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Topic: Battle of Tirad Pass

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Gregorio del Pilar

Battle of Quingua

Battle of Zapote Bridge

Battle of Paye

Battle of Mabitac

Battle of Pulang Lupa

Emilio Aguinaldo

Philippine Psychology

Balangiga

Balangiga massacre

Philippine Scouts

Frederick Funston

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Battle of Manila Bay

People Power Revolution

	Battles of the Philippine-American War at AllExperts
		Battle of Zapote Bridge (June 13, 1899) - On Luzon, Lawton's American forces rout a large Philippine force under General Pio del Pilar, and inflict heavy casualties on the enemy in 2nd largest battle* of the Philippine-American War.
		Battle of Tirad* Pass (December 2, 1899) - On Luzon, 60 Filipino patriots under General del Pilar fight off an attack of 500 U.S. Infantry for 5 hours, before nearly all Filipinos are killed, including del Pilar.
		Battle of Bud Dajo (March 5 March 7 1906) - One-thousand Moros (mostly women and children) fortify themselves in an extinct volcanic crater on Mindanao and battle* a few hundred American soldiers, before virtually all Moros are killed.
	en.allexperts.com /e/b/ba/battles_of_the_philippine-american_war.htm (545 words)

	Triad Pass and the Capture of Aguilnaldo
		This was the Battle of Tirad Pass on December 2, 1899, in which sixty brave Filipino revolutionaries led by a twenty-three year old Tagalog general, Gregorio del Pilar, fought hundreds of American soldiers tasked with apprehending Aguinaldo.
		This passageway to the Cordillera was Tirad Pass.
		They were eventually killed after a long battle and only after a Filipino soldier betrayed them by revealing to the Americans the secret passage to the mountain top from the rear.
	opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu /filipino/triad.html (323 words)

	Manila Standard: The Future is Ours
		Although Goyo, as the general was affectionately called, held the attackers at bay, he was killed in that battle.
		Tirad Pass is now part of Gregorio del Pilar town in Ilocos Sur, tucked away in a corner of the western foothills of the Cordillera mountain range.
		There are no roads that connect the town to the rest of the country, although visitors can traverse two routes to get there—through Tirad Pass itself, which goes all the way to Quirino via the equally historic Bessang Pass, and through a river, which serves as the “highway” of the town’s residents.
	www.manilastandardtoday.com /?page=goodLife02_mar02_2003 (557 words)

	Region I Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Act 2683 passed on March 1917 by the Philippine Legislature defined the present geographical boundaries of Ilocos Sur.
		Declared as a National Shrine, the pass, located in the municipality of Gregorio del Pilar was the last stand of the Filipino Revolutionary Forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo.
		The Battle of Tirad Pass was led by the youngest Filipino General Gregorio del Pilar.
	www.emb.gov.ph /regions/region1/about_us/Ilocos_sur.htm (566 words)

	Filipino Heroes/Rizal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He bravely fought superior and better-armed American force in the narrow pass of Tirad.
		Before the famous battle, General Gregorio del Pilar wrote a statement saying; "I am now surrounded by the encouragement which shall overpower me and my brave men.
		Killed in the Battle of Tirad Pass, on December 2, 1899.
	library.thinkquest.org /28616/nhero/gregry.htm (229 words)

	Events of the War
		The recent battle of February 5th was somewhat of a revelation to Americans.
		In June of 1899, Otis began boasting to the press of the upcoming “final battle” against the Filipinos.
		Aguinaldo managed to escape, but was pursued into the mountains where he left a rear guard of 60 Filipinos under the command of Gregorio del Pilar, a 22 year old boy general, at Tirad Pass to cover his retreat.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Crete/9782/events.htm (3208 words)

	‘Wikipedia’ details atrocities - The Manila Mail
		By the summer of 1898, the Spanish were completely defeated in the Philippines, as the Americans went on to occupy the city of Manila after a battle with the Spanish.
		Brigadier General Gregorio del Pilar, fought a heroic Filipino delaying action at Battle of Tirad Pass to buy time for Aguinaldo to escape, escape he did, but del Pilar was killed in the final attack.
		After this battle and with the loss of two of their best generals, the Filipinos’ ability to fight a conventional rapidly diminished.
	www.manilamaildc.net /article837.html (2681 words)

	WHY ARE WE POOR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Look at the Japanese and how they save in spite of the fact that the interest given them by their banks is so little.
		Recall the Battle of Tirad Pass and glory in the heroism of Gregorio Del Pilar and the 48 Filipinos who died but stopped the Texas Rangers from capturing the President of that First Republic.
		Its equivalent in ancient history is the Battle of Thermopylae where the Spartans and their king Leonidas, died to a man, defending the pass against the invading Persians.
	web.1asphost.com /filcom/20Reading001.htm (1347 words)

