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	Battle of Orsha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Orsha took place September 8, 1514, between the forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland (less than 30,000 troops), under the command of Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski, and the army of Muscovy under Konyushy (конюший, "Tsar's Equerry") Ivan Chelyadnin (Иван Челяднин) and Kniaz (Prince) Mikhail Golitsa (Михаил Голица).
		The Battle of Orsha was part of a long chain of wars conducted by Russian tsars striving to gather all the Old Ruthenian lands under their rule.
		The Battle of Orsha was one of the biggest battles of 16th-century Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Orsha (1551 words)

	Hussar - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		With the Battle of Lubieszów in 1577 the 'Golden Age' of the husaria began.
		Until the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Polish hussars fought countless actions against a variety of enemies, and rarely lost a battle.
		In the battles of Byczyna (1588), Kokenhusen (1601), Kircholm (1605), Kłuszyn (1610), Gniew (1626), Chocim (1673) and Lwów (1675), the Polish hussars proved to be the decisive factor often against overwhelming odds.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Hussar (2366 words)

	paintings-index
		Several important castles were taken in the aftermath of the battle, but the Polish-Lithuanian Army proved insufficiently large in the face of Muscovite manpower to recapture Smolensk.
		Battle was joined at Kircholm on the 27th of September.
		She fought in the battle of Kaunas, in which she was nearly captured.
	www.zincavage.org /paintings-index.html (2547 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> hussar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		These Serbian gussars fled from Rascia (Serbia) under the onslaught of the Turkish Ottomans after the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 to neighbouring Croatia which at that time was part of the Hungarian kingdom, hence the misinterpretation of the hussars having a Hungarian origin.
		In the battles of Byczyna (1588), Kokenhusen (1601), Kircholm (1605), KÅuszyn (1610), Gniew (1626), Chocim (1673), LwÃ³w (1675) and the Battle of Vienna 1683, the Polish hussars proved to be the decisive factor often against overwhelming odds.
		In battle, they were used in such light cavalry roles as harassing enemy skirmishers, overrunning artillery positions, and pursuing fleeing troops.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/hussar (3223 words)

	The Guild - Historical Battles
		Also, it was 10000+ battle on both sides so it would fit perfectly in the RTW engine (some of the bigger 30000+ battles don't really work properly when scaled down).
		They outnumbered the French, yet the French actually won the battle, as the Italians could not get their troops over the river in time (you must note that the river was the key strategic point in the battle).
		One of the important battles in development of warfare, since for the first time the teutonic infantry remained on the battlefield while the knights fled.
	forums.totalwar.org /vb/printthread.php?t=40541 (2463 words)

	Our Sister Cities: Warsaw & Mazovia Province, Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Except in a few cases, casualties suffered by hussaria were very low, and this was the best proof of their worth, as well as proof of the talent of Polish commanders of the time.
		The list of major battles won by Polish and Lithuanian armies using hussaria is given in the appendix.
		This battle is classified by historians as one of the most decisive battles of the world.
	www.sandiegosistercities.org /sister/warsaw/hussaria.html (1993 words)

	User:Szopen - Wikipedia
		short info about battles, which are summaries of short information from book i have
		Battle of Grunwald - i have to add more meat to TAWs article
		Battle of Bialy Kamien[?] -Paide albo Bialy Kamien
	wikipedia.findthelinks.com /sz/Szopen.html (125 words)

