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	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Battle of Roncevaux Pass
		The Roncevaux Pass (Roncesvaux in English, Roncesvalles in Spanish, Orreaga in Basque) is the site of a famous battle in 778 in which Hroudland (later changed to Roland), prefect of Brittany March was defeated by the Basques.
		This battle was the last of Charlemagne's first campaign to capture Spain, an attempt that ended in failure.
		Over the years, this minor battle was romanticized by oral tradition into a major conflict between Christians and Muslims, when in fact both sides in the real battle were Christian.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Battle_of_the_Roncesvalles_Pass (309 words)

	18. The Battle of Roncesvalles. Vol. IV: Legends of Charlemagne. Bulfinch, Thomas. 1913. Age of Fable (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The sky was suddenly overcast, there was thunder and lightning, a laurel was split in two from head to foot, and the Carob-tree under which Gan was sitting, which is said to be the species of tree on which Judas Iscariot hung himself, dropped one of its pods on his head.
		He went to Roncesvalles, accompanied by a moderate train of warriors, not dreaming of the atrocity that awaited him.
		Marsilius made a speech to them, in which he let them into his design, and concluded by recommending to their good will the son of his friend Gan, whom they would know by the vest he had sent him, and who was the only soul amongst the Christian they were to spare.
	www.bartleby.com /183/18.html (3940 words)

	Battle of Roncesvalles -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		The battle is treated in the 11th-century Chanson de Roland, in which the attackers are Moors and the rear guard is led by Charlemagne's nephew Roland.
		Two battles in the fall of 1777 that marked the turning point for the Continental Army in the American Revolution were the Battles of Saratoga.
		The Battle of Marathon was a decisive victory for the Greeks during the Persian Wars.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9377147?tocId=9377147 (843 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Alphabetic Emperor Index
		If there was a series of battles in a specific location, click on that year in which you are interested.
		Battle of Abrittus, A.D. Battle of Adrianople, A.D. Battle of Actium, B.C. Battle of Ad Decimum, A.D. Battle of Akroinon, A.D. Siege of Alexandria, A.D. Siege of Amida, A.D. Battle of Anchialos, A.D. Battle of Angora, AD 1402
		Sieges of Ctesiphon, A.D. Battle of Dara, A.D. Battle of Edessa, A.D. Battle of Frigidus River, A.D. Battle of Issus, A.D. Siege of Jerusalem, A.D. Battle of Kossovo, AD 1389,1448.
	www.roman-emperors.org /battles.htm (205 words)

	Roncesvalles -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		It lies 3,220 feet (981 m) above sea level in the Pyrenees, northeast of Pamplona, near the French frontier, and is known in relation to the Pass of Roncesvalles, or Puerto de Ibañeta, which lies above it at an elevation of 3,862 feet (1,177 m).
		In anger at his stepson and Charlemagne's nephew, Roland, Ganelon betrays Charlemagne and plots the battle of Roncesvalles in which Roland is killed.
		The horn was blown many centuries ago by the Frankish hero Roland as he lay dying at Roncesvalles (Roncevaux, in French) in Spain.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9083871?tocId=9083871 (569 words)

	About the poem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Though the encounter was actually an insignificant skirmish against the Basques, the poem transforms Roncesvalles into a battle against Saracens and magnifies it to the heroic stature of Thermopylae.
		As the army crosses the Pyrenees, the rear guard is surrounded at the pass of Roncesvalles by an overwhelming Saracen force.
		On Roland's refusal, the hopeless battle is joined, and the flower of Frankish knighthood is reduced to a handful of men.
	www.orbilat.com /Languages/French/Texts/Period_02/Roland/000-About_the_poem.htm (343 words)

	Battle of Thermopylae -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		During the second of the Persian Wars, defense became a tactic that almost worked at the battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC.
		The battle between Napoleon's forces, which included 72,000 troops, and a combined Allied army of...
		One of the two major battles of the American Civil War was fought at the crossroads town of Gettysburg, Pa., from July 1 to 3, 1863.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9380602 (899 words)

	Two Descriptions of the Battle of Roncesvalles
		In this feat the Basques were helped by the lightness of their arms and by the nature of the terrain in which the battle was fought.
		In this battle died Einhard, who was in charge of the King’s table, Anshelm, the Count of the Palace and Roland, Lord of the Breton Marches, along with a great number of others.
		It is interesting that the story of Roland was still popular more than five hundred years after the Battle of Roncesvalles (or Roncevaux).
	student.maxwell.syr.edu /anderson/roncesvalles.htm (434 words)

