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Topic: Battle of Seven Oaks (1816)

	Seven Oaks: Manifesto
		Seven Oaks magazine is a publication which stands outside the realm of false consensus, in unapologetic alliance with those in this country and around the world dedicated to social justice, world peace, gender and racial equality, as well as equality of language rights, self-determination, environmental sustainability, and the celebration of cultural achievement and critical thought.
		The Battle of Seven Oaks was a turning point in the ongoing struggle between the Métis people and the forces of corporate and colonial expansion embodied in the Hudson’s Bay Company.
		Seven Oaks will not only celebrate this country’s political diversity and living heritage of resistance, but hopes also to share relevant, compelling insights into the culture which surrounds us through reviews of film, music, literature, and art, and essays exploring themes found in these sometimes less overtly political realms of human achievement.
	www.sevenoaksmag.com /manifesto.html (779 words)

	The Battle of Seven Oaks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The "Battle of Seven Oaks" marks the birth of the Metis Nation.
		Coltman's report clearly indicates that the Metis were not the aggressors in the battle and that is was very unlikely that the Metis fired the first shot.
		Dick, L. "The Seven Oaks Incident and the Construction of a Historical tradition, 1816 to 1970," Journal of the CHA 1991 REVUE DE LA Macleod M. and Morton W. Cuthbert Grant of Grantown: Warden of the Plains of Red River.
	www.metisresourcecentre.mb.ca /history/oaks.htm (593 words)

	Manitoba Pageant: Seven Oaks House Opened as a Museum
		Here, on June 19, 1816, occurred the Massacre of Seven Oaks in which Governor Robert Semple of the Red River Settlement and twenty of his officers and men were slain by followers of the North West Company.
		The foundations of Seven Oaks House were laid by John Inkster, himself, in 1851.
		Immediately adjacent to Seven Oaks House is a smaller log building which may have been a part of the original house.
	www.mhs.mb.ca /docs/pageant/04/sevenoaksmuseum.shtml (1214 words)

	Barstow, California - Bellevue, Idaho
		Battle of Lemnos (1912) - Battle of Malaga
		Battle of Seven Oaks (1816) - Battle of Stoney Creek
		Battle of Utoy Creek - Battle of Westbroek
	omniknow.com /common/midlists.php?in=en&slice=010 (697 words)

	Mighty Oaks: Five Black Educators
		Seven of the schools were located in New Castle county and the remainder evenly divided between Kent and Sussex Counties.
		For 10 years, a battle was waged in the state legislature by fls and sympathetic whites to provide schools for fl children.
		To Kruse's tribute, of the seven students in the class of 1916, one graduated from college and two from normal school.
	www.udel.edu /BlackHistory/mightyoaks.html (5280 words)

	Army Lineage: The Infantry (1816-1860)
		Having reduced the infantry establishment to seven foot regiments, which were thought adequate to meet all contingencies, the legislators next sliced the size of companies to fifty-one enlisted men, the smallest ever.
		For training and for battle purposes, the eight battalion companies were placed in line by a complex arrangement according to the seniority of their captains, which seems to have had its origin in the protocol of medieval armies.
		Composite battalions of this sort usually did not do as well in battle as established ones, in which men and officers understood each other and regimental pride was an active stimulant.
	www.theoldarmy.com /Lineage.htm (5280 words)

	Franklin D. Roosevelt: State of the Union Address.
		But these battles and these victories were fought and won to hold back the attacking enemy, and to put us in positions from which we and our allies could deliver the final, decisive blows.
		We had brushed against their fleet in the first battle of the Philippine Sea in June, 1944, but not until last October were we able really to engage a major portion of the Japanese Navy in actual combat.
		As a result of that battle, much of what is left of the Japanese Fleet has been driven behind the screen of islands that separates the Yellow Sea, the China Sea, and the Sea of Japan from the Pacific.
	www.presidency.ucsb.edu /ws/index.php?pid=16595 (7689 words)

	Turtle Island Productions
		Two Metis Battles of resistance were fought to protect their land rights and to gain such other democratic freedoms as representation parliament, language rights for both French and English, etc. The Manitoba Act was a negotiated response to the demands of Riel's Provisional government and a condition of its dissolution.
		In 1811, the Hudson's Bay company made a land grant to Lord Selkirk of 116,000 square miles of land in the Red River Valley (southern Manitoba) for an agricultural settlement and source of provisions for the fur trade.
		Efforts by the Scottish settlers to restrict Metis hunting and trading practices eventually led to their defeat in 1816 at the Battle of Seven Oaks where the victorious Metis led by Cuthbert Grant, Jr.
	www.turtle-island.com /metis.html (3088 words)

