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	Punic Wars - LoveToKnow 1911
		The Carthaginians hastily collected a relief force, but in a battle fought off the Aegates or Aegusae islands (west of Drepana) their fleet was caught at a disadvantage and mostly sunk or captured (March io, 241).
		The battle was evenly contested until Nero by a dexterous flanking movement cut the enemy's retreat.
		The battle was ultimately decided by the cavalry of the Romans and their new ally Massinissa, which by a manoeuvre recalling the tactics of Cannae took Hannibal's line in the rear and completely destroyed it.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Punic_Wars (4709 words)

	List of battles before AD 601: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		432 BC Battle of Potidaea (Battle of Potidaea: the battle of potidaea was, with the battle of sybota, one of the catalysts for the peloponnesian...
		Battle of Notium (Battle of Notium: at the battle of notium (or ephesus) in 406 bc, the spartan fleet of lysander...
		Battle of the Lipara Islands (Battle of the Lipara Islands: the battle of the lipari islands or lipara (lipara harbour, 260 bc) was the...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/list_of_battles_before_ad_6011 (7549 words)

	Battle of Tyndaris - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Tyndaris is a naval battle of the First Punic War, which took place off Tyndaris (modern Tindari) in 257 BC.
		Tyndaris was a Sicilian town founded as a Greek colony in 396 BC located on the high ground overlooking the Tyrrhenian Sea in the Gulf of Patti.
		Hiero II, tyrant of Syracuse, allowed Tyndaris to become a base for the Carthaginians; however, after this battle, which took place in the waters between Tyndaris and the Aeolian Islands, with Marcus Atilius Regulus at the command of the Roman fleet, the town fell to Rome.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Tyndaris (201 words)

	List of battles 1400 BC-600 AD
		Battle of Himera[?] The Carthaginians under Hamilcar are defeated by the Greeks of Sicily, led by Gelon[?] of Syracuse.
		225 BC Battle of Faesulae[?] The Romans are defeated by the Gauls of Northern Italy.
		Battle of Herdonia[?] Hannibal destroys the Roman army of the praetor Gnaeus Fulvius.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/li/List_of_battles_1400_BC-600_AD.html (4447 words)

	Military history of Italy
		The battle took place in November of 268 between approximately 35,000 men under the command of the Roman Emperor Claudius II and the Germanic tribe of the Alamanni, whose invading army may have numbered upwards of 100,000.
		The Battle of Gavinana August 3, 1530 Thursday, 3/2/06, 5:41 AM The Battle of Gavinana was fought on August 3, 1530 between the city of Florence and the forces of the Holy Roman Empire.
		Although she lost the battle of Volta in 1080, she ensured that, during the campaign of 1081- 84, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV did not have use of the trans-Apennine routes.
	britishbattles.homestead.com /italy.html (4034 words)

	List of Roman battles \| Topic Definition \| Find the Meaning and Define the Answer of List of Roman battles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		*Battle of the Metaurus - Hasdrubal is defeated and killed by Nero's Roman army.
		September, 9 - Battle of the Teutoburg Forest - German leader Arminius defeats the three Roman legions under the command of general Publius Quinctilius Varus; it is considered to be one of the worst defeats in their military history and an end to expansion into the frontier.
		357 - Battle of Strasbourg (357) - Julian expels the Alamanni from the Rhineland
	www.thefreeencyclopedia.com /definition/word.aspx?w=List_of_Roman_battles (3251 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Following several naval battles, Rome was aiming for a quick end to hostilities and decided to invade the Carthaginian colonies of Africa, to force the enemy to accept terms.
		The resulting battle of Cape Ecnomus is a major victory for Rome, who lands in Africa and advances on Carthage.
		The battle of Adys is the first Roman success in African soil and Carthage sues for peace.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=First_Punic_War (3549 words)