	Battle of Roncesvalles -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Battle of Roncesvalles -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		battle fought in Rajasthan, northwestern India, between Pratap Singh of Mewar, the senior Rajput chief, and a Mughal army led by Raja Man Singh of Jaipur.
		The advance was also regarded as one of the greatest Confederate threats to Washington, D.C. The battle took its name from Antietam Creek, which flows south from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to the...
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9377147 (904 words)

	Bulfinch's Mythology, The Legends of Charlemange - Chapter 18 - Thomas Bulfinch - Read Print
		Roncesvalles at the head of all his forces.
		In spite of all the noise of the battle, the sound of the horn broke
		drawn and quartered in Roncesvalles, amidst the execrations of the
	www.readprint.com /chapter-973/Thomas-Bulfinch (3949 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Song of Bernardo by Master Richard the Poor of Ely It is not often that a military defeat becomes the stuff of legend.
		One such case is the Battle of Roncesvalles in 778, in which a small body of French troops under the command of Roland were utterly wiped out by Spanish forces.
		Not to be outdone by the French, the Spanish have their own set of ballads commemorating the event.
	www.ostgardr.org /seahorse/articles/Song.of.Bernardo (372 words)

	Part II: The Prelude of the Great Battle. Roncesvalles. 1909-14. The Song of Roland. The Harvard Classics
		Part II: The Prelude of the Great Battle.
		Comes to the Franks the tale to say.
		Such battle as waits you did ne’er befall.
	www.bartleby.com /49/2/21.html (205 words)

	The heroes of Roncesvalles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It may simply be dictated by a change in the conditions of her culture.
		Although Roland, the hero of Roncesvalles, is identical with the title character of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso (one of the books specified in 1818), in this rendering Clerval's interest in him is more "romantic," less bookish.
		On the other hand, that the Battle of Roncesvalles was fought against Saracen attackers, who are also the "infidels" who held the "holy sepulchre" of Jerusalem against the crusaders in Victor's third example of their texts of romance, indicates an early manifestation of the interest in eastern, or Mohammedan, culture Clerval will later develop.
	www.english.upenn.edu /Projects/knarf/V1notes/roncesva.html (134 words)

	Total War Center Forums - Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		No, think the Horn of Africa and it was in the late 19th century.
		No, it was a land battle and it didn't involve...
		No, it was a land battle and it didn't involve the British or the French.
	www.twcenter.net /forums/search.php?do=finduser&userid=9 (686 words)

	EDWARD - Online Information article about EDWARD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		On the 19th of September the two armies met in the battle of See also:
		It was the hardest-fought and most important battle of the See also:
		He had exhausted all his resources on the Spanish expedition, and was forced to seek from the estates of Aquitaine extraordinary See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /ECG_EMS/EDWARD.html (1587 words)

	Junior Classics, The, V4 by Editor Patten, William eBook by BookRags
		But Charles would not be comforted, for being come into France he would sit with his face wrapped in his mantle, and he often spake to Duke Naymes, saying he feared that Ganelon had wrought some treason.
		Now Marsilius had sent in haste to all his emirs and his barons to assemble a mighty army, and in three days he gathered four hundred thousand men to Roncesvalles, and there lay in wait for the rearguard of King Charles.
		Now when the rear-guard had toiled up the rocky pass and climbed the mountain ridge, way-wearied, they looked down on Roncesvalles, whither their journey lay.
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/6323/124.html (525 words)

	Cân Rolant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The night before Chiarlymaen's army sets out for France, with Roland in the soon to be ambushed rearugard, the king has a dream.
		Animal metaphors are found in several renditions of the events surrounding the battle of Roncesvalles; Roland is often portrayed as a hound in them.
		The night, however, and the labor of the road, and the journey before that, compelled Chiarlymaen to sleep.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Italian_Studies/people/zafrin/crt8.html (243 words)

	Timeline 600CE to 999CE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		657 Jul 26, Mu'awiyan defeated Caliph Ali in the Battle of Siffin in Mesopotamia.
		Islam's westward spread was stopped by the Franks at the Battle of Tours (also known as the Battle of Poitiers).
		p.H) 876 Oct 8, Charles the Bald was defeated at the Battle of Andernach.
	timelines.ws /0600AD_999AD.HTML (10742 words)

	Thomas Bulfinch : Bulfinch's Mythology : The Battle of Roncesvalles
		Thomas Bulfinch : Bulfinch's Mythology : The Battle of Roncesvalles
		After the expulsion of the Saracens from France Charlemagne led his army into Spain, to punish Marsilius, the king of that country, for having sided with the African Saracens in the late war.
		And now Rinaldo and Ricciardetto came up, with Turpin, having driven back the Saracens, and told Orlando that the battle was won.
	www.classicreader.com /read.php/sid.2/bookid.2823/sec.102 (3856 words)