	Polish and Russian Political History - The Rehabilitation Of Poland Under Sigismund I, 1506--1548
		But, at any rate, both the Moscovite and the Teutonic questions had been settled somehow; and Sigismund was able to turn his attention to the South, On August 29, 1526, Sigismund's nephew, Louis II of Hungary, perished on the field of Mohacs with his whole army.
		The whole of her vast, ill-protected, south-eastern frontier, extending from Kiev to the Dnieper2, and known as the dzikie poli, or " wilderness," lay wide open to their sudden and incalculable attacks ; and, generally, they had disappeared like a whirlwind in the trackless steppe before the border castellans could marshal their widely-scattered levies.
		Thus, when Sigismund rewarded Ostrogski for his great victory at Orsza, by conferring on him the Voivody of Troki, such a storm arose at the subsequent Diet of 1522, that the King had to give a written undertaking that, henceforth, none but a Catholic should have a seat in the Lithuanian Senate.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles11/slavic-europe-4.shtml (5125 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Orsha (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The famous Battle of Orsha occurred around 1514.
		The battle is regarded as a symbol of Belarusian national revival by Belarusian nationalists, but its significance is being suppressed by the Belarusian authorities of Alexander Lukashenka {{fact}}.
		The town was damaged during the Russo-Polish War (1654-1667), which was a disaster for Lithuania.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Orsha (930 words)

	Polish Renaissance Warfare - Army Composition, Polish Hussars
		Present at the battle of Kleck (1506) they showed their worth against the elusive tartars and because of their success, compared to the lumbering heavy knights, many Polish noblemen followed suite fighting like the usars.
		Their number slowly increased, at the battle of Orsza (1514) there were large numbers of lance armed light cavalry and 800 hussars formed a sizable part of the reserve.
		The unique part of the hussars was their battle field tactics which gave the Polish army a powerful striking force, superior to all other European cavalry for over a century.
	www.jasinski.co.uk /wojna/comp/comp06.htm (1900 words)

	Herbarz Polski (A)
		He had a son, Kazimierz Stefan, chamberlain of Grodno, and later, marshal, was deputized by the Sejm of 1690 to the tribunal of the treasury, and in 1697, to the tribunal of Vilno.
		Stanislaw, captain of an armored division, fell in battle with Moscow at Miednice, which was noted by the Sejm in 1662 with the recommendation that his sacrifice be remembered, which the Sejm of 1683 confirmed.
		Fabian, son of Michal, master of the hunt in Orsza Province, and Elzbieta Illinicz from Dorochów; man of property in White Russia, in Zmuda Principality and Kowno County: entered military service at a young age and rose to the rank of vice-brigadier in the national cavalry of the Lithuanian army.
	www.pgsa.org /Hearldry/herbarzA.htm (6839 words)

	Polish Army During the Napoleonic Wars
		Soon after the battle the Russian fortress of Smolensk surrendered, the tsar was ousted by the boyars and the small Polish army entered Moscow with little opposition.
		The Battle of Vienna in 1683 had the most far-reaching consequences as it was the turning point in the 300-year struggle between the forces of the European kingdoms, and the Ottoman Empire.
		Battle of Kircholm 1605, Poles vs Swedes (incl.
	web2.airmail.net /napoleon/polish_army.html (8114 words)

	Sigismund I - LoveToKnow 1911
		The interminable war was interrupted, indeed, by brief truces whenever Polish valour proved superior to Muscovite persistence, as for instance after the great victory of Orsza (Sept. 1514) and again in 1522 when Moscow was threatened by the Tatars.
		But the Tatars themselves were a standing menace to the republic.
		Generally, however, they confined themselves to raiding on a grand scale and, encouraged by the Porte or the Muscovite, systematically devastated whole provinces, penetrating even into the heart of Poland proper and disappearing with immense booty.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Sigismund_I (979 words)

	PolishRoots - Geography & Maps
		In the battle between Werki and Szeszkinia Hill, the Lithuanians were defeated and took refuge in the lower castle with their leader, Kazimierz Korygajlo, Jagiello’s brother.
		A bloody battle ensued and could only be brought under control by the voivode foot soldiers and municipal guards.
		The discord and turmoil were not conducive to the good of the city and little changed with August II accession to the throne in 1699 apart from the new privilege, which merely reinforced the old one.
	www.polishroots.org /slownik/wilno.htm (19221 words)

