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	Encyclopedia: First Battle of Panipat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The battle was fought near the small village of Panipat, in the present day Indian state of Haryana, an area that has been the site of a number decisive battles for the control of Northern India since the twelfth century.
		Panipat is a city and district in Haryana state, India, The city has a population of 216,000.
		The battle marked the foundation of the so called Mughal or Mogul empire in India - the word means Mongol and alludes to the Turko-Mongol origins of Baburs and his officers, although the majority of his troops would probably have had been of mixed Central Asian descent.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/First-Battle-of-Panipat (563 words)

	Panipat - Tourism 1
		Second Battle of Panipat (A.D. The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on November 5, 1556 between the able Hindu commander and the king Hemu and Akbar who succeeded Humayun to the throne of Delhi.
		Third Battle of Panipat(A.D. The Third Battle of Paniapt was fought on January 14, 1761 between the Afghan invader Ahmed Shah Abdali and the Marathas,the protectors and friends of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.
		Panipat was one of the five disputed "Prasthas" during the Mahabharata War.
	panipat.nic.in /tourism.htm (1486 words)

	Second battle of Panipat -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		On November 5 both the armies met at (Battle in which the ruler of Afghanistan defeated the Mahrattas in 1761) Panipat.
		As in many other battles, the loss of the leader caused panic among the troops and turned the tide of the battle.
		This battle, known as Second Battle of Panipat was an epoch-making event in the history of India as it resulted in re-establishment of the (additional info and facts about Mughal empire) Mughal empire in India.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/se/second_battle_of_panipat.htm (573 words)

	tribuneindia... Regional Vignettes
		The First Battle of Panipat was fought between the armies of Ibrahim Lodi and Babar in 1526.
		The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on November 5,1556, between the forces of Hemu and Akbar.
		Panipat, the handloom house of India, is also getting polluted due to the presence of both small and big industries in and around the town.
	www.tribuneindia.com /1998/98sep26/saturday/regional.htm (2272 words)

	First Battle of Panipat
		The first Battle of Panipat gave a deathblow to the Lodhi Empire and marked the end of the Delhi Sultanate's rule in India.
		Battle ended in about 3 hours with the death of Ibrahim Lodhi who was at forefront.
		The other significance of the battle is that it marked the beginning of large-scale use of fire arms in Indian warfare.
	www.indhistory.com /mughul-dynasty-panipat.html (536 words)

	Panipat Refinery :: Walking the streets of Panipat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on November 5, 1556 between Hemu and Akbar.
		In the fiercely contested engagements, Hemu, a veteran of 24 battles gave a tough fight to the Mughals and was almost on the point of Victory, when a stray arrow pierced his eye and he fell unconsciousness.
		In the wintry chill the plain of Panipat lay veiled in a curtain of mist.
	www.panipatrefinery.net /panipat_city.html (1695 words)

	Panipat Haryana, Historical Tours of Panipat, Panipat City Guide, Haryana Tourism, Haryana India Travel, Historical ...
		The repeated battles at Panipat did not leave much by way of historic relics, but the tomb of Ibrahim Lodi, the Kabuli Bagh Mosque built by Babar to commemorate his victory, the Salarjung Gate, all architectural masterpieces in themselves, bear testimony to those tumultuous times.
		The first battle of Panipat fought in AD 1526 in which invader Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi, the Sultan of Delhi, on April 26.
		In the second battle of Panipat, on November 5, 1556, Akbar's guardian Bairam Khan defeated the Hindu ruler Hemu.
	www.indiantravelportal.com /haryana/panipat (726 words)

	Weapons and Tactics
		Aurangzeb when fighting his brothers for succession, in two battles, the rival to the throne was induced by treacherous advice to dismount and their armies automatically dispersed; this was because the remuneration of the army was from individual princes.
		The two opposing armies would camp on the battlefield and for several days negotiations would be conducted to entice commanders to change sides before the battle, to refuse to act at a critical moment or to desert with their commands during a battle.
		The Ulm campaign and the Battle of Austerlitz illustrates the movement of an army by corps and the tactics of the age.
	www.defencejournal.com /2001/apr/weapons.htm (6680 words)

	Battles of Panipat -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The first battle (April 21, 1526) was between the Mughal chief Babur, then ruler of Kabul, and Sultan Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi.
		Two battles in the fall of 1777 that marked the turning point for the Continental Army in the American Revolution were the Battles of Saratoga.
		The Battle of Marathon was a decisive victory for the Greeks during the Persian Wars.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9058270?tocId=9058270 (803 words)