	Philippines - Historical Flags to 1899 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The flag was blooded a week later, 30 August 1896, during the Battle of San Juan del Monte, the first major battle of the Philippine Revolution.
		The flag of General Gregorio del Pilar, the "Boy General." Flown during the Battle of Tirad Pass, Ilocos Sur.
		The "Boy General" died at age 24 defending the pass on 2 December 1899.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/ph-histo.html (1358 words)

	The Philippine-American War: Links
		By January 1, those outside the zone area and bearing no pass will be arrested and those attempting to flee will be shot.
		He was a brilliant and courageous military leader and his success in battles caught the attention of Emilio Aguinaldo.
		The death of the "boy general" came in the Battle of Tirad Pass on December 2, 1899 when he was tasked with securing the defense of Tirad Pass, passageway in the Cordillera, to stall the pursuing American troops and put more distance between them and the fleeing Aguinaldo.
	opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu /filipino/PAWLinks.html (732 words)

	Philippine Flag Picture(s)- Evolution of the Flag
		In 1896, the Magdalo faction of the Katipunan in Cavite headed by General Emilio Aguinaldo had a red flag with a sun and at the center of the sun is the letter K written in the ancient Filipino alphabet.
		General Gregorio del Pilar also used another flag during the Battle of Pasong Balite and at the Battle of Tirad Pass.
		The flag is similar to the flag of Cuba, according to del Pilar.
	philippine-history.philsite.net /philippine_flag.htm (418 words)

	The Filipino Express Online
		Among them the Battle of Tirad Pass where Filipino troops stood their ground to allow General Emilio Aguinaldo to escape pursuing American forces; and the Battles of Besang Pass and Balete Pass, where Filipinos and Americans assaulted Japanese lines during WW II, which hastened the fall of the Japanese in the Philippines.
		IN a clear effort to pass an immigration reform bill, President Bush announced on Tuesday, May 16, a plan to send 6,000 National Guard troops to control the flow of illegal immigrants at the border with Mexico.
		Until a final bill (or proposed law) is passed by both the House and Senate, and signed into law by the President, there is nothing to apply for yet.
	www.filipinoexpress.com /20/22_op-ed.html (3657 words)

	:: Welcome to Manila Bulletin Online :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		IN Officer and A Gentlemanââ reads the epitaph on the historical marker placed at Tirad Pass, the site where he died fighting for the First Philippine Republic, by the National Historical Institute.
		The last position he occupied was as chief of President Emilio F. Aguinaldoâs rear guard which he held until he was killed at the battle of Tirad Pass.
		General Gregorio H. del Pilarâs defining moment in Philippine history was etched at Tirad Pass on December 2, 1899.
	www.mb.com.ph /issues/2005/12/02/OPED2005120250678.html (413 words)

	American Foreign Policy and the Philippine Insurrection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Alarmed by mounting American military successes on the battlefields Don Emilio Aguinaldo dissolved the regular revolutionary army and ordered the establishment of decentralized guerrilla commands in several military zones in the Philippine Islands.
		General Gregorio del Pilar was killed in the battle of Tirad Pass by Americans pursuing the fleeing Aguinaldo.
		The Philippine Bill of 1902, was passed by the U.S. Congress.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~saaposto/WorldPolitics116/timeline.html (203 words)

	Academy History
		In 1950, the Academy was transferred to the sprawling 373-hectare compound ten kilometers south of downtown Baguio City.
		Here, it found its permanent home in a camp named after the young hero of the battle of Tirad Pass, Gen. Gregorio Del Pilar.
		The PMA site, which is now referred to as Fort Del Pilar, was developed into an ideal military training institution with facilities and infrastructures required by a growing military academy.
	www.angelfire.com /trek/nevcal/history.html (593 words)

	EMANILA/Phil. Centennial Commission: Evolution of the Phil. Flag (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This was the first among the Katipunan flags to use three colors: red, blue and fl.
		The tri-color flag was used in the Battle of Pasong Balite, Bulacan and his last stand, Battle of Tirad Pass, Ilocos Sur on December 2, 1899.
		It was waved in the balcony of General Aguinaldo's six weeks after the Battle of Manila Bay.
	www.emanila.com /100sydney/ncc_ph/evolflag.htm (366 words)

	ABS-CBN Interactive
		General Gregorio del Pilar died in action while defending Tirad Pass from the Americans soldiers.
		The Philippine Commission passed Act 74 providing for the public education system, which includes the use of English as the medium of instruction, free primary education and a normal school for the training of teachers.
		The American colonial government passed Act 292 to quell armed nationalist sentiments during the era.
	www.abs-cbnnews.com /storypage.aspx?StoryId=51015 (1262 words)

	Feb05
		However, there was a young general of the Aguinaldo army called by the Americans "the boy general" who died in the field of battle -- while defending Tirad Pass on 2 December 1899, as rear guard of Aguinaldo´s retreating army to the North.
		Sixty was the number that at Aguinaldo´s orders had come down into the pass that morning to arrest the onward march of the Americans.
		Seven were all that went back over the pass that night to tell Aguinaldo that they had tried and failed.
	www.infanta.org /dec05.htm (3105 words)