	Minsk History -- 4
		The key Eastern fortress of Smalensk was taken by Tsar Basil III(1513), scarcely before the Grand Duchess of Lithuania, his sister, was cold in her coffin.
		Fortunately, by his victory over the Russians at Orsza in 1514, the Hetman of the Grand Duchy, Prince Constantine Astrozhski, saved the city from further immediate misfortune.
		Prior to the battle, the Grand Duke Zhyhimunt II(Pol.
	www.belarusguide.com /cities/minsk_DZ/mh_4.html (742 words)

	Hussar
		Polish 'winged' hussar rotameister (officer) circa 1577, battle of Lubieszow.
		The Polish-Lithuanian Winged Hussars are not as well-known in Western Europe, only after the Battle of Vienna 1683 — and mainly after the famous films based on the novels of Sienkiewicz: "Ogniem i Mieczem" ("With Fire and Sword"), "Potop" ("The Deluge") and "Pan Wolodyjowski" (lit.
		In the battles of Byczyna (1588), Kokenhusen (1601), Kircholm (1605), Kluszyn (1610), Gniew (1626), Chocim (1673), Lwów (1675) and the Battle of Vienna 1683, the Polish hussars proved to be the decisive factor often against overwhelming odds.
	libraryoflibrary.com /E_n_c_p_d_Hussar.html (3228 words)

	Classic Buffalo - Czyz Genealogy
		Aleksander Jerzy Bonifacy Mintowt-Czyz leads a group of Lithuanian lancers to battle, near Orsza, in September of 1514.
		In September of 1605 at the battle near Kircholm dies lieutenant of hussars, Jan Zenobiusz Mintowt-Czyz.
		In September 12, 1683, at the battle of Vienna, dies captain of cavalry, Witold Ignacy Mintowt-Czyz.
	www.classicbuffalo.com /CzyzGenealogy.htm (1173 words)

	Józef Pilsudski Institute of America - Painting
		Non-religious themes began to appear in Polish arts, including mythology and history such as the battle of Orsza, as well as the first portraits of kings, bishops, professors and prominent townsmen.
		The Baroque period (seventeenth to mid eighteenth centuries) was one of intensive growth during which foreign and domestic artists, influenced by Italian and Flemish masters and encouraged by the Court, raised the level of Polish painting to a new high.
		Michałowski (1807-1855) reached a high European ranking; his portrayal of Napoleonic battle scenes as well as portraits of townsmen, peasants and Jews can be compared to paintings by the greatest Romantic painters like Gericault and Delacroix.
	www.pilsudski.org /English/Gallery/Painting.htm (1107 words)

	The Husaria - Polish Cavalry
		The crux of any battle was the cavalry charge, not a massed attack by heavy armor, but light cavalry supported by artillery, probing for weak points to be exploited by the heavy cavalry deployed in a checkerboard pattern so that the bringing down of one rank or section did not affect the others.
		This light cavalry gained it's fame after a victorious battle at Orsza on September 8,1514, where 30,000 polish and Lithuanian troops, including the light cavalry, commanded by the Grand Hetman of Lithuania, Konstanty Ostrogski defeated 80,000 Muscovite troops, and it even managed to take prisoner the commander, Y.P. Cheladin.
		During the period in which the Husaria reigned, the baroque period, the ideal of male beauty was a winged horsemen clad in armor, with and animal skin thrown over his shoulders.
	www.cavhooah.com /polish.htm (2322 words)

	Polish Art Center - Coffee Table Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		From Legnica (1241) to Vienna (1683) to the Battle of Warsaw (1920) - the signs of the Poles' participation in the defence of Christendom in Europe.
		From Grunwald (1410) to Orsza (1514) and Kirchholm (1605) to Raclawice (1795), consecutive confederations and risings to September 1939 and the Warsaw Uprising (1944) - the signs of the will to defend the heritage entrusted to Poles by generations of their ancestors.
		Indeed battles, knights and soldiers abond in the history of Poland.
	www.polartcenter.com /cgi-bin/shop.pl/page=bookcoff.htm (2884 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - A People, a Land & an Empire: A History of Russia
		It had proven itself in battle a number of times, and perhaps most important, or superficial depending on ones point of view, it was not a Catholic nation.
		Putting aside the blatant military results that the battle produced, a look at the moral and political situation that occurred within Poland after the battle are very revealing indeed.
		The 'Battle of Kursk' was actually a number of battles, skirmishes and engagements that bled into one another for over 16 months in 1521 and 1522.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/printthread.php?t=10144 (10967 words)

