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	Second Battle of the Atlantic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Second Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign of World War II, running from 1939 right through to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, and was at its height from mid-1940 through to about the end of 1943.
		The naval battle pitted Nazi Germany's U-boats against convoys from North America to the United Kingdom, protected mainly by the British and Canadian navies and air forces, which were later aided by United States forces.
		The U-boat fleet, which was to dominate so much of the battle of the Atlantic, was very small at the beginning of the war and much of the early action by German forces involved mining convoy routes and ports around Britain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic_(1940) (4508 words)

	Second Battle of the Atlantic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Initially, contact mines were employed, which meant that a ship had to physically strike one of the mines in order to detonate it.
		He also developed a theory of destroying an enemy fleet, not by attacking their ships directly, but by cutting off their supplies so they could not be used — an economic war.
		Battle of the Atlantic (http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/exhibitions/boa/home.asp) exhibition at Merseyside Maritime Museum (http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/)
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Battle_of_the_Atlantic_(1940) (4415 words)

	Battle of the Atlantic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Battle of the Atlantic can refer to either of two naval campaigns, depending on context:
		A Third Battle of the Atlantic was envisioned to be be part of any Third World War that arose out of the Cold War.
		Trans-Atlantic convoys would have to be protected from the Soviet Navy and as a result, the Royal Navy and the U.S. Navy developed anti-submarine warfare capabilities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic (166 words)

	World War 2 - Timelines - War at Sea - Battle of the Atlantic - 1943
		The north Atlantic convoy ONS-169 is attacked by wolfpack 'Raubgraf' between the 11th and 12th March losing 2 ships for 10,531 gross tons.
		Atlantic convoys SC121 and HX228 are also attacked by other wolfpacks and lose 17 ships for the loss of just U-444 and U-432.
		The battle of the Atlantic is officially concluded as won by Allies, due to the withdrawal of virtually all U-boats from the Atlantic by Admiral Dönitz, C-in-C of the Kriegsmarine after the loss of 56 boats in April and May.
	www.worldwar-2.net /timelines/war-at-sea/atlantic/battle-of-the-atlantic-index-1943.htm (892 words)

	BBC - History - The Battle of the Atlantic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		BBC - History - The Battle of the Atlantic
		The Battle of the Atlantic was a fight for Britain's very survival.
		This marked the beginning of the second Battle of the Atlantic.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/war/wwtwo/battle_atlantic_01.shtml (382 words)

	Maritime Topics On Stamps, Atlantic Battle
		The Battle of the Atlantic in WW II.
		A gigantic battle was fought on the high seas the ‘Battle of the Atlantic’ during the years 1940 to 1945.
		The ‘Battle of the Atlantic’ was a series of many deadly engagements covering some four million square miles of ocean and lasting five long years.
	www.shipsonstamps.org /Topics/html/konvoi.htm (2167 words)

	Atlantic
		Unlike other battles of World War II where opposing naval forces slugged it out with heavy guns, aircraft, and bombs in definite short, furious engagements, the Battle of the Atlantic was a never-ending series of minor skirmishes between hunter and hunted.
		There ensued a battle within a battle that contained all the elements of exciting sea fiction, considerable general confusion, and a mass panic that was near comedy but ended in tragedy.
		Although the worst of the Atlantic battle was in the northern latitudes, German submarines ranged over thousands of miles of ocean, from the Arctic Circle into the lonely reaches of the Atlantic south of the Equator.
	www.armed-guard.com /ag77.html (10490 words)

	Battle of Atlantic 1940 1941 WW2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Battle of the Atlantic is the name given to the conflicts in the Atlantic Ocean throughout World War II.
		The U-boat fleet, which was to dominate so much of the battle of the Atlantic, was very small at the beginning of the war.
		July 19, 1942 he ordered the last U-boats to withdraw from their United States Atlantic coast and by the end of July 1942 he shifted his attention back to the North Atlantic, where the battle would enter its final terrible phase.
	www.battle-fleet.com /pw/his/atlantic.htm (4432 words)

	Atlantic, Battle of the -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The first phase of the ensuing battle for the Atlantic lasted until the fall of France in June 1940.
		The battle arose out of an attempt by the British fleet under Earl Howe to intercept a grain convoy from the United States that was being escorted into...
		The Battle of Marathon was a decisive victory for the Greeks during the Persian Wars.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9010097?tocId=9010097 (1032 words)

	The Battle of the Atlantic
		The "Battle of the Atlantic," was the longest sustained campaign of World War II.
		Meanwhile, on the North Atlantic convoy routes, six Secretary-class cutters were escorting convoys prior to the official American entry into the war.
		Although the retreat of the U-boats from the North Atlantic signaled that the Allies had achieved a strategic victory, Doenitz continued to send them into the Atlantic in piecemeal fashion until the end of the war.
	www.angelfire.com /va2/worldwar2family/atlantic.html (4688 words)

	boa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		lthough not termed the Battle of the Atlantic until after 1940, the naval war in the Atlantic was the longest single campaign of the war.
		The Atlantic was the only battleground in which all the protagonists had a stake.
		Unlike battlefields on land, where the scars of combat can last for centuries, the sea shrouds all traces of the "Battle of the Atlantic," which was the longest sustained campaign of World War II.
	www.onthenet.com.au /~biss/boa.htm (2975 words)

