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Topic: Battle of Tyndaris

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	Ancient Roman Navy - Crystalinks
		The first few naval battles of the First Punic War were disasters for Rome, and it was not until the invention of the Corvus, a grappling engine which made it easier for Romans to board the Carthaginian vessels, that Rome was able to win the war.
		This allowed the Romans to send their army to sea to board the attached enemy ships, avoiding the traditional battle tactics of ramming, in which they were far less experienced.Although the first sea engagement, the Battle of the Lipari Islands in 260 BC, was a defeat for Rome, the forces involved were relatively small.
		It is not mentioned in period sources after the battle of Ecnomus and apparently the battle of the Aegates Islands that decided the first Punic war was won without them; however an evolution of the corvus, called arpax, was used in the battle of Naulochus.
	www.crystalinks.com /romenavy.html (1203 words)

	The naval battle of Ecnomus
		They pointed out to them that in the event of victory in the battle they would be fighting afterwards for Sicily, but that if defeated they would have to fight for their own country and their homes, and bade them take this to heart and embark.
		The battle was begun by the Romans who, noticing that the Carthaginian line was thin owing to its great extent, delivered an attack on the center.
		Those who had commenced the battle were the first to be separated, for Hamilcar's division was finally forced back and took to flight.
	www.livius.org /sh-si/sicily/sicily_t25.html (1478 words)

	romanavy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Battle of Tenedos, 86 BC – defeat of a Pontic fleet.
		Battle of Naulochus, 36 BC – Octavian's fleet, under the command of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa defeated the forces of the rebel Sextus Pompeius.
		Battle of the Hellespont, 323 – Flavius Iulius Crispus, son of Constantine I, defeated the naval forces of Licinius.
	talismanunlimited.tripod.com /romanavy.htm (4216 words)

	[No title]
		Romans engaged in a battle with the Latins.
		In the battle, Scipio defeated the Carthaginian forces and so severely defeated the forces of the Carthaginian ally King Syphax of Numidia that Scipio was able to expel Syphax's forces from the capital of Cirta with a force of 3 cohorts (about 1650 men).
		Pompeius Magnus is defeated in a battle with Q. Sertorius near the River Sucro and later enters an indecisive battle near the town of Saguntum.
	www.novaroma.org /camenaeum/RomanTimeline.txt (25003 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 489 (v. 3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The latter succeeded in protecting the coasts of Italy from the ravages of Pompey's ships, but was defeated in the straits of Sicily when he ventured upon a naval engagement against the main body of Pom-pey's fleet.
		This battle was fought under the eyes of Octavian, who departed immediately afterwards for' Greece, in order to prosecute the war against Brutus and Cassius.
		His fleet was twice defeated by Pompey's admirals, first off Cumae by Menecrates, who, however, perished in the battle, and next off Messana, where his fleet was likewise almost destroyed by a storm.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/2823.html (1035 words)

	John Tyndall - LoveToKnow 1911
		JOHN TYNDALL (1820-1893), British natural philosopher, was born in Co. Carlow, Ireland, on the 2nd of August 1820, his father being the son of a small landowner in poor circumstances, but a man of more than ordinary ability.
		With Darwin and Huxley his name is inseparably connected with the battle which began in the middle of the 19th century for making the new standpoint of modern science part of the accepted philosophy in general life.
		For many years, indeed, he came to represent to ordinary Englishmen the typical or ideal professor of physics.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /John_Tyndall (1375 words)

	Channel4.com – Carthage – Chronology
		In battle, they readily panicked, and the Romans found that it was easy to terrify them.
		When drivers lost control of the elephants, it was their duty to kill the animals on the spot by driving a blade into the napes of their necks.
		At the final battle of Zama in north Africa, Hannibal had 80 elephants, but the Romans neutralised them by herding them down corridors in their formation.
	www.channel4.com /history/microsites/C/carthage/chronology.html (1694 words)

	Roman Republic information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		After a sound defeat at the land battle of Agrigentum, the Carthaginian leadership resolved to avoid direct land-based engagements with the Roman legions, and concentrated on the sea.
		Save for the disastrous defeat at the battle of Tunis in Africa, and the naval engaments of Lipari Islands and Drepana, the first Punic war was mostly an unbroken string of Roman victories.
		It was an indecisive conflict until the Roman victory at the Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BCE.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Roman_Republic (10741 words)

	First Punic War, 264-241 BC
		The resulting battle of Panormus was the last major land battle of the war, and a Roman victory.
		The revived Carthaginian army defeated Regulus at the battle of Tunis.
		The two fleets met at the battle of Ecnomus, probably the biggest naval battle in history, at least in terms of the numbers of men involved, and once again Rome was victorious.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/wars_punic1.html (2652 words)

