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Topic: Battle of Roncevaux

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	Legend Of Roland - LoveToKnow 1911
		Roncevaux lay on the route to Compostella, and the many pilgrims who must have passed the site from the middle of the 9th century onwards may have helped to spread the story.
		The raising of a second army by Baligant, the emir of Babylon, and its defeat by the emperor, who slays Baligant in single combat, is obviously an interpolation in the original narrative.
		The trouvere then relates the return of the Franks, the burial of the heroes of Roncevaux, and, at great length, the trial of Ganelon at Aix, his execution, and that of his thirty kinsmen, and the death of Alde, Roland's betrothed and Oliver's sister, when she heard the news of Roland's death.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Legend_Of_Roland (2380 words)

	[No title]
		" In this battle were slain Eggihard, praepositus of the royal table; Anselm, count of the palace; and Hruodland, praefect of the Breton march...." The scene of the disaster is fixed by tradition at Roncevaux, on the road from Pampeluna to Saint Jean Pied de Port.
		The author of the Vita Hludowici, writing sixty years after the battle of Roncevaux, thought it superfluous to give the names of the fallen chiefs, as being matter of common report.
		The earliest version of the legend which we possess dates no earlier than the 1th century, but there is abundant evidence of the existence of a continuous tradition dating from the original event, although its methods of transmission remain a vexed question.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=57298&locale=en (2142 words)

	Battle of Roncevaux Pass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Roncevaux Pass (French and English spelling, Roncesvalles in Spanish, Orreaga in Basque) is the site of a famous battle in 778 in which Hroudland, or Roland, prefect of the Brittany March, was defeated by the Basques.
		Over the years, this battle was romanticized by oral tradition into a major conflict between Christians and Muslims, when in fact both sides in the real battle were Christian, the Basques have been replaced by 400,000 Saracens.
		In the year 812 there was a second Battle in the same pass, that ended in stalemate due to the greater precautions taken by the Franks.
	www.1bx.com /en/Battle_of_Roncevaux_Pass.htm (1477 words)

	sociology - Battle of Roncevaux Pass
		The Roncevaux Pass (Roncesvaux in English, Roncesvalles in Spanish, Orreaga in Basque) is the site of a famous battle in 778 in which Hroudland (later changed to Roland), prefect of Brittany March was defeated by the Basques.
		This battle was the last of Charlemagne's first campaign to capture Spain, an attempt that ended in failure.
		Over the years, this minor battle was romanticized by oral tradition into a major conflict between Christians and Muslims, when in fact both sides in the real battle were Christian.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Battle_of_Roncevaux_Pass (291 words)

	Battle of Roncevaux Pass at AllExperts
		This battle was the last of Charlemagne's first campaign to capture the Iberian Peninsula, namely the Marca Hispanica, an attempt that ended in failure.
		The death of Roland at the Battle of Roncevaux, from an illustrated manuscript c.1455-1460
		Over the years, this minor battle was romanticized by oral tradition into a major conflict between Christians and Muslims, when in fact both sides in the real battle were Christian, the Basques have been replaced by 400,000 Saracens.
	en.allexperts.com /e/b/ba/battle_of_roncevaux_pass.htm (404 words)

	.. Battle of Roncevaux Pass - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
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		The Roncevaux Pass (French and English spelling, Roncesvalles in Spanish, Orreaga in Basque) is the site of a famous battle in 778 in which Hroudland (later changed to Roland), prefect of the Brittany March, was defeated by the Basques.
		The Song of Roland was written down by an unknown troubadour of the 11th century; it is the earliest surviving of the Chansons de geste or epic poems of medieval France.
	www.psychcentral.com /psypsych/Battle_of_Roncevaux_Pass (410 words)

	Vacilando.org on Paladin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Paladin is a word referring to a champion or warrior of the European Middle Ages, often used to describe Charlemagne's legendary retainers, the Twelve Peers of medieval chansons de geste and romances.
		These characters and their associated exploits are largely later fictional inventions, with some basis on historical Frankish retainers of the 8th century and events such as the Battle of Roncevaux Pass and the confrontation of the Frankish Empire with Umayyad Al-Andalus in the Marca Hispanica.
		The death of Roland at the Battle of Roncevaux, from an illustrated manuscript of the 1450s.
	www.vacilando.org /?title=Paladin (579 words)

	Gatorsports.com :: 100 years of Gator Football
		In 776, Dukes Hrodgaud of Friuli and Hildeprand of Spoleto rebelled.
		Charlemagne was engaged in almost constant battle throughout his reign, often at the head of his elite scara bodyguard squadrons, with his legendary sword Joyeuse in hand.
		The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, less a battle than a mere skirmish, left many famous dead: among which were the seneschal Eggihard, the count of the palace Anselm, and the warden of the Breton March, Roland, inspiring the subsequent creation of the Song of Roland (Chanson de Roland).
	www.gatorsports.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?template=wiki&text=Charlemagne (8044 words)