	Naval History.ca - Articles on the Battle of the Atlantic and the RCN at war by Robert C. Fisher
		This article describes the fierce battle between the U-boat and the destroyer and the failed campaign of the Canadian Government to have the British award the Victoria Cross to Bernays.
		Though the result of the battle was a draw, SC 104 was significant because the escort group followed it up with a number of significant victories based on the lessons it had learned in this operation.
		This article attempted to redress the imbalance by identifying and closely examining the convoy battle that initiated the second mid-ocean campaign in July 1942; a campaign which led ultimately to the defeat of the wolf packs in mid-1943.
	familyheritage.ca /articles1.html (1477 words)

	World War 2 - Timelines - War at Sea - Battle of the Atlantic - 1942
		Allied convoy SC-94 is sighted by German U-boat in the Atlantic, when a group of 6 ships with 2 escorts get lost from the convoy due to the fog.
		While the battle rages, the allies re-route all convoys associated with the 'Torch' landings in North Africa.
		In what is to become known as the 'Battle of the Barents Sea', the German pocket battleship Lützow, cruiser Admiral Hipper and 6 escorting destroyers are intercepted at 9.30am by the British cruisers HMS Jamaica, HMS Sheffield and five destroyers before they can reach convoy JW-51B.
	www.worldwar-2.net /timelines/war-at-sea/atlantic/battle-of-the-atlantic-index-1942.htm (2510 words)

	atlantic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Battle of the Atlantic played a very significant part in World War Two.
		In World War Two, after the escape at Dunkirk and the inspiration of the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic was Britain's next nightmare.
		German submarines had direct access to the Atlantic once France had fallen in the spring of 1940.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /atlantic.htm (854 words)

	CBC News:Canadians remember Battle of the Atlantic
		The Battle of the Atlantic lasted from September 1939 to May 1945.
		On Sunday, the Battle of the Atlantic was remembered aboard HMCS Sackville, Canada's only surviving Second World War Corvette ship.
		Bill Irving, who served on a Corvette during the Battle of the Atlantic, said the ceremony is just as important today as it was decades ago.
	www.cbc.ca /stories/2004/05/02/canada/battleofatlantic040502 (354 words)

	WarMuseum.ca - Military History - The Royal Canadian Navy and the Battle of the Atlantic, 1939-1945 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest campaign of the Second World War and the most important.
		Halifax, the Atlantic base of Canada's tiny navy, immediately became an indispensable Allied port from which to fight the Battle of the Atlantic.
		By the last months of the war the RCN had grown to a strength of over 95,000 personnel, 6,000 of them members of the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service, and the fleet committed to the Battle of the Atlantic included some 270 ocean escort warships.
	www.warmuseum.ca /cwm/disp/dis007_e.html (2353 words)

	Battle of the Atlantic Movie: Battle of the Atlantic DVD is available from Bestprices.com
		Battle of the Atlantic Movie: Battle of the Atlantic DVD is available from Bestprices.com
		The Atlantic ocean paid host to some incredible battles during World War II, as BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC demonstrates.
		One of the most effective machines in Hitler's arsenal was his fleet of U-boats, which came perilously close to winning the battle for the ruthless dictator.
	www.bestprices.com /cgi-bin/vlink/794051224422IE (248 words)

	WarMuseum.ca - Democracy at War - The Battle of the Atlantic - Operations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Battle of the Atlantic was the struggle between the
		It was the longest campaign of the Second World War, an extremely bloody one, and the single battle on which the whole outcome of the war depended.
		Where the Battle of the Atlantic is Being Fought (map)
	www.warmuseum.ca /cwm/newspapers/operations/atlantic_e.html (407 words)

	Battle Of The Atlantic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Second Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign of World War II, running from...
		Allied tanker that was torpedoed in the Atlantic Ocean by a German submarine crumbles amidship under the heat of fire...
		Index to HyperWar contents on the Battle of the Atlantic; including the occupation of Iceland and the war against the U-boats.
	litair.com /LIT/battle+of+the+atlantic.html (484 words)

	HyperWar: Battle of the Atlantic: Allied Communication Intelligence and the Battle of the Atlantic [Chapter 2]
		The peculiar nature of the U-boat war, or the Battle of the Atlantic, does not lend itself readily to the stirring descriptions which may mark the history of a series of major fleet engagements.
		The Battle of the Atlantic was a front, "The Uboat front," and was recognized as the first line of battle, at first carrying the offensive to the Allies and then in defending the continental fronts.
		An important contribution made by the Atlantic Section on the basis of its own correlation of U-boat traffic was the detection of German cryptanalytic success with Allied codes and ciphers--principally the Anglo-U.S. combined naval cipher.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/ETO/Ultra/SRH-009/SRH009-2.html (2924 words)

