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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Battle of Shipka Pass
		Four battles were fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire for control over the crucial Shipka Pass during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78.
		Battle of Shipka Pass I - (July 17-19, 1877), Joseph Gourko captures the pass
		Battle of Shipka Pass II - (August 21-26, 1877), Turks attempt to retake the pass and are repulsed
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Battle_of_Shipka_Pass (154 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Russia
		During the reign of Catherine II a Russian author, Radishsheff, in his "Voyage from St. Petersburg to Moscow", suggested the necessity of freeing the peasants from their servitude; the book was held to be dangerous, and its author was exiled to Siberia.
		This marriage was concluded by Paul II and Cardinal Bessarion, and served as the pretext for the tsars to declare themselves heirs of the Byzantine basileis, to take as their arms the two-headed eagle, and to assume the rôle of defenders and champions of the Orthodox Church.
		Alexander II understood that, to remedy the evil results of the Crimean War, it was necessary to establish great social reforms, and to curtail the power and limit the abuses of the bureaucracy.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13231c.htm (19680 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		She passed over Pieria and fair Emathia, and went on and on till she came to the snowy ranges of the Thracian horsemen, over whose topmost crests she sped without ever setting foot to ground.
		At the battle of the Granicus in 334, Alexander deployed his Thracians on his left flank, but they were not engaged during the battle.
		In the battle near Philippi in October of the same year, the republicans were defeated by Caesar's supporters Marcus Antonius in an alliance with Octavianus, who was adopted by Caesar.
	www.thrace.0catch.com /main_history.htm (14129 words)

	[No title]
		The mass of the French nation had little means of appreciating what passed in Europe; they took their facts from their leaders, who considered it no very serious thing to plunge a nation into war for the furtherance of internal liberty.
		Events were soon to pass their own stern and mocking sentence upon the wisdom of the Girondin statesmanship.
		The nation that had to fight the battle of European freedom must appeal to the spirit of freedom wherever it would answer the call: the conflict with sovereigns must be maintained by arming their subjects against them in every land.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext04/8hsmd10.txt (15816 words)

	History of the Macedonian People from Ancient times to the Present - Part VI, by Risto Stefov
		Alexander, son of Philip II and Polyxena (Olympias) was born in Pella on July 22nd, 356 BC.
		Alexander stormed the Shipka Pass and descended upon the northern plains in pursuit of the Triballian king who sought refuge on an island in the Danube.
		The battle was going to take place not in the broad open plain of Syria, but in the narrow plain of Pinarus, encircled by the mountains and sea.
	www.maknews.com /html/articles/stefov/stefov23.html (9228 words)

	The Wargamer - 1000 Years of War in Review
		At the Battle of Navarino (1827), the Turk and Egyptian fleets are destroyed by the Royal Navy.
		Battle of Blood River in 1838 ends in victory for the Boers over the Zulus.
		Battle of Fair Oaks (Seven Pines) 1861 - A Union sergeant rushes to rescue colors from a fallen soldier.
	www.wargamer.com /articles/1000y/1000y_p9.asp (1849 words)

	Bulgaria - Wikipedia Mirror
		The Bulgarian empire was a significant European power in the 9th and the 10th century, while fighting with the Byzantine Empire for the control of the Balkans.
		It was re-established in 1185 and continued to be an important power in the European south-east for two more centuries by fighting to assert its place in the region with the Byzantine Empire, imposing defeats on the Crusader states in Greece, as well as Hungary.
		A liberation attempt by the Polish-Hungarian forces under the rule of Wladislaus III of Poland was crushed in 1444 in the battle of Varna.
	www.wiki-mirror.be /index.php/Bulgaria (2559 words)

	Alexander The Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He was born in 356 BC at Pella in Macedonia, the son of Philip II and Olympias (daughter of King Neoptolemus of Epirus).
		But in pitched battle the striking force was the cavalry, and the core of the army, should the issue still remain undecided after the cavalry charge, was the infantry phalanx, 9,000 strong, armed with 13-foot spears and shields, and the 3,000 men of the royal battalions, the hypaspists.
		The decisive battle of the war was fought on the plain of Gaugamela between Nineveh and Arbela.
	history-world.org /alexander_the_great1.htm (4935 words)

	islam
		Under Catherine II, the Great Russia began to protect the Orthodox population of the Ottoman empire.
		Soon the whole of Europe raised a voice of protest in defense of the heroic Bulgarian people, whose courage and fortitude impressed greatly whole nations and won the hearts of the people in favor of Bulgaria's freedom.
		The Orlov regiment and 5 500 Bulgarians fortified the Shipka Pass under the command of General Stoletov.
	www.angelfire.com /bug/berberian12/islam.htm (1987 words)

	The Russo-Turkish War Timeline
		When war was finally declared, it was allegedly for the purpose of avenging the atrocities committed against the Bulgarians and for defending the Christians in the Balkans as a whole.
		Turkish forces withdraw from Shipka pass leaving behind their wounded along with ammunition and cannon.
		General Radetskii begins preparations to attack Turkish positions at the South end of Shipka Pass, while forces under Generals Skobelev and Sviatopolk-Mirskii begin marching through the mountains to conduct an envelopment of Turkish forces in the region.
	www.russianwarrior.com /1877_militaryhist.htm (1709 words)