	Two Accounts of the Battle of Roncesvaux
		In this feat the Basques were helped by the lightness of their arms and by the nature of the terrain in which the battle was fought.
		In this battle died Einhard, who was in charge of the King’s table, Anshelm, the Count of the Palace and Roland, Lord of the Breton Marches, along with a great number of others.
		What is more, this assault could not be avenged there and then, for, once it was over, the enemy dispersed in such a way that no one knew where or among which people they could be found.
	student.maxwell.syr.edu /anderson/roncesvalles_201.htm (366 words)

	On Linking Caesar and Xena (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Roland becomes the pure perfect Christian warrior, and the Battle of Roncevaux becomes the decisive turning point in the battle against Islam.
		The Battle of Roncevaux took place in 778 A.D. There is a time span of 278 years between the two events.
		During the Battle of Roncevaux, Roland and the Twelve Peers die.
	www.whoosh.org /issue17/lashmar2.html (2536 words)

	Films for the Humanities and Sciences - Charlemagne and the Holy Roman Empire
		This program covers the antecedents and the life of Charlemagne, shows life at the court, life of the courtiers and of the peasants, recounts the battle of Roncevaux—site of the epic Chanson de Roland—and counterpoints the glories of the Carolingian Renaissance with the everyday realities of hunger, plague, and constant violence.
		Augustine of Hippo is a symbol of humankind in early medieval times, seeking to understand the terror and destruction resulting from the barbarian devastations of the Roman world, seeking to find the hand of God-and finding it in the counterpart to t...
		The Vikings were farmers and food gatherers, fierce and violent in battle, with family and clan loyalties that lasted beyond life.
	www.films.com /id/2647/RequestPwd.aspx (361 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Literary or Profane Legends
		According to Einhard (Vita Caroli Magni, IX) the Frankish rear-guard was cut to pieces by Basque marauders, among the slain being Hruodlandus, prefect of the March of Brittany.
		So by the end of the eighth century the legend of a great champion was already current among the Celtic population of the British Isles and Brittany and this legend was further developed and amplified by the addition of new legendary traits.
		In the battle of Camlan (Cambula) the latter is killed, but Arthur, too, is mortally wounded and mysteriously removed to the Isle of Avalon, whence he will reappear (so other chronicles relate), some day to restore his people to power.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09121a.htm (9119 words)

	Duckworks Magazine
		The castle was originally built in the 12th century, but the name comes from the hero of “The Song of Rolland” a much older story, traditional to both France and Germany, of the hero Rolland, a sort of Lancelot to Charlemagne’s King Arthur but without the adultery.
		He was betrayed by a compatriot into a trap during a campaign against the Saracens and died at the battle of Roncevaux Pass on August 15, 778.
		Interestingly he was not killed by the 100,000 Saracens that surrounded the Frankish rearguard of 20,000 warriors, he won that battle, but by a cerebral haemorrhage brought on by blowing his magical horn, Olifant, too loudly after reinforcements for the Saracens arrived.
	www.duckworksmagazine.com /06/outings/rhine/index.htm (2046 words)

	Holy War in The Song of Roland: The "Mythification" of History
		It is true, as the poem claims, that in 778 the rear guard of Charlemagne’s army was massacred at Roncevaux.
		In the battle between the pagans and the Christians, “Paien unt tort e chrestiens unt dreit [the pagans are in the wrong and the Christians in the right.]” (v.
		In reality, the battle at Roncevaux was one fought between an alliance of Christians and Muslims, and another group of Christians.
	www.stanford.edu /group/journal/archives/2003-04HolyWar.html (3998 words)

	rangeragainstwar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In the French story of a relatively minor military engagement, the battle of Roncevaux Pass (778), Roland is leading the rear guard of Charlemagne's troops.
		The Warsaw Ghetto battle of 1944, which pitted regular Nazi combat forces against the pitiable Jewish resistance forces confined to the ghetto is probably more apt.
		Fighting this battle to eliminate the Jewish pocket of resistance was in no way instrumental, nor could it contribute to strategic victory for the Germans.
	rangeragainstwar.blogspot.com (8882 words)

	The Song of Roland
		The Song of Roland is the story of the battle of Roncevaux[?] by Roland and his fellow paladins[?].
		The story contains several glaring historical inaccuracies, but details the defense of Charlemagne's army from an attack by Islamic forces.
		By the time Charlemagne actually gets to the battle, Roland and the paladins had forced the Moors to flee.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/th/The_Song_of_Roland.html (191 words)

	Charlemagne, King of the Franks
		As he moved back, his rearguard, which employed several important generals, was completely destroyed.
		This is known as the Battle of Roncevaux.
		Around this time, Charlemagne also began his advance to the East due to unexepected turns in the on-going wars with Saxony.
	www.laughtergenealogy.com /bin/histprof/kings/charlemagne2.html (517 words)

