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	Battle of Towton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Towton in the Wars of the Roses was the bloodiest ever fought on British soil, with casualties believed to have been in excess of 20,000 (perhaps as many as 30,000) men.
		The battle took place on a snowy 29 March 1461 (Palm Sunday) on a plateau between the villages of Towton and Saxton in Yorkshire (about 12 miles southwest of York and about 2 miles south of Tadcaster).
		At this point in the civil war, the Lancastrians were on equal terms with the Yorkists, having eliminated York and Salisbury from the scene at the Battle of Wakefield, and been victorious at the Second Battle of St Albans.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Towton (868 words)

	TOWTON (BATTLE) - LoveToKnow Article on TOWTON (BATTLE) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At the battle of the Heights of Abraham the command, on the death of Wolfe and the wounding of Monckton, devolved upon Towns-hend, whose over-caution for a time imperilled the success of the British arms.
		of Tad-caster, the scene of a battle fought on Palm Sunday, the 2gth of March 1461, between the armies of York and Lancaster.
		The party of Lancaster had lately won the battle of St Albans, but, unable to gain admission into London, and threatened by the approach of Edward the young duke of York from the west of England, was compelled to fall back northward.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /T/TO/TOWTON_BATTLE_.htm (1148 words)

	Battle of Towton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Towton, one of the most decisive of the Wars of the Roses, is remembered as the bloodiest ever fought on British soil, with casualties believed to have been in excess of 20,000 men.
		The battle took place on 29th March 1461 (Palm Sunday) between the villages of Towton and Saxton in Yorkshire (about 12 miles south-west of York and about 2 miles south of Tadcaster).
		At this point in the civil war, the Lancastrians were on equal terms with the Yorkists, having eliminated the Duke of York from the scene at the Battle of Wakefield and been victorious at the Second Battle of St Albans.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Battle_of_Towton (418 words)

	Battle of Edgecote Moor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Edgecote Moor took place 6 miles northeast of Banbury (Oxfordshire), England on July 26, 1469 during the Wars of the Roses.
		The battle pitted the forces of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick against those of King Edward IV.
		In 1464 Warwick was in the middle of negotiations with pro-Lancastrian France, and he knew that a royal marriage with a French princess could solve their problems.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Edgecote_Moor (763 words)

	Battle of Towton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Battle of Towton one of the most decisive of Wars of the Roses is remembered as the bloodiest ever on British soil with casualties believed to been in excess of 20 000 men.
		At this point in the civil war Lancastrians were on equal terms with the having eliminated the Duke of York from scene at the Battle of Wakefield and been victorious at the second Battle of St Albans.
		While the battle itself is interesting, the campaign is set in the midst of the Wars of the Roses - a period of hi...
	www.freeglossary.com /Battle_of_Towton (682 words)

	The Battle of Towton
		The bloodiest battle of the Wars of the Roses was fought at Towton, near York.
		Towton was by far the bloodiest battle of the Wars of the Roses.
		The Lancastrian cause suffered an immense blow at Towton; many of their leaders were killed or captured, and King Henry and Queen Margaret were forced to flee north towards Scotland.
	www.britainexpress.com /History/battles/towton.htm (631 words)

	Refights Battle of Towton
		In the historical battle the frontage of both armies was limited to 1200 paces, resulting in considerable depth for both forces.
		The battle of Towton was fought on a typical Northern summer's day between the Royal Yorkist army and the Lancastrian pretenders.
		The Battle of Towton, 29 March 1461, was fought during the War of the Roses and is still the largest battle ever fought in England.
	homepages.paradise.net.nz /peter.dunn/multiplayer/btow.htm (2289 words)

	Encyclopedia: Battle of Towton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At this point in the civil war, the Lancastrians were on equal terms with the Yorkists, having eliminated Richard, Duke of York and Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury from the scene at the Battle of Wakefield, and been victorious at the Second Battle of St Albans.
		Henry, a pious and peace-loving man, and by many reports mentally feeble, took no part in any military decisions, but allowed his queen, Margaret of Anjou, complete freedom to employ her battle commanders, chief of whom was the Duke of Somerset, on his behalf.
		Both armies were both divided into three battles (divisions), four hours were spent as the huge masses of men lined up in the blizzard conditions and awaited the final stragglers.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Battle-of-Towton (875 words)

	issue 6 template
		Towton had long been known as the site of a battle of the Wars of the Roses, where on 29th March 1461, Yorkist and Lancastrian armies were reputedly involved in the largest and bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil.
		Boardman is an authority on the battle and also the author of the Sutton volume The Battle of Towton (1996).
		If the battle truly lasted for ten hours then these final acts of the encounter were fought in fading light and the dark by disorganised, exhausted and terrified men.
	www.shef.ac.uk /assem/issue6/Roses_web.html (3551 words)