	List of Roman battles
		225 BC - Battle of Faesulae - Romans are defeated by the Gauls of Northern Italy.
		357 - Battle of Strasbourg (357) - Julian expels the Alamanni from the Rhineland
		447 - Battle of the Utus - Attila the Hun is defeated by the East Romans in an indecisive battle
	www.gamesinathens.com /olympics/l/li/list_of_roman_battles.shtml (3173 words)

	Republican Rome
		The sacred vessels of the temples were buried; the eternal fires of Vesta were hurriedly borne by their virgin keepers to a place of safety in Etruria; and a large part of the population fled in dismay across the Tiber.
		The battle was won for Pyrrhus by his war elephants, the sight of which, being new to the Romans, caused them to flee from the field in dismay.
		Consequently, after the battle of Pydna, the Romans collected a thousand of the chief citizens of these federated cities and transported them to Italy, where they were held for seventeen years as hostages for the good conduct of their countrymen at home.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Rome1.html (15286 words)

	Polybius First Punic War
		After a lengthy battle, Hiero and his remaining soldiers left the field and retreated to their city, understanding now, since the Romans had actually joined in combat, the true implications of the conflict.
		The result of this battle is that the navies feel that they are equally matched, and the two countries begin organizing for further fights at sea.
		Battle results poorly for Romans, there were 800 Carthaginian mercenaries killed, but the Roman force was cut down to 2000 men and the Carthaginians had captured a Roman consul.
	www.lakesideschool.org /studentweb/jim.gaul/PolybiusFirstPunicWar.htm (4804 words)

	ipedia.com: List of Roman battles Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Battle of the Lipari Islands - A Roman naval force is defeated by the Carthaginians
		April 14 - Battle of Bedriacum - Vitellius, commander of the Rhine armies, defeats Emperor Otho and seizes the throne.
		Battle of Immae - Aurelian defeats the army of Zenobia of Palmyra
	www.ipedia.com /list_of_roman_battles.html (3244 words)

	PUNCTUATION (Lat. punc... - Online Information article about PUNCTUATION (Lat. punc...
		battle to Regulus, who had taken up position with an inadequate force near Tunes, outmanoeuvred him and destroyed the bulk of his army.
		Metellus brought about a pitched battle near Panormus in which the enemy's force was effectively crippled.
		The battle was ultimately decided by the cavalry of the Romans and their new ally Massinissa, which by a manoeuvre recalling the tactics of Cannae took Hannibal's See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PRE_PYR/PUNCTUATION_Lat_punctum_a_point.html (5271 words)

	Carthage - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Small battles had been fought between these settlements for centuries, but in 480 BC it became the staging ground for the first major Carthaginian military campaign.
		Landing at Panormus (modern-day Palermo), Hamilcar was then decisively defeated by Gelon at the Battle of Himera.
		The site was too well-chosen to lie waste, however, and a new city grew up there and became the second largest city in the western half of the Roman Empire and the metropolitan city of the Roman Province of Africa.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /c/ca/carthage.html (2328 words)

	[No title]
		The Carthaginians hastily collected a relief force, but in a battle fought off the Aegates or Aegusae islands (west of Drepana) their fleet was caught at a disadvantage and mostly sunk or captured (March ro, 241).
		The "Hannibalic" War.—It seemed as though the superiority of the Romans at sea must enable them to choose the field of battle.
		His infantry, after evading an.attack by the Carthaginian elephants, cut through the first two lines of the enemy, but was unable to break the reserve corps of veterans.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=54873&locale=en (4462 words)

	First Punic War, 264-241 BC
		The resulting battle of Panormus was the last major land battle of the war, and a Roman victory.
		The revived Carthaginian army defeated Regulus at the battle of Tunis.
		The two fleets met at the battle of Ecnomus, probably the biggest naval battle in history, at least in terms of the numbers of men involved, and once again Rome was victorious.
	www.rickard.karoo.net /articles/wars_punic1.html (2627 words)