	Filipino (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		After 333 years of Spanish rule, the Americans conquered the country and like Spain, America imposed her culture upon the people.
		They are ardent in love as they are fierce in battle.
		Filipino courage has been proven in the Battle of Mactan (1521), in the Battle of Tirad Pass (1899), in the battle of Bataan, Corregidor, Bessang Pass during World War II, and in many other battlefields.
	asnic.utexas.edu /asnic/countries/philippines/philippines.html (2835 words)

	Torn and frayed in Manila
		I was sorry to hear of the passing of Robert Altman, whose rambling, improvisatory, and eccentric movies lit up American cinema, especially in the 1970s.
		Gregorio del Pilar, the “boy general” of the Philippine revolution, was killed with 52 of his 60 men while defending Mount Tirad Pass in Ilocos Sur against the American army on 2 December 1899.
		The battle of Tirad Pass may have been “a monstrous botch”, as Joaquin says, but that sharpens rather than belittles the valour of the 52 men who perished.
	tornandfrayed.typepad.com (13565 words)

	Emilio Aguinaldo at AllExperts
		In 1893, the Maura Law was passed to reorganize town governments with the aim of making them more effective and autonomous, changing the designation of town head from gobernadorcillo to capitan municipal effective 1895.
		On January 1, 1895, Aguinaldo was elected town head, becoming the first person to hold the title of capitan municipal of Cavite El Viejo.
		Less than two years later, after the famous Battle of Tirad Pass and the death of his last most trusted general Gregorio del Pilar, Aguinaldo was captured in Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901 by US General Frederick Funston, with the help of Macabebe trackers [who saw Aguinaldo as a bigger problem than the Americans].
	en.allexperts.com /e/e/em/emilio_aguinaldo.htm (1761 words)

	Chronology--Philippines and Guam
		The U.S. House of Representatives passed decisively its own version of the Morgan-Cameron Resolution which called for the recognition of Cuban belligerency.
		In the battle the entire Spanish squadron was sunk, including the cruisers María Cristina and Castilla, gunboats Don Antonio de Ulloa, Don Juan de Austria, Isla de Luzón, Isla de Cuba, Velasco, and Argos.
		The United States troops "took" Manila, a day after the Armistice was signed in Washington, D.C. In upholding Spain's honor, Governor-General Fermín Jáudenes y Álvarez, realizing that the Spanish forces were no match for the invading Americans, negotiated a secret agreement with Americans General Merritt and Admiral Dewey, with Belgian consul Edouard Andre mediating.
	www.loc.gov /rr/hispanic/1898/chronphil.html (3561 words)

	Vicente A. Dizon bio
		Victor (who passed away last May 6, 2002) was an Electrical Engineer graduate of the National University.
		He also painted "The Battle of Zapote Bridge", "The Battle of Tirad Pass", "The Struggle", etc. He was a pioneer in the crusade for Art Education at all educational levels; a teacher of Drawing and Art Appreciation at the National Teachers College (1929-41).
		So, a week later, he played on the ocarina his own composition "Batu-bato" inspired by the chirping of a small native Philippine bird, and he also played a musical saw in the World s Largest Station in Radio City in New York.
	www-rcf.usc.edu /~camiling/bio/vdizon.htm (1480 words)

	The Philippine-American War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Death of a Patriot: Gregorio del Pilar and the Battle of Tirad Pass
		By Helen H. Taft, a brief account of the effect the battle at Balangiga had upon American residents in Manila by the wife of Governor-General William H. Taft.
		Text and explanation of the act passed by the U.S. Philippine Commission in November 1902 that defined resistance to the U.S. conquest of the Philippines as a criminal offense governed by civil law.
	www.boondocksnet.com /centennial/war.html (1107 words)

	History of the Philippines
		-U.S. Commodore George Dewey's fleet attacks and defeats the Spanish fleet led by Admiral Patricio Montojo in the Battle of Manila Bay.
		-Surrender of the Spaniards to the Americans in a prearranged sham land battle of Manila.
		-General Henry Lawton killed in the Battle of San Mateo against the Filipino forces led by General Lucerio Geronimo.
	www.garmentsasia.com /philippines/history/phil_hist.shtml (3004 words)

	Philippine National Heroes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Born on November 14, 1875, in Bulacan, Bulacan.
		Died on December 2, 1899, in the battle of Tirad Pass, to enable Aguinaldo to escape from the Americans.
		One of the youngest and bravest generals ever produced by the Philippines.
	park.org /Philippines/centennial/heroes01.htm (192 words)

	1898 - 1998: History of the Philippine Flags (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is said that Andres Bonifacio made fun of this flag, calling it "Llanera's skull."
		This battle flag had the Masonic triangle on the left, with the Malibay Katipunero designation over a red field.
		A red flag with the ancient Tagalog script for K (~) in white, placed at the center of a sun with eight pointed rays, again representing the Katipunan and the eight revolutionary provinces in Luzon.
	members.tripod.com /lltm/flags2.html (674 words)

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