	National Museum in Warsaw
		The exhibition opens with a panorama of old-Polish painting (created between the 16th and the first half od the 18th c., Room I) by anonymous artists, painters of representational portraits for family galleries of ancestors, plus a set of old-Polish coffin portraits and examples of portraiture at the Vasa court.
		The survey is complemented by a set of paintings by the brothers Teodor and Krzysztof Lubieniecki, whose oeuvre remained under the influence of Dutch painting (Annexe 1).
		In the survey of Polish Romantic painting (Room III and Annexe 5), Piotr Michalowski's portraits and battle scenes are remarkable for their Europen class whereas January Suchodolski's paintings and Artur Grottger's history and genre scenes represent the native variation of Romanticism.
	www.ddg.art.pl /nm/collections/polish_paint.html (832 words)

	Poland
		The 13 years war was the last time that the General Levy was in the field for any period of time, it failed to win a single battle.
		A painting of the battle of Orsza, dated between 1524 and 1530, shows the Polish Nobles in full Armour, on barded horses.
		The Painting of Orsza, although of the period is thought to have been painted by a 'German' artist from second hand accounts and using his own Knowledge of Western equipment.
	myweb.tiscali.co.uk /matthaywood/main/Poland.htm (2231 words)

	Warsaw Uprising Witnesses: Lidia Markiewicz-Ziental II
		After heavy battles at Wola and Old Town, we were no longer accustomed to such a calm and silence.
		The writings on the barricades made us laugh: “Be careful – they are shooting – lean down.” The world where we found ourselves was so different that it seemed unreal.
		Accused by many for not allowing wounded to enter the sewers, his brutality and abuses, however, praised later for bravery in battle by Colonel ‘Wachnowski’ and Second Lieutenant Zawodny – ‘Mis’.
	www.warsawuprising.com /witness/markiewicz2.htm (2052 words)

	Polish Renaissance Warfare - Summary of Conflicts - Part One
		The Muscovite force besieged Orsza, but again retreated in front of the Royal army.
		Peace negotiations were concluded in October 1508 where Moscow conceded Lukecz, but Lithuania recognised the conquests of Ivan.
		Peace was concluded in January 1510 where Moldavia gave back Pokucie as well as their prisoners and the spoils of war.
	www.jasinski.co.uk /wojna/conflicts/conf01.htm (1220 words)

	Husaria - polish winged cavalry. [Archive] - Military Photos
		Other great battle was Battle at Chocim in 1673 when 29000 polish soldiers (number of Husarzs: 1690) slaughteret army of Turkey (30000 soldiers).
		Here is a list of major battles won by Polish and Lithuanian forces in the 16th and 17th centuries, some won solely by cavalry.
		It was fighting a defensive battle against a light German army group, reinforced by the East Prussian cavalry division, which was the only great cavalry unit the Germans possessed at the time.
	www.militaryphotos.net /forums/archive/index.php/t-7779.html (10768 words)

	From the First Congress of Vienna
		That congress of 1515 can be called a first Congress of Vienna, three hundred years before the famous one, because it was concluded in the Austrian capital after Maximilian I had met his guests near the frontier.
		The Hungarians themselves were divided into partisans of the Habsburgs, who counted in vain on Austrian help against the Muslim, and a national party, opposed to German influence and to a decisive struggle against the sultan’s overwhelming power, in which, as they anticipated, the Hungarians would be left alone.
		This actually happened in the critical summer of 1526 when their army, assisted only by a few Polish volunteers, was crushed in the battle of Mohács on August twenty-ninth.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /wooton/34/halecki/10.htm (8896 words)

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