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	Pteria - LoveToKnow 1911
		Boghaz Keui), the ancient capital of the "White Syrians" of Cappadocia, which Croesus of Lydia is stated by Herodotus to have taken, enslaved and ruined, after he had declared war on the rising power of Persia and crossed the Halys (after the middle of the 6th century B.C.).
		Thereafter he fought a drawn battle near the city, and retired again across the river to his ultimate defeat and doom.
		It should be added that the identification of Boghaz Keui with the Pteria of Heroditus has not yet been confirmed, and the latter name has been claimed for a primitive site at Ak-alan near Samsun by Th.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Pteria (935 words)

	PTERIA - LoveToKnow Article on PTERIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Boghaz Keui), the ancient capital of the White Syrians of Cappadocia, which Croesus of Lydia is stated by Herodotus to have taken, enslaved and ruined, after he had declared war on the rising power of Persia and crossed the Halys (after the middle of the 6th century B.C.).
		Thereafter he fought a drawn battle near the city, and retired again across the river to his ultimate defeat and doom.
		Sir W. Ramsay has shown with great probability that it was the importance of Pteria and its bridge over the Halys which diverted the Persian royal road far to the north of its natural line.
	93.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PT/PTERIA.htm (915 words)

	Encyclopedia: Battle of Pteria
		Battle of Cnidus The Spartan fleet under Peisander is utterly destroyed by the Persian-Athenian fleet of Conon 390 BC Battle of the Allia The Gauls defeat the Romans, leading to the Gallic sack of Rome 389 BC Battle of the Elleporus Dionysius of Syracuse defeats the Italiote League, securing his domination of Greek Southern Italy.
		Battle of Sellasia Defeat of Cleomenes III of Sparta by Antigonus Doson of Macedon and the Achaean League 218 BC - November Battle of the Ticinus Hannibal defeats the Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio the elder in a small cavalry fight.
		Battle of Immae Aurelian defeats the army of Zenobia of Palmyra 272 Battle of Emesa Aurelian decisively defeats Zenobia.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Battle-of-Pteria (361 words)

	Battles Of Cyrus II
		The Median city of Pteria was contructed on the slopes of Mount Kerkenes (1,450m - 4,750ft) in Turkey's Anatolian plateau in approx 585 B.C. Built by the Median king Astyages around the eroded granite mountain, its walls measured 7 km in length and over 4m in wide.
		The city lasted until being destroyed by the Lydian King Croesus in 547 B.C. Pteria was burned to the ground and its inhabitants were enslaved by the Lydians.
		The battle was indecisive, the Persians were unable to defeat the strong Lydian cavalry with their long lancers.
	members.ozemail.com.au /~ancientpersia/B_cyrus.html (680 words)

	Ataman Hotel - Kerkenes
		The historical background to the Battle of Pteria begins with the Median attack on the Neo-Assyrian city of Nimrud in 614 BC, their subsequent alliance with the Babylonians and sack of Nineveh to the combined forces two years later.
		It is striking that Croesus treated the inhabitants of Pteria differently from the "Syrians" in the surrounding villages who, in contrast to the Pterians, had done no wrong.
		It can thus be argued that the phraseology of Herodotus implies that the inhabitants of Pteria were not the same as the rural population, an implication that can easily be understood if the occupants of the city were Medes and their allies: a foreign occupying power.
	www.atamanhotel.com /kerkenes.html (844 words)

	THE HISTORIES OF HERODOTUS (SELECTIONS)
		Pteria is the strongest place in that country and lies approximately in a line with Sinope on the Euxine sea.
		It was thought that they would easily accomplish the task, but when they joined battle with the Hellenes they fared neither better nor worse than the Median army, since they used shorter spears than the Hellenes and could not use their numbers fighting in a narrow space.
		During these assaults in the battle, it is said that the king as he watched jumped up three times from the throne in fear for his army.
	www.geocities.com /jserraglio/texts/herodotu.htm (23274 words)