	First Punic War - Military History Wiki
		Following several naval battles, Rome was aiming for a quick end to the war and decided to invade the Carthaginian colonies of Africa, to force the enemy to accept terms.
		The new weapon's efficiency was first proved in the battle of Mylae, the first Roman naval victory, and continued to prove its value in the following years, especially in the huge Battle of Ecnomus.
		The resulting battle of Cape Ecnomus is a major victory for Rome, who lands in Africa and advance on Carthage.
	www.militaryhistorywiki.org /index.php?title=First_Punic_War (2412 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 455 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Here he immediately proceeded to levy a new army, and as soon as he had organised these troops, marched forth to chastise the Mamertines, who were naturally elated with their victory.
		He landed near the Syracusan camp, and Hieron gave him battle the next day, but met with a partial defeat; and, alarmed at the aspect of affairs, and mistrusting the faith of his allies, suddenly withdrew with all his forces to Syracuse.
		Thither, after some interval, Claudius followed him, and ravaged the open country up to the very walls, but was unable to effect any thing against the city itself, and was compelled by the breaking out of a pestilential disorder in his army to retreat.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/1563.html (940 words)

	Roman Republic - MalibuMountainWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It was an indecisive conflict until the Roman victory at the Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BC.
		Roman victories at Thermopylae (191 BC) and the Battle of Magnesia (190 BC), forced Antiochus to sign the Treaty of Apamea (188 BC), ceding Seleucid territory to Rome and Pergamon, and extracting a war indemnity of 15,000 talents of silver.
		The final confrontation of the Roman Republic occurred on 2 September 31 BC, at the naval Battle of Actium where the fleet of Octavian under the command of Agrippa routed the combined fleet of Antony and Cleopatra; the two lovers fled to Egypt.
	www.malibumountaingallery.com /wiki/index.php/Roman_Republic (12883 words)

	Dio's Roman History Book 38
		For Domitius was one of Caesar's murderers, and having escaped from the battle at Philippi, he had got together a small fleet, had made himself for a time master of the Gulf, and was doing the greatest harm to the cause of his opponents.
		Thereupon they joined battle with each other, and at first both sides were victorious and also beaten; for Fango was superior in his Numidian cavalry and Sextius in his citizen infantry, so that they plundered each other's camps without the men on either side knowing what fate had befallen their comrades.
		The latter marshalled his forces as if to offer him battle, but perceiving that his soldiers were dejected by reason of the flight of the barbarians, he ventured no opposition at the time, although when night came he attempted to escape somewhere.
	www.brainfly.net /html/books/diocas48.htm (10571 words)

	Hannibal Barca - History Forum
		This battle was between the Carthaginian cavalry and the Roman cavalry, while the Romans had a force of velites.
		Hannibal was not ready for a pitched battle, so he made it a “principle never to be drawn into a decisive engagement unless by deliberate choice, and certainly not on a casual impulse.
		In his situation he acted as a good general should: he checked the troops that were in retreat and compelled them to halt and face about as they approached their own camp.” Hannibal was not about to let his troops pursue and engage the enemy.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=4341 (11567 words)

	Roman Timeline of the 3rd Century BC
		255 BC Battle of Bagradas in Africa, in which the invading Roman army under M. Regulus was virtually destroyed by the Carthaginians under the mercenary leader Xanthippus, a Spartan.
		203 BC King Syphax of Numidia is defeated and captured in the battle of Cirta.
		202 BC Scipio defeats Hannibal at the Battle of Zama.
	www.unrv.com /empire/roman-timeline-3rd-century.php (1273 words)

	[No title]
		Which strategos of Syracuse captured Halaesa and Tyndaris, defeated the Mamertines at the Longanus River, was elected king, and put Messana under seige in 265 BC?
		Battle of the BAGRADES Valley, 255 BC (p.
		Battle of AEGATES ISLANDS, March 241 BC (p.
	www.speakeasy.org /~bwduncan/cary12.txt (1502 words)

	Rome: Total War @ The Wargamer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Several small battles were fought around Sicily, with both sides taking losses, but the Carthaginians proving to be more maneuverable and better at ramming then the Romans.
		This device was first used at the Battle of Mylae in 260 B.C., resulting in a Roman victory with around thirty Punic ships captured.
		The battle was fierce, but the Carthaginian advantages in maneuverability were no longer as marked and they had no answer to the Roman’s spiked boarding ramp.
	www.wargamer.com /microsites/rome_total_war/punic_page3.html (927 words)

