (October 2, 1798 – July 28, 1849) was the Duke of Savoy, Piedmont, Aosta and King of Sardinia from 1831 to 1849.
		He abdicated after his forces were defeated by the Austrian army at the Battle of Novara (1849).
		However, he was defeated at Novara in 1849 and, rather than redraw the Statute, abdicated in favour of his son, Victor Emmanuel.
	www.bookrags.com /Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia (911 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Charles Albert of Sardinia
		He abdicated after his forces were defeated by the Austrian army at the Battle of Novara (1849), and died in exile soon thereafter.
		In 1821, as regent for the kingdom in the absence of the new king, Charles Felix, he conceded a constitution that was disavowed by the king, who sent him to join the French army in Spain to suppress the liberal revolution there and restore Ferdinand VII.
		However, he was defeated at Battle of Custozza in 1848, and then, when he attempted to resume the war the next year, at Novara.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia (564 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Vincenzo Gioberti
		These works were answered in 1849 by the Jesuit Father Curci's "Divinazione sulle tre ultime opere di V. Gioberti".
		In December he became president of the ministry (with Rattazzi and other democrats) whereas the new cabinet was all for war, Giobertl had learned caution, and was anxious to reorganize the army.
		Moreover, he wanted Piedmont to re-establish in their estates the pope and the Grand Duke of Tuscany, who had been driven out by the revolution; so he quarrelled with his fellow-ministers and resigned on 20 February, 1849, but in the newspapers he carried on the quarrel.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06562b.htm (1511 words)

	Neue Rheinsiche Zeitung No. 259 March 1849
		As we were able to inform most of our readers yesterday, two engagements have taken place simultaneously, at Vigevano and Mortara, in one of which the Austrians gained advantages, in the other the victory went to the Piedmontese.
		Immediately afterwards, at 6 o'clock, Mortara was attacked by the imperial forces; after defending themselves bravely, the Piedmontese eventually withdrew from this position under the protection of the reserve division.
		This division continued the battle into the night, and only then did Mortara fall into the hands of the enemy.
	www.ucc.ie /acad/appsoc/tmp_store/mia/Library/archive/marx/works/1849/03/30b.htm (1004 words)

	Victor Emmanuel II. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		He fought in the war of 1848–49 against Austrian rule in Lombardy-Venetia and ascended the throne when his father, Charles Albert, abdicated after the defeat at Novara.
		With the skillful collaboration of Cavour, whom he appointed premier in 1852, he became the symbol and the central figure of the Risorgimento, the movement for Italian unification.
		After the battle of Solferino, France signed a separate armistice with Austria at Villafranca di Verona; Victor Emmanuel was not consulted, but the terms were ratified in the Treaty of Zürich.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/65/vi/VictorEm2.html (420 words)

	Count Camillo Cavour Risorgimento Italian unification
		In March 1849 the Sardinian, and "Italian" forces, were overthrown by a resurgent Austrian Empire at a major battle of Novara.
		In the July 1849 elections associated with this succession Cavour was again returned to the chamber of deputies.
		Although France and Sardinia were victorious it was at the cost of a formidable toll of lives, including battles the horror of which led a Swiss observer, Henri Dunant, to strive to found the International Red Cross Association.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /historical/biography/camillo_cavour.html (2245 words)

	Sardinia and the War - Part 1
		Italy, at the outbreak of the Crimean war, was still looking for a new equilibrium after the events of 1848-1849, the revolutionary period on the European continent.
		These defeats brought to an end the constitutional reforms in the Italian states, with the exception of Piedmont, which became a safe haven for the refugees from the States under Austrian influence, mainly from Lombardy.
		Already in 1844, BALBO predicted a quarrel in the East, and saw opportunities for compensating the Austrians in the East (Danube Principalities) for the loss of influence they would incur in Italy, due to the unification of the latter.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/crimean_war/102522/3 (482 words)

	novara daily photo
		A picture during the re-evocation of the Bicocca Renaissance Battle (Piedmontese Army VS Austrian Army - 23rd of march 1849).
		Amatori Rugby Novara is the Novarese rugby team with a prideful past in the bush league.
		Bicocca charnel house, a monument erected in 1879 on the place where the Piedmontese army was heavily decimated by the Austrian one, commanded by Radetzky, on the 23rd of march 1849.
	www.novaradailyphoto.blogspot.com (3339 words)

	Piemontefeel - The Nineteenth Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In June 1800 the emperor won one of his most famous battles at Marengo, near Alessandria.
		With the decree of 1801, Piedmont was annexed to France whereas the area around Novara became part of the Cisalpine Republic.
		The process had begun with the first riots of 1821 and had been followed by the wars of independence (battle of Novara, 1849); it was concluded in 1861, despite the exclusion of Rome.
	www.piemontefeel.org /EN/Page/t01/view_html?idp=36 (493 words)

	Lombardy Venetia 1848-1849 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In March 1849 the Piedmontese government renewed the hostilities with Austria but was defeated decisively at the battle of Novara after less than a week of fighting and had to seek peace.
		Following Novara, the Austrians appealed to Venice to surrender but the Venetians refused.
		After some negotiations, the city surrendered on August 22, 1849, and Manin and other leaders were allowed to leave.
	www.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/ip/lombardy.htm (1075 words)

	Victor Emmanuel II of Italy Summary
		Notwithstanding bravery and zeal, the Piedmontese forces suffered defeat at the battle of Novara, and in March 1849 Charles Albert abdicated as king of Sardinia in favor of his son rather than face the humiliation of the peace terms.
		Charles Albert went to war in 1848 against the Austrian Empire (which ruled most of northern Italy), but was defeated at the Battle of Novara the following year.
		In 1866 Italy lost battles against Austria, but due to their alliance with Prussia received Venetia via France as the intermediary in 1866.
	www.bookrags.com /Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy (1614 words)

	Cheap Novara Car Hire - Book Car Rental in Novara - Italy
		Novara is the capital of the province of Novara, Piedmont, in Italy.
		The Barrage Natural Reserve - From Novara take the State Road 299 from where it is possible to see the Reserve, in which are located a number of interesting small historical towns.
		The Battle of Novara (23 March 1849) — This is re-enacted in March every year.
	italy.carhireexpress.co.uk /novara.html (487 words)

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