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| | Dictionary of Canadian Biography |
 | | Left in charge of Quebec during the winter of 1759—60, he was forced to retreat inside the walls after the battle of Sainte-Foy on 28 April 1760; however, he managed to hold the city until the arrival of a British squadron in May [see Robert Swanton*]. |
 | | [G.] Doughty and G. Parmelee, The siege of Quebec and the battle of the Plains of Abraham (6v., Quebec, 1901), II, 8, 219, 222, 227, 266; III, 81, 161; IV, 288; V, 44—45; VI, 50—52, 141. |
 | | Lacking sufficient funds, adequate supplies of fuel, and fresh provisions, and with a garrison of some 6,000 able-bodied men, whom illness reduced to fewer than 4,000 during the winter, when confronted in late April by a force almost twice his strength, he decided, characteristically, to attack. |
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