	yorkshire history
		Current archaeology has recently opened up new windows on the battle and its immediate aftermath, but generally there has been little added to the accounts; although much seems to have accrued by way of myth and legend, and it has to be said, hypothesis.
		While it is necessary to provide some sort of historical background to the events at and around Towton in 1461, it is also necessary to include in the main narrative as part of the battle, those events immediately before, in the days prior to the battle as they are fundamental to the outcome.
		Men at arms dressed for battle in suits of armour, not the lumbering and massive armours used in tilts and jousting, but light-weight, very manoeuvrable armours that usually weighed little more than 60 pounds, which, distributed evenly around the body, was of little impedance to the wearer.
	yorkshirehistory.com /towton/towton1.htm (1882 words)

	Sir William Gascoigne's Fellowship
		At Towton, a small village south west of York, a battle was fought in a snowstorm on Palm Sunday in 1461.
		Fought for the Lancastrian cause at the battle of Wakefield.
		He may have fought for him at the battle of Wakefield (1460), and also at the battle of Towton (1461), where he was on the Lancastrian (losing) side with his father and so was attained by the victorious Edward IV.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /nellkyn/gascoignes/wgb.htm (819 words)

	USATODAY.com - Mass grave marks England’s bloodiest battle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		What is said to be the bloodiest battle ever fought on British soil raged through a wintry blizzard on the rolling landscape of Towton on Palm Sunday, March 29, 1461.
		This particularly brutal battle was the definitive conflict in the War of the Roses, for it confirmed the transfer of the English crown from Henry VI to Edward IV, both of whom had claimed to be king.
		The Towton Project research has succeeded in placing individuals from the mass grave into the context of the battle itself by recording the location of artifacts found on the battlefield.
	www.usatoday.com /news/science/anthro/2001-11-05-english-battle.htm (559 words)

	Books: A Day of Much Slaying
		On Palm Sunday, March 29, 1461, the forces of Henry VI were crushed near the village of Towton, Yorkshire, by the army of his rival, Edward IV.
		Towton differed from earlier battles in scale--more than 50,000 took part--and viciousness, historical sources suggesting that both sides ordered that no quarter be given.
		Towton was a pivotal battle in the Wars of the Roses, the protracted struggle between two lines of Edward III's descendants, that of his third son, the Duke of Lancaster, and that of his fourth son, the Duke of York.
	www.archaeology.org /0107/abstracts/books.html (337 words)

	New Mexico Golf - Your New Mexico Golf Information Source (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		While the battle itself is interesting, the campaign is set in the midst of the Wars of the Roses - a period of history that is confusing, complicated and murky.
		The campaign and battle narratives are adequately covered in 34 pages, supported by three 3-D "Birds Eye View" maps (all of the Battle of Towton in various phases) and five 2-D maps (England in 1460-1, the march to Towton, skirmish at Ferrybridge, final positions before battle and England after Towton).
		Furthermore, the Battle of Towton was rather unique in being a large-scale engagement fought amidst snow squalls.
	www.nmgolf.net /modules.php?name=Amazon&asin=1841765139 (568 words)

	Battle of Towton: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Battle of Towton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Battle of Towton, one of the most decisive of the Wars of the Roses, is remembered as the bloodiest ever fought on British soil, with casualties believed to have been in excess of 20,000.
		The battle took place on March 29 - Palm Sunday, 1461, between the villages of Towton and Saxton in Yorkshire (about 20 km south-west of York and about 4 km south of Tadcaster[?]).
		It is thought that 50,000, or perhaps even 80,000 men fought, including 28 Lords (almost half the peerage).
	www.encyclopedian.com /ba/Battle-of-Towton.html (351 words)

	Herbals and Medical Texts
		Medieval romance might have us believe that battles were places where chivalric knights on fine horses biffed each other around a bit, then when one fell off, the other politely helped him to his feet and took him off to await the payment of his ransom.
		The most forlorn place in Yorkshire is the field of the Wars of the Roses battle of Towton; a huge empty field marked by this medieval cross adorned with modern wreaths bearing both red and white roses.
		Archaeological examination of some of the bodies from the battle of Towton, of individuals whose remains were not carted off to be buried in mass graves in the nearby churchyard of Saxton, have revealed that some of these soldiers had hideous injuries that had already healed.
	medievalwriting.50megs.com /word/medical2.htm (1220 words)