	Juno Beach Centre - The Battle of the Atlantic
		As they did during the Battle of Britain, the British improve dramatically their anti-submarine warfare equipment and strategy, and multiply both air and sea patrols.
		Casualties and material damage suffered by Canadians on account of U-boats during the winter of 1940-1941 are evidence enough that escort protection had to be reinforced and implemented all along the transatlantic route.
		Already facing difficult living conditions, North Atlantic storms and the exacting demands of escort operations, these brave men cannot but feel helpless when ships under their protection are blown up before their eyes or when they see the lights on the lifejackets of shipwrecked sailors fade away into the night…
	www.junobeach.org /e/2/can-eve-mob-atl-e.htm (1547 words)

	BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In Battle of the Atlantic, Marc Milner, Professor of History at the University of New Brunswick and the author of several books including North Atlantic Run and The U-boat Hunters, argues that victory at sea was never within Germanys grasp.
		Based on the latest research, Milner dismisses the conventional view that the Allies were unprepared for the Atlantic war, and notes that they proved superior on all fronts from sheer industrial production to intelligence, equipment, operational research, and command and control.
		In this highly recommended one-volume history, Milner argues persuasively that although the German attack on Atlantic shipping was dramatic and dangerous, it was never the threat Churchill and Pound thought it to be.
	www.espritdecorps.ca /new_page_135.htm (323 words)

	Powell's Books - The Battle of the Atlantic: The Allies' Submarine Fight Against Hitler's Gray Wolves of the Sea by ...
		The Battle of the Atlantic: The Allies' Submarine Fight Against Hitler's Gray Wolves of the Sea
		The ensuing struggle for control of the storm-tossed Atlantic trade routes became a full-scale war-with-in-a-war, and one which led to astounding losses: Allied powers would lose more than fifty thousand men, and fifteen million tons of shipping, over the course of the conflict.
		Vividly recreating the claustrophobic and dangerous life on board, "The Battle of the Atlantic succeeds in encompassing the whole experience of warfare as few other histories have, and forms an important contribution to our understanding of one of the greatest fights of the twentieth century.
	www.powells.com /cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=17-0465091563-1 (215 words)

	Battle of the Atlantic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		An annual musical gala to mark the anniversary of the Battle of the Atlantic, this evening is awe-inspiring.
		Facilitated by the Canadian Navy with the help of the QEII Foundation, this gala is a first-class show with singing, dancing and captivating musicians to entertain the audience — many of whom are Veterans and their families.
		The Stadacona Band Maritime Forces Atlantic kicked off the evening with an array of musical pieces followed by a grand lineup of entertainment with the Greene School Irish Dancers, the 12 Wing Shearwater Pipes and Drums and the beautiful harmonies of the mens choir, Nova Voce.
	www.cdha.nshealth.ca /QE2foundation/programsandevents/battleofatlantic.html (262 words)

	Too Close For Comfort: Britain, Ultra, and the Battle of the Atlantic (1941-43)
		In many ways, the Battle of the Atlantic was a turning point in the war.
		The Battle of the Atlantic, thus, was one of the more important campaigns of the Second World War.
		The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating factor all throughout the war.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/british_history/9964 (565 words)

	The Battle of the Atlantic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		U-boats operated in the 'Atlantic Gap', the area in mid-atlantic outside air cover from aircarft based in Canada or Britain, supplied by special vessels known as 'milch cows' which carried additional torpedoes and food.
		In February Donitz replaced Raeder as head of the German navy, and with over 300 operational U-boats at the Battle of the Atlantic became a key area of German strategy.
		One of the turning points came around Convoy ONS5 at the beginning of May. It was to prove a decisive battle and a decisive turning point in the Battle of the Atlantic.
	www.theworldatwar.com /feature.htm (1165 words)

	WWII - Atlantic - N-Z
		The Defeat of the German U-Boats: The Battle of the Atlantic.
		The Battle of the Atlantic and Signals Intelligence: U-Boat Situations and Trends, 1941-1945.
		Herwig, IandNS 12.4, finds that "Williams is on solid ground in concluding that the Battle of the Atlantic was won not by any single device or development, but rather by a multiplicity of factors" that included HF/DF.
	intellit.muskingum.edu /wwii_folder/wwiiatlantic_folder/wwiiatlanticn-z.html (962 words)

	Battle of the Atlantic
		Six aircraft carriers were sent to patrol the Atlantic, and this extended air cover to the whole route convoys took.
		Nevertheless, it must be questioned whether the Allies ‘won’ the Battle of the Atlantic – between 1939 and 1945, 2,753 Allied ships were sunk (gross tonnage 14.5 million) at a cost of 783 Nazi U-boats.
		It’s a bit difficult for us now, trying to gain an insight into what was going on in the Battle of the Atlantic… During the war the role of the U-boat sailor was a much-despised one.
	www.johndclare.net /wwii8.htm (1120 words)

	Battle of the Atlantic Comes to the United States (from World War II) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Battle of the Atlantic Comes to the United States
		More results on "Battle of the Atlantic Comes to the United States (from World War II)" when you join.
		More from Britannica on "Battle of the Atlantic Comes to the United States (from World War II)"...
	0-www.britannica.com.library.unl.edu /ebi/article-234572 (1094 words)

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