	Bulfinch's Mythology, Legends of Charlemagne, Chapter 1, Part 2: Charlemagne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		On his way back, he marched with his whole army through the gorges of the mountains by way of the valleys of Engui, Eno, and Roncesvalles.
		His name became famous in after times, and the disaster of Roncesvalles and death of Roland became eventually the most celebrated episode in the vast cycle of romance.
		Though after this there were hostile encounters between the armies of Charlemagne and the Saracens, they were of small account, and generally on the soil of Spain.
	www.bulfinch.org /legends/legen01a.html (1551 words)

	Legends of Charlemagne By Thomas Bulfinch- Chapter 21 from Nalanda Digital Library at NIT Calicut
		The temperate but courteous hero took them in good part, and distributed them as the traitor wished; and then Blanchardin, on pretence of going forward to salute Charlemagne, returned, and put himself at the head of the second army, which was the post assigned him by his liege- lord.
		Then he said: "If it had entered into my heart to conceive the king of Spain to be such a villain never would you have seen this day.
		They say that the horse, at these words, opened his eyes a little, and looked kindly at his master, and then stirred never more.
	www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in /resources/english/etext-project/fairytales/cmlegends/chapter21.html (3877 words)

	New Page 3
		Franks and Saracens at the Battle of Roncesvalles, BNF FR 2813Grandes Chroniques de France, fol.
		called upon the Lord to show himself their ally and leader in the battle.
		In the language of their fathers he raised the battle cry, with hymns; then he charged against Gorgias
	www.ldysinger.com /Apokat/01_descent/01_old-test.htm (574 words)

	Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Chivairy. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The paladins of Charlemagne were all scattered by the battle of Roncesvallës.
		The Knights of the Round Table were all extirpated by the fatal battle of Camlan.
		The six following clauses may be considered almost as axioms of the Arthu’rian romances:—
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/81/3505.html (154 words)

	The Bridge - LNDL Newsletter
		One example of a typical article one might come across searching the Olifant site is “Oral Tradition Style in the Chanson de Roland: 'Elaborate Style' and Mode of Composition.” The Chanson de Roland is an Old French epic poem (c.
		1100) dealing with the historical Battle of Roncesvalles (Roncevaux) in 778.
		And “olifant,” an old form of the word “elephant,” is a reference to Roland’s famous battle horn (made from an elephant’s tusk) in the Chanson de Roland.
	www.loyola.edu /library/ref/newsletter/1204/olifant.htm (505 words)

	Bulfinch's Mythology, Legends of Charlemagne, Chapter 18: The Battle of Roncesvalles. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Bulfinch's Mythology, Legends of Charlemagne, Chapter 18: The Battle of Roncesvalles.
		THE BATTLE OF AFTER the expulsion of the Saracens from France, Charlemagne led his army into Spain, to punish Marsilius, the king of that country, for having sided with the African Saracens in the late war.
		Charlemagne succeeded in all his attempts, and compelled Marsilius to submit, and pay tribute to France.
	www.bulfinch.org /legends/legend18.html (3826 words)

	CHAPTER XVIII.
		Gan wrote to Charlemagne to say how humbly and submissively Marsilius was coming to pay the tribute into the hands of Orlando, and how handsome it would be of the Emperor to meet him halfway, and so be ready to receive him after the payment at his camp.
		“let him wear it in the battle, and have no fear.
		All I discern is that by the signs and comets in the heavens something dreadful is about to happen,—something very strange, treacherous, and bloody;—and that Gan has a seat ready prepared for him in hell.”
	etext.library.adelaide.edu.au /b/bulfinch/thomas/b93cha/chap18.html (3884 words)

	Visual Arts
		They were cast in one piece, in the cire-perdue method.
		They depict scenes from the battle of Roncesvalles.
		They were cast in several pieces and assembled on the site.
	wps.prenhall.com /hss_sporre_creative_6/0,5212,357689-content,00.utf8.html (510 words)

	Pictures relating to 'Roncesvalles, Battle of' - British Library Images Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Pictures relating to 'Roncesvalles, Battle of' - British Library Images Online
		Your search for Roncesvalles, Battle of returned 1 images.
		Click on an image to enlarge it and view description.
	www.imagesonline.bl.uk /britishlibrary/controller/subjectidsearch?id=8816 (79 words)

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