	NABCC : Countries Local : Bulgaria : Travel : Monasteries
		Throughout nine days, they engaged in fierce battle before being crushed: the insurgents and monks were killed, the monastery burned to the ground.
		A unique work of the calligraphic school, which existed here as early as in the 14th century, is the manuscript "Interpretation of Jonah", taken in 1674 from the Constantinople Patriarch Dositheusm, and kept today in the Holy Grave Church in Jerusalem.
		The Shipka Monastery is one of its exquisite, and at the same time monumental, "editions".
	www.nabcc.org /Default.aspx?CategoryID=49 (2884 words)

	[No title]
		It was observed from statistics that landed property was rapidly passing from the hands of the nobility into possession of merchants and wealthy peasants, men who a generation previous had been serfs.
		The importance of the Mo-tien-ling Pass led to an attempt to recapture it on July 17, by General Keller,The Russians, however, were repulsed with heavy loss.
		Dissatisfaction was being felt with the governor general of Moscow, and on May 13th, the Constitutional Democrats passed a resolution advising the trial of him because of his so-called illegal action in putting to death five men.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Morphil.html (18763 words)

	Black Sea Developments - The city of Kazanlak, Bulgaria
		However, as the local hotels are pricey, and were are regular buses to the Shipka Pass, it`s worth considering staying there instead.
		in battle here, and it`s thought that his entrails were interred on the spot before the rest of him was carried back to Bursa (probably embalmed in honey) to be buried in a much finer turbe closer to home.
		In ancient times, the Tundzha Valley was the domain of the Thracian Odrysae, who exploited the vacuum left by the retreat of Persian power in the fifth century BC to forge a powerful tribal state on the southern slopes of the Balkan Range.
	www.blackseadevelopments.co.uk /pg_kazanlak (1950 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of Modern Europe 1792-1878, by C. A. Fyffe
		The impulse of Frederick's successor was sufficient to reverse the whole system of Prussian foreign policy, and to plunge the country in alliance with Austria into a speculative and unnecessary war.
		On the death of Frederick in 1786, the crown passed to Frederick William II., his nephew.
		The victory of Jemappes, the first pitched battle won by the Republic, excited an outburst of revolutionary fervour in the Convention which deeply affected the relations of France to Great Britain, hitherto a neutral spectator of the war.
	www.cise.ufl.edu /mirrors/gutenberg/etext04/8hsmd10h.htm (14475 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Due to misjudgment of the direction of the Turkish main efforts, the command of the forces on Shipka had sent Russian operational reserve contingents to help in the defense of Hainboaz, another throat in the mountain.
		During the hot days of August 1877 epic battles took place on that mountain peak of Shipka, at the geographical intersection point of the Bulgarian lands.
		Following victorious battles at Sofia, Plovdiv and Sheinovo, the Ottoman military machinery was shattered, dilapidated and ruined.
	cupandcross.com /news/2004-05/20040303.html (1874 words)

	Wikinfo \| List of battles 1801-1900 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		1806 Battle of Jena and Battle of Auerstedt October 14 - Davout, Napoleon defeat Prussians in separate battles
		1812 Battle of Aslanduz October 31 - Russians defeat Persian army of Abbas Mirza.
		1826 Battle of Ganja Russia defeats Persian invaders
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=List_of_battles_1801-1900 (4734 words)

	WarData.net Battles 1750-1975 Timeline
		USS Wasp vs HMS Frolic, Naval Battle of
		USS Wasp vs HMS Poictiers, Naval Battle of
		HMS Shannon vs USS Chesapeake, Naval Battle of
	www.wardata.net /wardata_table_of_battles_1750-1975.htm (263 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - One Score and Sixteen Years Ago - A Bulgarian AAR.
		For, due to its misjudging the direction of the Turkish main effort, the command of the forces on Shipka had to send Russian operational reserve contingents to help in the defence of Hainboaz, another throat in the mountain.
		During the hot days of August 1877 epic battles took place on that mountain peak at the geographical intersection point of the Bulgarian lands.
		Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany was slow to send his regards about the advance of his armies advance.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/printthread.php?t=167616 (7469 words)

	The Gatling Gun, Manufactured by The Battery Gun Co.
		Although their usage was limited, the new gatling guns were accorded great praise during the battle of Petersburg.
		The battles in Zuzuland in the late 1870's also saw these battery guns in action.
		At Santiago, the battle of Bloody Ford, three Gatlings were credited with laying down 18,000 rounds of ammunition in less than 8 minutes, saving countless American lives.
	www.thebatteryguncompany.com /history.html (938 words)

	CalendarHome.com - 1878 - Calendar Encyclopedia
		January 5 - Battle of Shipka Pass IV
		December 31 - Horacio Quiroga, Argentina's writer was born in Salto, Uruguay (d.
		January 9 - King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (b.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /1878.htm (1163 words)