	Métis Studies 10 - Glossary
		Battle of Seven Oaks: A battle fought on June 19,1816 in which 20 Selkirk Settlers led by Hudson's Bay Company employee Robert Semple tried to intercept and confiscate the pemmican of Métis buffalo hunters led by Cuthbert Grant.
		The battle was short and bloody and was a complete victory for the Métis, and became an important event in the creation of Métis nationalism.
		Seven Oaks, Battle of: This was a skirmish between the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) and Métis at a ravine called Seven Oaks on June 19, 1816.
	metisstudies.dev.kcdc.ca /glossary.php (13555 words)

	DEMOCRACY AND WAR
		While the means for the battle dead are too close for democratic and authoritarian regimes to be significant, those for both regimes differ very significantly from the totalitarian ones.
		With this understood, for the selected sample of 214 regimes with or without foreign violence, Table 3 subclassifies regime types by level of wealth (economic development), mean battle dead, and the mean of battle dead as a percentage of the population.
		This means that a regime coded as having a war can have virtually no one killed in the war as long as it had over 1,000 troops involved; or that a state suffering 800 killed in a violent confrontation in which the overall toll is 950 would not be counted as having fought a war.
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/DP95.HTM (7285 words)

	Snapshot, Canada: Manitoba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The founding of the first agricultural community in 1811 by Lord Selkirk, near modern Winnipeg, resulted in conflict between the white colonists and the Métis who lived near there.
		Twenty colonists, including the governor, were killed by the Métis in the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816.
		When Rupert's Land was ceded to Canada in 1869 and incorporated into the Northwest Territories, a lack of attention to Métis concerns led their leader Louis Riel to establish a provisional government.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /canadaweb/snapshot/Snapshot-Canada3.htm (331 words)

	NAHA // Norwegian-American Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		{1} The first man killed at Seven Oaks was a Norwegian, "Lieutenant" Holte, who, as the leader of a small band of Norwegians, had arrived at York Factory in September, 1814.
		{13} In the spring of 1816 Holte and Robertson quarreled violently, but this may have been the fault of the latter, who was a hot-tempered and impetuous, though able man. {14} When disagreements developed between Robertson and Semple, Holte sided with the governor.
		As has been noted, Holte was the first man killed on the fateful June 19, 1816, and he found an unmarked grave somewhere at the forks of the Red River.
	www.stolaf.edu /naha/pubs/nas/volume06/vol06_1.htm (3540 words)

	PL-1068 Seven Oaks House - Province of Manitoba \| General Page
		PL-1068 Seven Oaks House - Province of Manitoba
		This house, completed in 1853, is one of the oldest surviving residences in Manitoba.
		Its name derives from seven large oak trees which stood nearby, marking the site of the Battle of Seven Oaks fought on June 19, 1816 between the servants of the Hudson's Bay Company, the Selkirk Settlers and representatives of the rival North West Company.
	www.gov.mb.ca /chc/hrb/plaques/plaq1068.html (84 words)

	Discovery Channel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		During the summer of 1816, unexpected climate changes left countries in the Northern Hemisphere suffering from devastating famine and epidemic outbreaks.
		The 1816 grape harvest of France was practically non-existent due to the cold summer.
		This triggered the 1816 Battle of Seven Oaks.
	www.discoverychannel.co.uk /earth/year_without_summer/facts/index.shtml (587 words)

	Battle of Seven Oaks (1816) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The battle of Seven Oaks, painted by Charles W. Jefferys the Métis are on the left and Semple's men are to the right.
		Because of a shortage of food in 1814, Miles Macdonell had issued a proclamation prohibiting the export of food called the Pemmican Proclamation.
		They were met south of Fort Douglas along the Red River at a location called Seven Oaks by Semple and a group of HBC men and settlers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Oaks_(1816) (463 words)

	Governor Semple School (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		He was aware of intended attacks by the Métis, whom the NWC had encouraged to think of themselves as a nation with rights to the land, but he vacillated between taking aggressive steps and attempting reconciliation with them.
		On June 19, 1816 a party of some 60 or 70 Métis under Cuthbert Grant, bringing pemmican from the plains for the N.W.C. brigade, reached the settlement.
		In the battle at Seven Oaks the violence that had marked the contest for the fur trade of the northwest reached a climax and became a determining factor in the amalgamation of the two fur companies in 1821.
	www.7oaks.org /semple/robertsemple.htm (638 words)

	The Metis Sash
		This flag was flown on June 19, 1816, at the Battle of Seven Oaks under the leadership of Cuthbert Grant.
		Then they set off to the River Fough, the skirmish of Seven Oaks, in which Govenor Semple and twenty-one of his men were killed for the cost of one Métis life.
		Symbolizes the dark period after 1870 in which the Métis Nation had to endure dispossession and suppression at the hands of the Government of Canada.
	www.angelfire.com /ab6/manitoudawn/sash.html (471 words)