	World
		The battle ended in a draw and Croesus, believing that Cyrus would not fight again until spring, returned to his capital city of Sardis, and disbanded a portion of his army.
		Battle At Leuctra - Sparta was defeated at the Battle of Leuctra by Epaeminondas of Thebes.
		The battle was hard-fought but Alexander's troops gained the upper hand, and killed or captured half of the Persian army which was forced to retreat.
	thegreatpersianempire.freeservers.com /world.htm (2084 words)

	ScienceAlert - Lost capital of Media rises again (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In a dreadful night of flame, massacre, pillage and enslavement more than two and a half millennia ago, the city of Pteria, once capital of the ancient empire of the Medes, was all-but obliterated from human memory.
		Through passing ages Pteria was but the shadow of a memory, a doubtful footnote in the writings of the Greek historian Herodotus and some Assyrian texts.
		They may have taken Pteria as their forward base for expansion after they defeated the Lydians in a famous battle (585) which was abruptly curtailed by an eclipse of the sun.
	www.sciencealert.com.au /features/summers.htm (1802 words)

	Category:Battles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This category serves as the ancestor for all categories containing articles about battles, both historical and fictional; it should contain only general articles and sub-categories.
		In particular, specific battles should not be placed directly into this category, but into one or more of its sub-categories instead.
		More comprehensive guidelines for selecting the appropriate category for a battle can be found at the project page.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:Battles (156 words)

	HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
		Pteria is the strongest part of all that country and lies in a line with the city of Sinope, on the Euxine Sea.
		There he encamped, destroying the farms of the Syrians and he captured the city of the Pterians and made slaves of the people, and he captured all the neighbouring towns; moreover he drove the Syrians from their homes, though they had done him no manner of harm.
		After the inconclusive Battle of Pteria between Croesus and Cyrus, Croesus retreated to Sardis for the winter from where he summoned his allies in the natural expectation that Cyrus too would withdraw for the winter and that the confrontation would be renewed in the following spring.
	www.kerkenes.metu.edu.tr /kerk1/03histo/histback/index.html (900 words)

	Persia History Timeline
		547 BC Persians clash with the Lydians at the Battle of Pteria.
		Persians are defeated at the Battle of Marathon by an Athenian army led by Miltiades.
		At the Battle of Thermopylae, the Persian advance is delayed by the Spartans under King Leonidas I. The Greek and Persian fleets battle inconclusively for two consecative days off Cape Artemisium.
	members.ozemail.com.au /~ancientpersia/timeline.html (1956 words)

	The Persian Wars by Herodotus: Book 1 - CLIO
		In a battle between the Athenians and their neighbours near Eleusis, he came to the assistance of his countrymen, routed the foe, and died upon the field most gallantly.
		The battle began, and so equal were the combatants, that at the close of the day, when night put a stop to the fight, of the whole six hundred only three men remained alive, two Argives, Alcanor and Chromius, and a single Spartan, Othryadas.
		A battle was fought, in which the Assyrians suffered a defeat, and Cyaxares had already begun the siege of the place, when a numerous horde of Scyths, under their king Madyes, son of Prtotohyes, burst into Asia in pursuit of the Cimmerians whom they had driven out of Europe, and entered the Median territory.
	parstimes.com /history/herodotus/persian_wars/clio.html (19602 words)

	Archaeologists split hairs over first arrivals
		It was evidence of a great fire that convinced Mr Summers that he had found Pteria, the western capital of the Medes, who emerged from Ancient Persia in the sixth century BC to occupy what is now Eastern Anatolia.
		As the battle raged, an eclipse fled out the sun and the combatants laid down their arms and withdrew.
		The eclipse has allowed the battle to be dated to May 28, 585BC, when the city surveyed by Mr Summers would have been at its height.
	www.arcl.ed.ac.uk /a1/stoppress/stop_1287.htm (860 words)

