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	History of St. Albans, Hertfordshire
		St Albans is located in southern Hertfordshire, England, just north of London, beside the site of a Catuvellauni[?] settlement and the Roman town of Verulamium.
		St Albans played a role in the Peasants Revolt of 1381, presenting a charter for the freedom of St. Albans to the Abbot on 16th June 1381, in which various rights were demanded.
		In 1461 the Second Battle of St Albans on Bernards Heath on the north of the town resulted in a Lancastrian victory.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hi/History_of_St_Albans.html (680 words)

	First Battle of St Albans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The First Battle of St Albans was the first battle of the Wars of the Roses and was fought on May 22, 1455 in the town of St Albans.
		The Lancastrians attempted to hold St. Albans behind two blockades in Hollywell and St. Peter’s Streets against a Yorkist attack from the east.
		In military terms St. Albans was trivial, perhaps 300 dead, but in political terms the battle was a complete victory, for York captured the King, returning himself to complete power, his rival Somerset was dead and the Neville's arch enemies Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland and Lord Clifford fell during the rout.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans (477 words)

	St Albans Hauntings
		St Albans has a multitude of ghosts and strange stories, many of which are attached to the magnificent abbey.
		St Alban is also said to make an appearance, during a visit to the abbey grounds one woman experienced a vision of a white figure with a golden radiance about its head.
		St Albans was the scene of two particularly bloody battles fought in its streets during the wars of the roses.
	www.mysteriousbritain.co.uk /hauntings/stalbans.html (395 words)

	Battle of Blore Heath - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Battle of Blore Heath was the first major battle in the English Wars of the Roses and was fought on September 23, 1459, at Blore Heath in Staffordshire, two miles east of the town of Market Drayton in Shropshire, England.
		It is believed that at least 3,000 men died in the battle, with at least 2,000 of these from the Lancastrian side.
		Legend has it that Margaret of Anjou watched the battle from the spire of the church in nearby Mucklestone, before fleeing when she realised Audley was being defeated.
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Battle_of_Blore_Heath (964 words)

	St Albans District Council - Leisure - Battle of St Albans
		St Albans was heavily barricaded including Tonman Ditch, allowing the royal archers to fire on the Yorkists at will.
		St Albans was looted as the townsfolk had feared.
		Six years later at the second battle of St Albans, the fortunes of the houses of York and Lancaster would be reversed.
	www.stalbans.gov.uk /leisure/battle.htm (723 words)

	Refights First St. Albans
		At St. Albans (refight), the Lancastrian forces were defending the edge of the town with a force of 362AP split over three commands.
		In the historical battle, one of the major deciding factors leading to the Yorkist victory was the unpreparedness of Henry and the confusion this caused.
		St Albans' tea-rooms owners were left even more harassed but somewhat better educated about "real coffee" and "decent food".
	homepages.paradise.net.nz /peter.dunn/multiplayer/albans.htm (1230 words)

	AllRefer.com - York, Richard, duke of (British And Irish History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		In 1453 a son born to Henry VI displaced York as heir to the throne, but the onset of the king's insanity enabled York to secure control of the government as protector (1454).
		Dismissed when the king recovered, York resorted to arms (see Roses, Wars of the) and, with the help of his wife's relatives, most notably Richard Neville, earl of Warwick, won the first battle of St. Albans (1455), in which Somerset was killed.
		A compromise was arranged by which York was recognized as protector and heir apparent to the throne, but Margaret (whose own son had thus been disinherited) gathered her forces and defeated the Yorkists at the battle of Wakefield, in which York was slain.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/Y/York-Ric.html (549 words)

	10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mortimer's Cross and St Albans II York’s son, the Earl of March, was in Wales raising troops.
		After he won the battle, he chose a golden sunburst as one of his badges, so that all who wore it would be identified as his men.
		The Second Battle of St Albans meant that the Lancasters would not be destroyed, despite the Yorkist victories.
	history.boisestate.edu /hy309/wotr/10.html (376 words)

	Michael Miller - Wars of the Roses - Chapter 47: The 1st battle of St Albans: May 1455
		The Royal army reached St Albans early in the morning of 22nd May, and found the Yorkists were still in their camp at Ware, a short distance to the east.
		St Albans has grown considerably since 1455, and the lines of the Yorkist advance have been built upon, but enough remains of the medieval street plan to follow the course of the battle.
		The First battle of St Albans was not a great battle which went on for the whole day or even a number of days; all was over in less than an hour.
	www.warsoftheroses.co.uk /chapter_47.htm (2683 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In 1455, St. Albans was attacked by the Yorkists during the War of the Roses fought between the Yorkists and the Lancastrians.
		The Yorkists eventually won the battle that was fought in the town centre and captured the then king, King Edward IV (he was later realeased).
		Since then St. Albans has had a quiet past, the town has grown from 6,000 in 1800 to 63,000 today with the Abbey still the focal point of the town.
	students.bath.ac.uk /mn3dpa/STa.htm (288 words)