	Battle of Seven Oaks
		Although Metis people had been living in communities and establishing the customs and governance of their nation for many years previous to this incident; this is considered the historic moment when the Metis stood up as a nation and fought off the oppression and encroachment of England through the Hudson's Bay Company.
		In March, 1816, the Metis appointed Cuthbert Grant as "Captain - General of all the Half-Breeds" (Metis).
		In March 1816, as part of the ongoing fur trade war, the Hudson's Bay Company seized Fort Gibraltar, the North West Company's post at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine rivers (known as the Forks).
	www.geocities.com /SoHo/Atrium/4832/seven.html (1246 words)

	June 19 information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining.
		Earl Erling Skakke is killed, and the battle changes the tide of the civil wars.
		1807 - Admiral Dmitry Senyavin destroys the Ottoman fleet in the Battle of Athos.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/June_19 (855 words)

	Simon Fraser (explorer) Summary
		In 1817 he was arrested by Lord Selkirk as an accessory to the Seven Oaks massacre near Red River the preceding year.
		The conflict culminated in the Battle of Seven Oaks in June 1816, resulting in the death of the colony's governor, Robert Semple, and nineteen others.
		Though not involved in the attack, Fraser was one of the partners arrested by Lord Selkirk at Fort William.
	www.bookrags.com /Simon_Fraser_(explorer) (2159 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Manitoba
		These, with their purveyors in Montreal, founded the famous North-west company, which soon became a formidable rival to the long established Hudson Bay Company, the representative of the English interests.
		This culminated (19 June, 1816) in the Battle of Seven Oaks, wherein Robert Semple, governor for the Hudson Bay Company and twenty of his men fell.
		The immediate result was the disbanding of the colonists, who, however, were soon recalled by Lord Selkirk at the head of a strong force of hired soldiers (1817).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09602a.htm (831 words)

	Exploration, the Fur Trade and Hudson's Bay Company - Maps & Images
		Battle of the Bay: Battle in Arctic Waters
		The Battle in the Bay (the sinking of the Hampshire)
		Battle of Seven Oaks: Murder Under the Trees
	www.canadiana.org /hbc/images/intro_e.html (726 words)

	Chanson de la Grenouillere ("Song of Frog Plain," Falcon's Song) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		June 19, 1816 - Battle of Seven Oaks.
		The Battle of Seven Oaks marked the climax of their efforts.
		Pierre Falcon (born 1793) was reported to be one of the Métis involved in the attack, and to have composed the song that very night.
	www.csufresno.edu /folklore/ballads/FMB121.html (223 words)

	Winnipeg.ca (UD) : CityLife (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A Manitoba Heritage Council plaque is located at Seven Oaks House Museum, Rupertsland Avenue and Jones Street.
		This memorial marks the site of the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816, in which Governor Semple and 20 Selkirk settlers fell.
		Here at Frog Plain on June 19, 1816, Robert Semple, Governor of the Red River Settlement and about 26 men confronted a North West Company Brigade from the Assiniboine River led by the young Metis Clerk Cuthbert Grant.
	www.winnipeg.ca /Services/CityLife/HistoryOfWinnipeg/HistoricSites.stm (3307 words)

	Prairie Public.Org: Radio: Radio Home
		That’s a song written by Pierre Falcon in 1816 to memorialize the Battle of Seven Oaks, in which the French-Chippewa Métis fought and killed 23 Selkirk settlers.
		The battle was a defining moment for the Métis, cementing them as a separate and unique culture.
		Falcon named his tune “La Chanson de la Grenouillere” or “The Ballad of Frog Plain.” One source states, “The ballad recaptures the spirit of the battle, highlights the events, celebrates the bravery of the Métis, and denounces the alleged treachery of their white opponents.
	www.prairiepublic.org /programs/datebook/bydate/05/0905/092605.jsp (808 words)

	MHS Transactions: The 150th Anniversary of Seven Oaks
		The purpose of this paper will be briefly to examine the long-range background and causes leading to the skirmish at Seven Oaks and then to examine more intensively the years after Lord Selkirk's settlement was planted on the banks of the Red River.
		It was a fight to the finish and only seven settlers escaped with their lives.
		The fact that Semple intended only to speak to the natives is established beyond doubt.
	www.mhs.mb.ca /docs/transactions/3/sevenoaks.shtml (6022 words)

	Time to become Canadian by Alex Aitken
		For the Douglases, when Myrestane was thrown into the mix, the bond was powerful and immediate.Now, as Ann Douglas looked sadly from her window onto the snow bank that lined the deserted street, that bond was to be reinforced once again.
		There she was, Bella McPake, head down into the wind and battling her way through a flurry of snow towards Ann's door.
		She had been reading about how the Metis had routed and murdered Scottish Settlers at the battle of Seven Oaks in the Red River Colony in 1816.
	www.electricscotland.com /HISTORY/world/alex/canadian.htm (1606 words)

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