	Amazon.com: "fourth battle": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In fact only the fourth battle at Hachimanbara in 1561 was fought in the heart of Kawanakajima.
		CHAPTER 7 * Battle in Three Dimensions FROM A BASE IN THE GUADALCANAL SECTOR The fourth battle of the Solomons,...
		Battle Tactics of the Civil War (Yale Nota Bene) by Paddy Griffith
	www.amazon.com /phrase/fourth-battle (561 words)

	Bulgaria travel guide - Wikitravel
		There is a monument in honor of a battle for the liberation of Bulgaria visible from the city at Mount Shipka.
		In a village called Shipka near Kazanlak there is a very beautiful Russian church built in memory of the Russian soliders who fell in the battle of Shipka Pass.
		Most buses from Western Europe will pass through Serbia, so be sure to check if you need a transit visa beforehand (Serbian visas for citizens of the EU have recently been abolished).
	wikitravel.org /en/Bulgaria (4216 words)

	The Foundations of Leninism
		The Russian Social-Democrats are already steeled enough in battle not to be perturbed by these pinpricks and to continue, in spite of them, their work of self-criticism and ruthless exposure of their own shortcomings, which will unquestionably and inevitably be overcome as the working-class movement grows." (See Vol.
		Formerly, the victory of the revolution in one country was considered impossible, on the assumption that it would require the combined action of the proletarians of all or at least of a majority of the advanced countries to achieve victory over the bourgeoisie.
		into the battle for the recovery of the 'paradise' of which they have been deprived, on behalf of their families, who had been leading such a sweet and easy life and whom now the 'common herd' is condemning to ruin and destitution (or to 'common' labour.
	www.marx2mao.com /Stalin/FL24.html (15703 words)

	ALEXANDER THE GREAT, Project by JJP
		His father, Philip II of Macedon, was brilliant ruler and strategist.
		He marched into Thrace in spring 335 and, after forcing the Shipka Pass and crushing the Triballi, crossed the Danube to reduce to obedience Getae and Celtic tribes; turning west, he then defeated and shattered a coalition of Ilyrians who had invaded Macedonia.
		The Battle of Issus Intelligence on both sides was imprecise, and the two armies had infact been advancing randomly.
	www.1stmuse.com (3166 words)

	[No title]
		Alexander was born at Pella in Macedonia in late July of 356 BC, on the same day on which the famous Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was destroyed by fire.
		He marched into Thrace in Spring 335 and, after forcing through the Shipka Pass and crushing the Triballi, crossed the Danube to subjugate the Getae and Celtic tribes; turning west, he then shattered a coalition of Illyrians who had invaded Macedonia.
		When the city of Miletus refused to open its gates, encouraged by the proximity of the Persian fleet, Alexander took it by assault; without a maritime battle: he disbanded his expensive navy and decided to defeat the Persian fleet on land by occupying the coastal cities.
	1stmuse.com /alex3/alex-synopsys.html (3101 words)

	Grapes Unlimited
		The Byzantine emperor Nicephorus was in 811 killed in battle as the first of his stand in
		The battle of the Shipka Pass in August 1877 was vital for the outcome of the Russian-Turkish war, and
		The Shipka monument and the battle of the Shipka Pass is counted as one of the foremost symbols of
	www.grapesunlimited.com /kingsheroes.html (3472 words)

	Bulgaria - March 3 - National Holiday Of Bulgaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Russian forces, which were joined by a Bulgarian corps of 7,000 volunteers, defeated the Ottoman forces, among others in a battle at Shipka Pass.
		Appropriately, Bulgaria honors Russian Czar Alexander II as a primary figure among its "founding fathers" with statues of him in many cities, including one in the heart of its capital, Sofia.
		Although decidedly a man of peace, Alexander II became the reluctant champion of the oppressed Slav peoples and in 1877 finally declared war on Turkey.
	www.bulgaria.cc /listings/listingdetails.php?id=100044 (860 words)

	Articles. de Kabat Bloodstock. New Zealand.
		The name, de Kabat (pronounced d' CAA bit), is derived from Hungarian and means the cloak or mantle.
		This title was the highest honour given to non-aristocracy and allowed him entry, at the lowest level, to the aristocratic class.
		Ivan's oldest son died of an injury sustained in the last week of the battle for Shipka Pass (in Turkey) and the title passed to Ivan's other son, also called Ivan.
	www.dekabat.com /Articles.aspx?c=31 (492 words)

	Bulgaria's Liberation From Ottoman Domination 1878
		After the bloody battle of the Bulgarian volunteers and the Russian troops near the town of Stara Zagora (southern Bulgarian) came the battles in the Shipka Pass of the Balkan Range.
		At Shipka Russian troops and the Bulgarian volunteer force (some 6000 men) braved and resisted the onslaught of a 27,000-strong Turkish army at the end of August 1877.
		At the battle of Sheinovo (Kazanluk district) 22,000 Turkish troops and officers surrendered with 83 cannon, after casualties amounting to thousands.
	www.geocities.com /nbulgaria/bulgaria/bg_pays5.htm (1393 words)

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