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| | Mundane History |
 | | Especially characteristic were the long-range cavalry incursions (cabalgadas, correduras) of fast-moving raiders and the larger invasions or penetrations (entradas, algaras) of horsemen (caballeros, jinetes), infantry (peones), and archers under the banner of free-lance nobles, frontier officials, frontier towns, or, when the king himself led the campaign, the full royal host (hueste) of the kingdom. |
 | | Although the years 1150-1177 had seen the Moslems recover Almeria and upper Andalusia, halt Portuguese penetration of Alentejo and Extremadura, invade Castile as far as Huete, and launch scores of destructive raids in all directions, this had slowed, but in no sense reversed, the insistent southern encroachments of the Christians. |
 | | Alfonso VIII, unwisely failing to wait as planned for the arrival of Alfonso IX and the Leonese army, hastened south to engage the enemy as soon as possible. |
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