	The Moghal Mansabdari System 1526-1707
		Babur and Humayun ruled over territory that was not too far flung, after the tribes and the clans that had joined Babur for booty returned after the Battle of Panipat, their place was taken by foreign adventurers, Uzbeks, Persians, Arabs, Turks etc who thronged to the court with contingents of troops.
		There was a theoretical pattern to which the army conformed in battle; this consisted of three divisions, the center, right and left wing, each of these had an advance guard, a screen of skirmishers and there was a rear guard to the whole force.
		When it was considered that the artillery had sufficiently demoralized the enemy, successive charges were delivered from one wing then the other; the cavalry first fired their matchlocks and arrows then closed with the sword, spear and the mace, fighting was series of skirmishes ending in individual combat.
	orbat.com /site/history/historical/india/mughal1526-1857.html (1769 words)

	The First Battle of Panipat, 1526
		Babur reached Panipat in the first week of April in 1526 and held a council of war where it was decided to give battle at Panipat to Ibrahim Lodi’s advancing army; a census of the army revealed that it now numbered about 25,000.
		Babur planned for the forthcoming battle, he used Panipat village to rest his right flank, to protect his front he collected 700 carts and tied them together with raw hide in the ‘Ottoman fashion’, the tactic the nomads had used against the Romans.
		Ibrahim Lodi with 100,000 men and 1000 elephants arrived at Panipat and faced Babur’s army for eight days; the pay of some of his men was in arrears, there was discontentment in the army and they did not sally out of the camp.
	orbat.com /site/history/historical/india/panipat1526.html (544 words)

	Babur [1483-1530] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Panipat was merely the beginning of the Mughal rule; Akbar laid its real foundation in 1556.
		At the time of the battle of Panipat, the political power in India was shared by the Afghans and the Rajputs.
		In the battle of Kanwaha, Babur defeated the Rajput leader Rana Sanga of Mewar.
	www.storyofpakistan.com /person.asp?perid=P053 (577 words)

	India Travelogue - Destinations Haryana India: Haryana India Travel Guide, trip planning to Haryana India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The legendary battle described in the Mahabharata was fought on the fields of Kurukshetra.
		Babur, a descendent of Timur and Genghis Khan, rode in with an infantry and cavalry of 25,000 soldiers from Samarqand, and defeated Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi of Delhi in this historic battle.
		The battle led to the establishment of Mughal rule in India, a period that saw the construction of many forts and architectural wonders including the Taj Mahal.
	www.indiatravelogue.com /dest/har/har1.html (1084 words)

	NLRC: Fourth Battle of Panipat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		"Panipat Ki Chauthi Ladai" was produced by Amarjeet in collaboration of the Zilla Saksharta Samiti (ZSS) Panipat.
		The film is a video locally produced by the team engaged in running the campaign, for the purpose of environment creation and experience sharing.
		The title is from the name of the campaign, which signifies the fourth battle of Panipat, referring to the historically famous three battles fought earlier.
	www.lbsnaa.ernet.in /lbsnaa/nlrc/films/ladai.htm (108 words)

	Battle of Panipat I - History of Haryana
		Battle of Panipat I - History of Haryana
		Mahendergarh Mewat Panchkula Panipat Rewari Rohtak Sirsa Sonipat Yamunanagar
		he first Battle of Panipat gave a death blow to the Lodhi empire and marked the end of the Delhi Sultanate's rule in India.
	www.haryana-online.com /History/1st_battle_of_panipat.htm (448 words)

	Indiatimes Learning..........Excel@Examss/History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The third battle of Panipat was fought between Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Marathas.
		The battle of Plassey soon followed in 1757 in which the Nawab was defeated and British placed Mir Zafar, in his place but in 1760 Mir Zafar was forced to abdicate in favour of his son -in -law Mir Qasim.
		It was Mir Qasim who belied the hopes of the British and instead of acting according to the British demands, he soon emerged as a major threat to their position and designs in Bengal.
	learning.indiatimes.com /test_papers/papers/history/1996/hap_c.htm (1979 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Panipat, Battle of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Decisive battles were, therefore, fought between rulers of Delhi and invaders on the plains immediately west of Delhi.
		He used the town of Panipat to protect one flank and had his troops dig a wide ditch and fill it with cut brush to protect the other flank.
		The battle was decided by Babur's "sweeping" tactic, which sent strong units to the sides and back of the Afghans.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_039400_panipatbattl.htm (304 words)