	List of battles before AD 601: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Battle of Coronea[follow this hyperlink for a summary of this topic] King Agesilaus II (Agesilaus ii, or agesilaos ii, king of sparta, of the eurypontid family, was the son of archidamus ii...)
		Battle of Cnidus (At the battle of cnidus (394 bc), the persian fleet, led by the former athenian admiral conon, utterly...)
		Battle of Cape Ecnomus (The battle of cape ecnomus (offshore cape ecnomus, southern coast of sicily, 256 bc) was a naval battle...)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /ref/list_of_battles_before_ad_6011 (10196 words)

	RedRampant.com
		At the battles of Capua and Herdonia the Paetorian amries are defeated.
		208 Hannibal's younger brother, Hasdrubal Barca is defeated by Scipio at the battle of Baecula.
		206 Battle of Ilipa- Scipio Africanus defeats the Carthaginians commanded by Mago Barca and Hasdrubal Gisgo in Spain.
	www.redrampant.com /roma/punicwars.html (634 words)

	First Punic War, 264-241 BC
		The resulting battle of Panormus was the last major land battle of the war, and a Roman victory.
		The revived Carthaginian army defeated Regulus at the battle of Tunis.
		The two fleets met at the battle of Ecnomus, probably the biggest naval battle in history, at least in terms of the numbers of men involved, and once again Rome was victorious.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/wars_punic1.html (2629 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sicily
		Pyrrhus caused the siege of Syracuse to be raised, stormed Eryx and Panormus, and cleared the enemy out of the whole island, with the exception of Lilybaeum.
		The victories of Mylae (260) and Panormus (254), and the capture of the Egadi (241), secured to Rome the possession of the island, but the cities which voluntarily surrendered remained federated.
		We may mention the siege of Troina (1062), the battle of Cerami (1063), of Misilmeri (1068), the capture of Palermo (1072), which had been attempted previously by the Pisans (1063), the defeat of the Saracens at Mazzara, the capture of Syracuse (1086), Girgenti (1087), and Noto (1091).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13772a.htm (5324 words)

	PRINCETON (N.J.) - LoveToKnow Article on PRINCETON (N.J.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Prinkipo (Pilyusa), altitude 655 ft.; Khalki (Chalcitis; Turkish Heibeli), 445 ft.; Prote (Turkish Kinali), 375 ft.; and Antigone (Panormus; Turkish Burgaz Adasi), 500 ft. The buildings on all the islands were injured by the earthquake of 1894, especially the naval college, and monastery of St George on Khalki, and the monastery of Christ on Prinkipo.
		After the battle of Trenton Cornwallis's troops were hurried to that place, three regiments and three companies of light-horse being left at Prince-ton when the main body, on the 2nd of January 1777, passed through.
		A battle monument in Princeton, designed by MacMonnies and paid for by the Federal Congress, the state of New Jersey and the borough of Princeton, has been projected.
	www.1911ency.org /P/PR/PRINCETON_N_J_.htm (1865 words)

	The Punic Wars (264-241, 218-201, 149-146 B.C.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Carthaginians hastily assembled a relief force, but in a battle fought off the Aegates, or Aegusae (Aegadian) Islands, west of Drepanum, their fleet was caught at a disadvantage and was largely sunk or captured (March 10, 241).
		The battle on the banks of the Metaurus (Metauro) River was evenly contested until Nero, with a dexterous flanking movement, cut off the enemy's retreat.
		The battle was ultimately decided by the cavalry of the Romans and their new ally Masinissa, who by a maneuver recalling the tactics of Cannae took Hannibal's line in the rear and destroyed it.
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/punicwars.html (3632 words)

	elephant
		This was not the end of the African elephants in battle, as in 198BC Rome used the captured elephants against Philip of Macedonia, where they were used with great effect against the close spaced Macedonian phalanx.
		It was to be many years before the African elephant was to appear again in a major battle and this was at the battle of Thapsus, Hirtius puts the number at 64, supplied by King Juba of Numidia.
		Julius Caesar was able to rout the elephants early during the battle with skirmishes targeting the mahouts, causing chaos in the enemies ranks as the elephants were riderless.
	www.geocities.com /syrtica/elephant.html (822 words)