	St. Albans School: Hockey Freezes Landon Out (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The game was hard-fought throughout with St. Albans outplaying the Little Hoyas through the first two periods, and claiming a 3-2 lead at the end of the second period on goals by Vap and Thorin and Rabbitt.
		Albans pulled its goalie in the final minutes, hoping for an advantage with the extra skater, but Prep scored an empty net goal with 30 seconds remaining to seal the victory.
		Since Landon had beaten the Gonzaga team which routed St. Albans earlier in the season, the ’Dogs were considered significant underdogs in their final regular season game.
	www.sta.cathedral.org /stanews/99-00issue4/hockey.html (649 words)

	St Albans - The First Battle of St Albans and the Wars of the Roses
		This was to become the time and the scene of the first battle of the famous Wars of the Roses - the 1st Battle of St Albans.
		The armies were destined to meet at the neutral and unsuspecting town of St. Albans, which suffered greatly by the custom of the victors pillaging the spoils after battle.
		The battle became a route and most of the nobles on the Lancastrian side were slain, including Sumerset who is said to have been cut down by Warwick himself.
	www.entwistlefamily.org.uk /1st_battle_of_st_albans.htm (1612 words)

	Warwick, Richard Neville, earl of. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Warwick was largely responsible for the Yorkist victory at the first battle of St. Albans (1455) and was appointed to the strategic post of governor of Calais.
		The queen, Margaret of Anjou, raised an army in the north, defeated and killed York and Salisbury at Wakefield (1460), and defeated Warwick and recaptured Henry at the second battle of St. Albans (1461).
		Edward and Warwick met in battle at Barnet; the earl was defeated and was slain in flight.
	www.bartleby.com /65/wa/WarwickRN.html (553 words)

	John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He fought at the Battle of Blore Heath and was captured and imprisoned by the Lancastrians.
		After the Yorkist victory at Northampton he was released, but was captured again at the second Battle of St Albans.
		Montagu returned to high office in the north, but was killed at the Battle of Barnet.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/j/jo/john_neville__1st_marquess_of_montagu.html (250 words)

	The First Battle of St Albans
		In the historical battle, one of the major deciding factors leading to the Yorkist victory was the un-preparedness of Henry and the confusion this caused.
		St Albans, May 6.- King Henry VI awoke, as befits a gentleman of his regal standing, at about mid-day.
		St Albans' tea-rooms owners were left even more harassed but somewhat better educated about 'real coffee' and 'decent food'.
	www.warlords.org.nz /article_stalb.htm (1225 words)

	yorkshire history
		The Duke of York then followed, and since the king had survived the battle, and his murder was not then an option, the best York was able to achieve was the 'right of succession', whereby on Henry's eventual death, York and his heirs would succeed to the throne.
		The bulk of the queen's army continued to march south from Wakefield towards St Albans where Warwick was waiting for them with another force of Yorkists from London.
		After a day of fighting the Yorkists were beaten (the 2nd Battle of St. Albans), and Warwick was forced to withdraw with 4,000 men still under arms.
	yorkshirehistory.com /towton/towton3.htm (1198 words)

	Second St Albans
		On a cold February morning with snow in the air, the Yorkist division just to the east of St Albans saw with despair that, instead of the traditional frontal assault, the Lancastrians had performed a concealed flank march and were coming round the side of the defences.
		The fruit of Second St Albans was that Warwick finally gave up believing that Henry VI was a viable option as king and he threw all his mind into making the young Edward, Duke of York the new king.
		For the moment, however, the burgesses of St Albans were left to bury the dead, including the heroic Yorkist archers.
	www.visbellica.com /Scenarios/2StAlbans/sc_2ndstalbans.htm (2968 words)

	The Battle of First St. Albans
		The first battle of St Albans had lasted no more than half an hour, and despite the bloodshed, only around 60-100 men were slain.
		The events at St Albans were the culmination of many years of unease between the powerful factions at the head of society.
		The town of St. Albans stretches across the centre of the table.
	members.shaw.ca /kblackley/stalbans.htm (659 words)

	RICHARD III. - LoveToKnow Article on RICHARD III. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		After the second battle of St Albans in February 1461, his mother sent him with his brother George for safety to Utrecht.
		He distinguished himself at Barnet and Tewkesbury; according to the Lancastrian story, after the latter battle he murdered th~ young Edward of Wales in cold blood; this is discredited by the authority of Warkworth (Chronicle, p.
		After the battle his body was carried to Leicester, trussed across a horses back, and buried without honor in the church of the Greyfriars.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RI/RICHARD_III_.htm (1206 words)

	JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND - LoveToKnow Article on JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		At the battle of Blore Heath in 1459 John Neville was taken prisoner by the Lancastrians, although the Yorkists under his father had won the victory; he was among those who were attainted in the parliament of Coventry, and he was not released until 1460 when his own party had gained the upper hand.
		He was not present at the battle of Wakefield, when his father was taken prisoner, but he was again a captive after the second battle of St Albans in 1461.
		In 1463 he became warden of the east marches towards Scotland, and he was responsible for the Yorkist victories at Hedgeley Moor and at Hexham in April and May 1464; after the latter battle he secured the execution of Henry Beaufort, duke of Somerset, and other captives of high station.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /N/NO/NORTHUMBERLAND_JOHN_NEVILLE_EARL_OF.htm (427 words)

	1461 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		February 2 - Battle of Mortimer's Cross - Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in Wales.
		February 17 - Second Battle of St Albans - The Earl of Warwick's army is defeated by a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, who recovers control of her husband.
		March 29 - Battle of Towton - Edward IV defeats Queen Margaret to make good his claim to the English throne.
	www.marylandheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/1461 (296 words)

	WARS OF THE ROSES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This too was shortlived, however, as the Yorkists returned with an army that met with the Lancastrians at St Albans in the first battle of the Wars.
		In 1485, at the battle of Bosworth Field, Richard was defeated and killed by the army of Henry Tudor (King Henry VII).
		After the Battle of St Albans, Richard was again made heir to Henry disinheriting Edward of Lancaster.
	www.geocities.com /Area51/Cavern/5123/roses.html (1503 words)

	Some Notable Events in St. Albans History
		Alban a citizen of Verulamium martyred for his Christian faith.
		1461 The Second Battle of St. Albans led to victory for the Lancastrians under Queen Margaret who brought her forces down Watling Street from Dunstable.
		Much of the fighting took place on Bernards Heath on the north of the town and the Yorkists in retreat left the King (who had been released from his first captivity at St. Albans and then retaken) sitting under an oak tree on Nomansland common.
	www.salbani.co.uk /notableevents.htm (748 words)

	World History 1450- 1500 AD
		The first battle of the war was the Battle of St Albans which took place near London.
		The battle which was the bloodiest of the war, resulted in Edward being crowned Edward IV King of England.
		Margaret, Henry's wife, continued the struggle, but at the Battle of Tewkesbury Margaret's son was killed and she was captured.
	www.multied.com /dates/1450ad.html (1165 words)

	Battle of St Albans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		There were two battles during the English Wars of the Roses fought in or near the town of St Albans.
		The first Battle of St Albans was the first battle of the war and was fought on May 22, 1455.
		The second Battle of St Albans was fought February 22, 1461.
	usapedia.com /b/battle-of-st-albans.html (211 words)

	Towton, Battle of -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The largest and bloodiest battle of the Wars of the Roses, it secured the English throne for Edward IV against his Lancastrian opponents.
		Two battles in the fall of 1777 that marked the turning point for the Continental Army in the American Revolution were the Battles of Saratoga.
		The Battle of Marathon was a decisive victory for the Greeks during the Persian Wars.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9073089?tocId=9073089&query=battle (868 words)

	Timeline 1450-1499 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The army of the Duke of York met the army of Queen Margaret at the Battle of St. Alban’s.
		1456 Jul 14, Hungarians defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Belgrade, in present-day Yugoslavia.
		Edward, the 17-year-old prince of Wales, was killed at the battle of Tewkesbury.
	timelines.ws /1450_1475.HTML (4960 words)

	TherionArms - 'The Battle of St. Albans' by Graham Turner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		On the 22nd May 1455, the struggle for control of the government of England boiled over into armed conflict in the first battle of what would become known as the Wars of the Roses.
		York withdrew to the north and began mustering men, supported by his brother in law, the Earl of Salisbury, and Salisbury`s son, Richard Neville, the Earl of Warwick, later known as the `Kingmaker`.
		Advancing towards London, the Yorkist force found the Royal army positioned in the small town of St. Albans.
	www.therionarms.com /misc/gt_albans.html (295 words)

	Roses, Wars of the
		The opposing factions met (1455) at St. Albans—usually taken as the first battle of the Wars of the Roses.
		In the ensuing battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury (1471), Warwick and Henry's son, Edward, were killed.
		Battle of St Albans, 1455: Anthony Pollard, on the 550th anniversary of the battle of St Albans, describes what happened, and asks whether the battle should rightly be seen as the launch of the Wars of the Roses.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0842431.html (818 words)

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