	Oliphaunts - Tolkien Gateway
		Oliphaunts lived during the Third Age in the southern land of Harad, and were notably used in the Siege of Gondor and the subsequent Battle of the Pelennor Fields on March 15th, 3018 of the Third Age.
		They are said to be (according to the Middle-Earth world) an ancestor of today's elephants although many times their size.
		The most famous use of the oliphant is in The Song of Roland "The oliphant is set to Roland's Lips;" Roland fails to call for help at the Battle of Roncevaux in 778 until it is too late for him and his comrades.
	tolkiengateway.net /wiki/Oliphaunts (464 words)

	ROLAND
		The Chanson de Roland "describes Charlemagne's expedition into Spain and the disastrous battle of the rear guard...It recalls one of the most famous victims of the ambush.
		However, although Roland is responsible for Roncevaux, he repents and his sacrifice is not in vain nor ambition wrong because he is fighting for God and Christianity.
		The battles at Roncevaux are part of an unending, painful crusade of the Christian West against the Pagan East which requires eternal vigilance and sacrifice from the Christians.
	novaonline.nv.cc.va.us /eli/eng251/rolandstudy.htm (3611 words)

	Vacilando.org on Olifant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In The Song of Roland, Roland carries the Olifant while serving on the rearguard of Charlemagne's army.
		When they are attacked at the Battle of Roncevaux, Oliver tells him to use it to call for aid, but he refuses until it is too late.
		Roland finally relents, but the battle is already lost.
	www.vacilando.org /?title=Olifant (195 words)

	TIMELINE 8th CENTURY page of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE
		Charles "the Hammer" Martel is best known for winning the [732] Battle of Poitiers (also known as the Battle of Tours) which stopped the advance of Islamic conquest in Europe at the Spanish and Southern France side of the Pyranees.
		Islamic History of the 8th Century Charles "the Hammer" Martel is best known for winning the Battle of Poitiers (also known as the Battle of Tours) which stopped the advance of Islamic conquest in Europe at the Spanish and Southern France side of the Pyranees.
		On the death of Archbishop Nothelm, Cuthbert was consecrated archbishop, and Dunn, Bishop of Rochester.
	www.magicdragon.com /UltimateSF/timeline8.html (7575 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Some scholars speculate the Song of Roland, an 11th century Old French epic poem, may may have served as the inspiration for the name California.
		It refers to the defeat suffered August 15, 778, in the retreat of Charlemagne's army at the hands of the Muslim army in Battle of Roncevaux Pass in the Pyrenees.
		On line 2924 of the poem, which is in verse number CCIX (209), the word Califerne is one of the lands mentioned, with no indication of its geographic location.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Origin_of_the_name_California (1389 words)

	August_15 - Thagodz Wiki
		778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, in which Roland is killed.
		1057 - King Mac Bethad is killed in the Battle of Lumphanan by the forces of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada.
		1599 - Nine Years War: Battle of Curlew Pass - Irish forces led by Hugh Roe O'Donnell successfully ambush English forces, led by Sir Conyers Clifford, were sent to relieve Collooney Castle.
	www.thagodz.com /search/wiki/?title=August_15 (2028 words)

	Lotito Media Group Publication Store - Lulu.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		If you've been looking for a different, more healthy and less guilt ridden perspective on spirituality, this it it.
		The Song is written in Old French and is based on historical events surrounding the battle of August 15, 778 in which the rear-guard of Charlemagne's retreating Franks was attacked by Basques seeking revenge for the Frankish attack on Pamplona, Spain.
		This is of course an English translation priced with students in mind.
	www.lulu.com /clotito (1013 words)

	This Day in History
		The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, in which Roland is killed (778)
		King Macbeth of Scotland is killed during the Battle of Lumphanan by the forces of King Malcolm III.
		Yook Young-soo, First Lady of South Korea is killed amid an apparent assassination attempt upon President of the South Korea, Park Chung-hee, during the anniversarial ceremony of the Liberation day.
	www.learningcalendar.com /this_day_in_history/index.cfm?target_date=2003-8-15 (1797 words)

	The Baldwin Project: The Story of Roland by James Baldwin
		THE description of the battle of Roncevaux, which composes a part of the Chanson de Roland, is, without doubt, the finest of all the legends which cluster around the name of Charlemagme.
		The original poem—doubtless the song which Taillefer sang at the battle of Hastings—is said to have been written, probably in the tenth century, by a minstrel named Turold.
		Eginhard, the only historian of that period whose account can be considered authentic, says, that, in the year 778, the rearguard of the French army was attacked by the Basques while in the upper passes of the Pyrenees.
	www.mainlesson.com /display.php?author=baldwin&book=roland&story=_back (2373 words)

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