	Towton, Battle of -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The largest and bloodiest battle of the Wars of the Roses, it secured the English throne for Edward IV against his Lancastrian opponents.
		Two battles in the fall of 1777 that marked the turning point for the Continental Army in the American Revolution were the Battles of Saratoga.
		The Battle of Marathon was a decisive victory for the Greeks during the Persian Wars.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9073089?tocId=9073089&query=battle (868 words)

	The Battle of Towton Landscape Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Battle of Towton was the last of a series of battles in the middle of the War of the Roses, where the Lancastrian and Yorkshire forces faced each other in a snowstorm on Palm Sunday (the 29th of March) 1461.
		The Lancastrians lost the battle with heavy casualties and as a result, Edward IV was crowned king of England.
		Richard III later built a small chapel at Towton to commemorate the dead although the whereabouts of the remains of this structure are unknown.
	www.brad.ac.uk /acad/archsci/depart/resgrp/archpros/Towton_Landscape (207 words)

	Touring Northumberland Battlefields on Britannia: Hexham
		Hexham was the last battle of the first chapter of the Wars of the Roses.
		Having been defeated at the decisive Battle of Towton, King Henry VI and his Queen fled north to Scotland.
		There is some controversy over which side of the road the Battle of Hexham took place, but it was certainly in the fields around the River, possibly on the slopes of Swallowship Hill.
	www.britannia.com /tours/batnorthumb/hexham.html (211 words)

	World History 1450- 1500 AD
		The battle which was the bloodiest of the war, resulted in Edward being crowned Edward IV King of England.
		Margaret, Henry's wife, continued the struggle, but at the Battle of Tewkesbury Margaret's son was killed and she was captured.
		Charles the Bald, the last of the Burgundy claimants to the throne, is killed in the battle.
	www.multied.com /dates/1450ad.html (1165 words)

	Michael Miller - Wars of the Roses - Chapter 56: The battle of Towton: 29th March 1461
		If it was clear to Edward that he would have to fight a battle of stupendous proportions for the time, and nothing less than a victory with the total annihilation of the Lancastrian army and Leadership would serve his purposes, then this was not a secret shared by himself and his commanders alone.
		It was equally apparent to Queen Margaret and the Lancastrian commanders that Edward would have to fight such a battle, and that each side would have to call upon its supporters for their maximum effort to put as many men into the field as possible.
		William Seymour [Battles in Britain 1 p 142] thinks that Edward Hall's estimate of 60, 000 for the Lancastrian army is too high, but he seems willing to accept the Yorkist muster rolls as an impeccable source.
	www.warsoftheroses.co.uk /chapter_56.htm (4724 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: From Wakefield to Towton: The Wars of the Roses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		On March 29, 1461 the two armies collided in a blinding snowstorm near the town of Wakefield in what was to be the bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil.
		The prevailing wind blew in the faces of the Lancastrian archers and the Yorkists were triumphant after a six-hour battle.
		As was often the case during the War of the Roses, the defeated army was mercilessly pursued and prominent leaders were executed when captured.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0850528259 (396 words)

	Towton Sword - Windlass Steelcrafts - Battle Ready Swords (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the winter of 1461, the yet uncrowned Edward IV marched a large Yorkist (the white rose of the "War Of The Roses") army northward to attack the Lancastrian (the red rose) forces of the legitimate King Henry VI.
		The term "battle ready", when used to describe a sword, means that the sword is made of high carbon spring steel - a very strong and flexible steel.
		If you place an order for one of our replica weapons (swords, maces, axes, etc.), you agree that you are at least 18 years old and have read our Sword Care and Safety section and you will be responsible for your weapon's use or misuse.
	www.swordsofhonor.com /towtonsword.html (328 words)

	Gravett, Towton, 1461 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Battle of Towton was fought in falling snow on Palm Sunday, 29 March 1461.
		The battle of Towton followed the proclamation of Edward, son of Duke Richard of York (killed 1460), as King Edward IV by a group of determined supporters.
		In telling the story of Towton, Gravett follows his background discussion with a helpful chronology of the military episodes of 1455-64, then introduces the primary commanders on each side at Towton, followed by a discussion of the opposing forces, their numbers (necessarily conjectural) and armament.
	www.deremilitari.org /REVIEWS/Gravett_Towton.htm (607 words)

	Blore Heath 1459 : Links
		Towton, Yorkshire was the next battle after Blore Heath, fought in 1461, and has a claim to being the bloodiest battle fought on English soil.
		An academic discussion of the archeological examination of skeletons uncovered on the Towton battle field.
		Obviously not exactly relevant to the battle, but since Hales is on the southern side of Blore Heath it is worth a link for those interested in the history of the area.
	www.bloreheath.org /links.php (433 words)

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