	Lydian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor
		In 640 BCE, Cimmerians were defeated by the Assyrians in a decisive battle and Cimmerians have never been able to recover since and after wandering in Anatolia for some time they moved to Cappadocia and settled there.
		Though Lydian army lost the battle in Gediz plain, they kept the order and retreated to their fortified acropolis at Sardis.
		On the 14th day of the siege by Persians, a hole in the city walls was noticed by a Persian soldier through which the Persians swept into the acropolis and put a heavy massacre on the Lydian soldiers.
	www.ancientanatolia.com /historical/lydian_period.htm (1631 words)

	Great Battles of the Persians :: 0 A.D. :: Wildfire Games
		The Lydian king Croesus destroys the Median city of Pteria as he attempts to capitalize on the sudden demise of the Median Empire.
		In a brutal battle the Lydians remain undefeated but are forced to retire.
		Once the battle begins the formidable Greek mercenaries are lead off away from the battle to deprive Cyrus of his best troops.
	www.wildfiregames.com /0ad/page.php?p=6579 (1617 words)

	Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This "Battle of the Eclipse", as it came to be known, took place on the afternoon of May 28, 585 BC.
		The ensuing peace treaty, brokered by the Cilicians and the Babylonians, settled the imperial borders and was consolidated by royal marriages between the protagonists.
		The Median city of Pteria was, according to Herodotus, the most strongly defended place in central Cappadocia.
	www.metu.edu.tr /home/wwwkerk/kerk1/12propub/brochure/99EclBro/English/index.htm (296 words)

	Astyages at AllExperts
		Astyages succeeded his father in 585 BCE, following the Battle of Pteria which ended a five-year war between the Lydians and the Medes.
		When, at age ten, Cyrus II was found alive, Astyages spared the boy on the advice of his Magi (Zoroastrian priest), returning him to Cambyses II and Mandane in Anshan.
		However, as Harpagus was Astyages' general at the battle of Pasargadae, as his family were granted high positions in Cyrus' empire after the war, and as Harpagus went on to become Cyrus II's most successful general, it is possible he had something to do with the mutiny against Astyages.
	en.allexperts.com /e/a/as/astyages.htm (756 words)

	Battle of Thymbra - TheBestLinks.com - Lydia, Persia, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, Sardis, ...
		Battle of Thymbra - TheBestLinks.com - Lydia, Persia, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, Sardis,...
		Battle of Thymbra, Lydia, Persia, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, Sardis...
		The Battle of Thymbra was the decisive battle in the war between Croesus of Lydia and Cyrus of Persia in 546 BC.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Battle_of_Thymbra.html (141 words)

	The Baldwin Project: Cyrus the Great by Jacob Abbott
		Each king found, it seems, that his antagonist was more formidable than he had imagined, and on the morning after the battle they both seemed inclined to remain in their respective encampments, without evincing any disposition to renew the contest.
		He accordingly ordered the baggage to be removed, and, releasing their ordinary drivers from the charge of them, he assigned each one to the care of a soldier, who was to mount him, armed with a spear.
		Even if the supposed antipathy of the horse for the camel did not take effect, Cyrus thought that their large and heavy bodies, defended by the spears of their riders, would afford the most effectual means of resistance against the shock of the Lydian squadrons that he was now able to command.
	www.mainlesson.com /display.php?author=abbott&book=cyrus&story=lydia (3958 words)

	James Ussher - The Annals of the World.
		The king of Babylon fell in the battle and Croesus with those which were left, broke his camp by night and fled.
		Cyrus arranged the funerals of Abradatos the king of Susa (who defected from the king of Babylon to him and was slain in the battle).
		11) states that in a battle against the Derbicans, the nation bordering on Hyrcania, after he was wounded in the thigh by a certain Indian, he slew Amorraeus their king and his two sons.
	www.angelfire.com /sc3/nwp/World7.htm (12059 words)

	History, volume 1, The
		I take it to mean that Pteria was nearly due south of Sinope, i.e.
		that the nearest road from Pteria to the sea led to Sinope.
		Pteria no doubt was the name of a region as well as of a city.
	manybooks.net /pages/herodotuetext011hofh10/133.html (185 words)