	Dio's Roman History Book 49
		Then, fearing flight more than battle, because in the one case they hoped they should prevail, whereas in the other they expected to be utterly destroyed, they sailed out to meet each other and when they came to close quarters joined in battle.
		Accordingly, when the standard was raised and the trumpet gave the signal, all the vessels joined battle near the land and the infantry forces on both sides alike were marshalled at the very edge of the water, so that the spectacle was a most notable one.
		The battle was for a long time indecisive, the fighting being very similar to that in the previous encounters, and the men on shore were swayed by a conflict of feelings that was balanced between hope and fear.
	www.brainfly.net /html/books/diocas49.htm (7114 words)

	The Founding of Rome
		Amulius was subsequently slain in battle and Numitor was restored to his throne.
		When the soldiers went into line of battle to fight, the formation was called acies;when they were marching in column it was called agmen.
		If during a battle the legion were hard pressed the soldiers formed an orbis, which was very like the square that the British army formed in the 18th and 19th centuries if it was in difficulties.
	bookofcels.com /assignments/rome/rome.htm (6946 words)

	Cornelia19 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Regulus won a great battle off Tyndaris and then raided Malta while Blasio took command of the island of Sicily.
		Unfortunately, his army was defeated and he was captured at the battle of Bagrades.
		He was later executed in a barrel of spikes.
	www.redflame93.com /Cornelia19.html (721 words)

	Ancient & Medieval Sicily Timeline (Chronology) - Best of Sicily
		Battle of Messina was partial pattern of this invasion of an island from a continent; some Norman knights fight at both battles.
		1072 - Battle of Palermo ends in early January with Norman occupation under Roger (I) and Robert de Hauteville.
		Young Conradin, a (legitimate) grandson of Frederick II and last Swabian claimant, is executed in 1268 following Battle of Tagliocozzo.
	www.bestofsicily.com /timeline.htm (2743 words)

	Battle of Adys - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Adis (or Adys) was fought in 255 BC between Carthage and a Roman army led by Marcus Atilius Regulus.
		The Carthaginians held their ground at a stalemate for a while, and even pushed back a Roman legion.
		This gap in the battle allowed for the unchallenged elephants and Carthaginian cavalry to escape.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Adys (584 words)

	First Punic War
		Despite their victories, stalemate reigned in western Sicily and Rome felt the only way to achieve victory was to invade North Africa itself.
		In preparing to sail, the two fleets met at the Battle of Ecnomus off of Southern Sicily.
		In the resulting battle, it was recorded that fifty of the Carthaginian galleys were sunk outright and seventy captured.
	www.unrv.com /empire/first-punic-war.php (2897 words)

	Preview N.4 - Total War Center Forums
		He was either killed during the battle or committed suicide in shame.
		Apart his battle deeds, Dionysius was famous as a patron of art, and Plato himself visited several times Syracuse.
		In 343 King Archidamos of Sparta landed with a Spartan and mercenary force; he was killed in battle and his men surrounded and wiped by the Lucani and the Messapians.
	www.twcenter.net /forums/showthread.php?t=55813 (4118 words)

	Quirinus
		Caria whose waters were enervating, and the nymph of the pool who loved Hermaphroditus.
		Salamis in Cyprus, having been born on the Greek island of Salamis that was the scene of the naval battle against the Persians.
		He is present at the battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs, with his oaken club.
	www.auburn.edu /~downejm/Ovid/MetindexQRSTUVXZ.htm (3870 words)

	GBoH C3i Material (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Historical background for the battle by Mark Herman, plus two versions of the battle, one by Herman and one by Richard Berg.
		History of the crisis of the first triumvirate, with one tiny historical scenario (A Bridge Too Near) and one larger hypothetical scenario (Battle of Corfinium) for Caesar.
		The Battle of Crimissos River, 341 BC (p.
	patriot.net /~townsend/GBoH/gboh-c3i (1156 words)

	Battle of Tyndaris - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This article about a battle or war of Ancient Roman history is a stub.
		Naval battles of the First Punic War
		This page was last modified 20:04, 11 November 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Tyndaris (222 words)

	Rob S
		The devastating bombardment was quite possibly the first use of shipborne artillery at sea.
		Demetrius prevailed in a battle reflecting a clear departure from the older tradition of warships fighting by maneuver and speed.
		Honesty compels me to note that the ship may have been re-rigged, or, less possibly, she may have been a sister vessel from Demetrius's yards, for Polybius and the Latin inscription refer to her as an
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /rrice/queen.html (2314 words)

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