	List of battles 1401-1800
		1428 Battle of Orleans English forces commanded by the Earl of Salisbury with duke of Bedford besiege French city and are driven off with the loss of their siege engines by Joan.
		1547 Battle of Mühlberg[?] April 24 HRE Charles V captures elector of Saxony and lays siege to Wittenberg in the Schmalkaldic War.
		1600 Battle of Nieuwpoort June 2 Battle between Dutch (led by Prince Mauritz) and Spanish army, led by Albrecht, archduke of Austria.
	www.fastload.org /li/List_of_battles_1401-1800.html (2773 words)

	rediff.com: The sixth battle of Panipat
		The first three are well known and were actually fought at Panipat, 120 kilometres northwest of Delhi, in present-day Haryana.
		It will not be an exaggeration to say that the first three battles of Panipat, rather than being victories for the invaders, were, more appropriately, battles lost by the Indians.
		Else, we may be sowing the seeds of a nuclear Panipat for future generations.
	www.rediff.com /news/2002/oct/16spec.htm (1101 words)

	Babur - The First Mughal Emperor [1526-30] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		At the age of 14, Babur ascended the throne of the Central Asian kingdom of Farghana.
		He fought many battles in the pursuit of this goal, winning and losing his kingdom many times in the process.
		Panipat was merely the beginning of the Mughal rule.
	www.storyofpakistan.com /articletext.asp?artid=A011 (332 words)

	nagpuronline: Janoji Bhosle & Pesva Balaji Bajirav
		Following their defeat in the Third Battle of Panipat, the Marathas were busy putting their own affairs in order.
		In the Battle of Raksasabhuvan (10th August 1763) the Nizam was routed and forced to surrender.
		The success of this battle was mainly due to his strategic and tactical movements.
	www.nagpuronline.com /history/janojipb.html (1244 words)

	::: Journal of Astrology :::
		In that transit Venus was not afflicted and was in Vrisha.
		The third battle of Panipat was the signal of the fall of all Indian resistance to the spread and firm hold of the British in India.
		In the third battle of Panipat, Indian resistance to the future spread of British empire was totally broken down.
	www.journalofastrology.com /ARTICLES/the_phenomenon_of_venus.htm (3169 words)

	Vandemataram.com - Modern Bharat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It was during this time, that Maratha empire probably crossed the boundaries of Delhi and their rule, even though for a while extended beyond country's limits.
		So also, this was the time when they suffered one of their biggest defeats on the battle field at the third battle of Panipat.
		A very striking event, during the regime of Peshwa's was the third battle of Panipat, between Maratha's and the Afghans, on January 14, 1461.
	www.vandemataram.com /html/3modbht/peshwa (519 words)

	The Babur Nama
		On our right was the town of Panipat with its suburbs; in front of us were the carts and mantelets we had prepared; on our left and elsewhere were ditch and branch.
		Though our men did not do their work, they got off safe and sound; not a man of them was killed, though they were in touch with such a mass of foes.
		When the incitement to battle had come, the Sun was spear-high; till midday fighting had been in full force; noon passed, the foe was crushed in defeat, our friends rejoicing and gay.
	www.geocities.com /SoHo/Studios/8611/babur.html (1880 words)

	History of Agra City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The second battle of Tarain(1192) proved to be decisive as it overthrew the mighty Chauhans and firmly established the Turks in the heart of the country.
		Immediately after battle of Panipat he despatched his eldest son Humayun to Agra to seize the treasury.
		It was not, however until the second battle of Panipat in 1556 that he was defeatd and killed and Agra was occupied by Iskandar Khan on behalf of Akbar.
	www.ignca.nic.in /agra008.htm (1430 words)

	Security Research Review: Volume 1(2) Was Late Medieval India Ready for a Revolution in Military Affairs Part II - ...
		Battle of Sarai Sobhachand, 1750- Salabat Khan brought his army to Agra and demanded the entire revenue of Agra province from the Jats.
		Panipat was not a failure of Maratha arms; it was a failure of Maratha diplomacy.
		In one such battle Najib Khan kept his foot-musketeers and horsemen in a single column and pressed on to the camp of the Sikh invaders.
	www.bharat-rakshak.com /SRR/Volume12/airavat.html (3805 words)

	:: ISlam \| Quran in Urdu \| Quran in English \| Quran in Arabic \| Islamic History ::
		Battle of Gulnabad between the Afghans and the Persians.
		The Persians were defeated and the Afghans under Shah Mahmud became the masters of a greater part of Persia.
		Ahmad Shah Durrani came to India at the invitation of Shah Waliullah Dehlavi and smashed rising Maratha power in the battle of Panipat.
	www.kashar.net /islam?link=18th (243 words)

	The Real Akbar. The (not) So Great
		Babar's son Humayun was defeated by Sher Shah Sur, an Afgan at the battle of Chausa on 26 June 1539.
		In this second battle of Panipat, the Mughals were saved by a lucky accident after a hard fight which looked more than likely to go against them.
		In any battle of this period the death of the leader meant an end of the fight, and the sight of Hemu slumped in the howdah of his famous elephant Hawai was enough to make his army turn tail.
	www.hindunet.org /hindu_history/modern/akbar_vs.html (2420 words)

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