	Rome: Shaw's Outline of Ancient History
		Battle of Sentinum (295) The Roman army under Q Fabius Maximus Rullianus Livy 10.29.17; Diod.
		Antony defeated at battle of Actium- 2 Sept., 31 BCE
		The Jovian and Herculian Dynasties and the House of Constantine
	www.juyayay.com /outline/rome (2753 words)

	Guina's History: Ancient Rome
		474 BC: Syracuse, a Greek colony, allied with Rome and defeated the Etruscans in the naval battle of Cumae.
		250 BC: Rome defeated Carthage in the naval battle of Panormus.
		249 BC: Carthage defeated Rome in the naval battle of Drepanum.
	www.angelfire.com /extreme/guinashistory/outlines/ancientrome.html (3016 words)

	Pyrrhus1
		If the Epirotes win by 500 points or more then the battle is regarded as a “Smashing victory”, the Carthaginians are humbled and their forces flee to the Northern Sicilian Coastal cities of Panormus and Eryx.
		Pyrrhus is pleased by his feat of arms, and the Sicilians and Syracusans flock to his cause, he presses on to invest the demoralized foe, and events flow to their inevitable outcome….
		The is a (1000 pt.) Skirmish battle (WAB Scenario 8) in which the Mamertines have sent a force to save their extorted loot from being overrun by Pyrrhus.
	www.ancientbattles.com /WAB_Successors/PyrrhusSicily.htm (5106 words)

	Hamilcar Barca Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		From this vantage point he hoped to strike at the rear of the armies besieging Lily-baeum and Drepanum and possibly draw off their forces to the defense of Panormus.
		In this battle 10,000 mercenaries were killed and 4,000 taken captive; Hamilcar either dismissed the captives or enrolled them in his own army.
		As he was about to withdraw from the siege in order to meet an Iberian king in battle, he drowned in the river Alebos (Vinalapò).
	www.bookrags.com /biography/hamilcar-barca (825 words)

	Hamilcar Barca Summary
		After recruiting and training a new army in some Numidian forays he led on his own responsibility an expedition into Hispania (236 BC), where he hoped to gain a new empire to compensate Carthage for the loss of Sicily and Sardinia, and to serve as a base for a campaign of vengeance against the Romans.
		In eight years by force of arms and diplomacy he secured an extensive territory in Hispania, but his premature death in battle (228 BC) prevented him from completing the conquest.
		Hamilcar stood out far above the Carthaginians of his age in military and diplomatic skill and in strength of patriotism; in these qualities he was surpassed only by his son Hannibal, whom he had imbued with his own deep hatred of Rome and trained to be his successor in the conflict.
	www.bookrags.com /Hamilcar_Barca (1300 words)

	[No title]
		At last, during the third battle in Beneventum in 275 BC, the Romans frightened the elephants with flaming torches and won.
		The second victory occured at Cape Ecnomo in Sicily in 256 BC and it was the greatest ship battle ever fought at those times, with 150,000 men and 480 ships engaged.
		During the war, in 254 a.C., there was also the battle of Panormus (Palermo), where the Romans succeded in defeating the enemy forces by sea and by land and conquered the city.
	web.tiscali.it /no-redirect-tiscali/scina/roman_conquest.htm (1286 words)

	Rome: Total War @ The Wargamer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Their rebuilt fleet helped the army capture the city of Panormus in 254 B.C., but then lost 150 ships in storms whilst returning from raiding North Africa in 253 B.C. More cities were captured over the next few years, while the Carthaginians worked to build up their forces in Sicily.
		Though the actual numbers of troops involved in this last pitched battle of the First Punic War is not known, the victory encouraged the Romans to renew the offensive.
		The resulting Battle of the Aegates Islands was hard fought, but the Carthaginians were soundly defeated.
	www.wargamer.com /microsites/rome_total_war/punic_page4.html (687 words)

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