	Story Of Croesus
		Croesus and Cyrus fought an indecisive battle at Pteria, from which Croesus retreated.
		Then, when all his men had been placed in their several positions, he charged them to spare none of the other Lydians, slaying all who might come in their way, but Croesus himself they were not to slay, not even if he should make resistance when.
		And as they were coming together to the battle, so soon as the horses scented the camels and saw them, they turned away back, and the hopes of Croesus were at once brought to nought."
	www.oldandsold.com /articles32n/history-outline-100.shtml (660 words)

	History of Egypt, by Maspero, Volume 8, Part C.
		The picture of the battle of Tullîz recalls, in the variety of its episodes and the arrangement of the perspective, the famous engagement at Qodshu, of which Ramses II.
		The scribes enriched his library for him, in much the same way as the generals won his battles, or the architects built his monuments: they were nothing more than nameless agents, whose individuality was eclipsed by that of their master, their skill and talent being all placed to his credit.
		She received all her inspirations from Chaldæa—her civilisation, her manners, the implements of her industries and of agriculture, besides her scientific and religious literature: one thing alone is of native growth, the military tactics of her generals and the excellence of her soldiery.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/17328/17328-h/v8c.htm (13288 words)

	ARYTENOID - LoveToKnow Article on ARYTENOID (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Even in this word probably two originally co parate words have to be distinguished, for the further mean- in gs which Grassmann in his dictionary to the Rig Veda attaches en it, viz.
		greedy (for treasure and for battle), godless, 01 inemy, seem more appropriately to be derived from the same Ir urce as the Greek apt-s, strife.
		The word arya- is not wI and as a national name in the Rig Veda, but appears in the g, ~jasaney-i-sainhita, where it is explained by MahIdhara as la Iitya-, a cultivator or a man of the third among the original k/~ ur classes of the population.
	66.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AR/ARYTENOID.htm (2410 words)

	SingaporeMoms - Parenting Encyclopedia - Category:Battles
		Battles of the War of the Austrian Succession
		Battles of the War of the Grand Alliance
		Battles of the War of the Spanish Succession
	www.singaporemoms.com /parenting/Category:Battles (35 words)

	[No title]
		No sooner was Cyrus established in Persia,--a country which it would seem he had never before seen,--than he was sought by the discontented Persians to head a revolt against their masters, and he availed himself of the disaffection of Harpagus, the most influential of the Median noblemen, for the dethronement of his grandfather.
		After the battle of Pteria, Croesus withdrew his army to his own territories and retired upon his capital, with a view of augmenting his forces; while Cyrus, with the instinct of a conqueror, ventured to cross the Halys in pursuit, and to march rapidly on Sardis before the enemy could collect another army.
		The battle of Thapsus, between Utica and Carthage, at which the Roman nobles once more rallied under Cato and Labienus, and the battle of Munda, in Spain, the most bloody of all, gained by Caesar over the sons of Pompey, settled the civil war and made Caesar supreme.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/0/5/2/10522/10522.txt (18347 words)

	Iranica.com - Greece
		The Greeks appeared to be in a hopeless situation, but Themistocles held on to his strategy of initiating a decisive naval battle at Salamis (and not at the Isthmus of Corinth, where most of the fleet had retreated to), and since it was relatively late in the year (one of the last days [ca.
		It was this Macedonian king, who after his victory in the decisive battle of Chaeronea in August 338 B.C.E. and the subjugation of the Greek, proclaimed the pan-Hellenic war against Persia in order to avenge the atrocities committed in 480 B.C.E. by Xerxes.
		In the daily internal political squabbles and battles, Medism was often used as a weapon, and even a deadly weapon, thus, for example, against Themistocles (in 471 B.C.E.) and Pausanias, despite their victories over the Persians near Salamis and at Plataeae respectively.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v11f3/v11f3002a.html (6909 words)

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