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Topic: Battle of the Granicus

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Battle of the Granicus River

Battle of Issus

Battle of Gaugamela

Wars of Alexander the Great

Battle of the Hydaspes

Parmenio

Alexander the Great

Memnon of Rhodes

Companion cavalry

331 BC

334 BC

Bessus

357 BC

Light infantry

Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)

	Battle of the Granicus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of the Granicus River in May, 334 BC was the first major victory of Alexander the Great against the Persian Empire.
		The second battle at Granicus was generally as described in the sources (without the river crossing).
		The Battle of Granicus was the closest that Alexander got to death in battle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus (871 words)

	List of battles 1400 BC-AD 600
		Battle of Himera The Carthaginians under Hamilcar are defeated by the Greeks of Sicily, led by Gelon of Syracuse.
		Battle of Sellasia Defeat of Cleomenes III of Sparta by Antigonus Doson of Macedon and the Achaean League
		Battle of Herdonia Hannibal destroys the Roman army of the praetor Gnaeus Fulvius.
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/l/li/list_of_battles_1400_bc_ad_600.html (4725 words)

	Granicus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Granicus River (Kocabas Çayı in modern Turkish) is a water flow in northwestern Asia Minor.
		The flow begins at the base of the Mount Ida and trends generally northeasterly to the Sea of Marmara.
		The banks of this river near the modern-day town of Biga were the site of the Battle of the Granicus, fought in 334 BC between the Greek army of Alexander the Great against the forces of the Persian Empire under King Darius III.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Granicus (145 words)

	The battle on the Granicus
		The Persian king Darius III was not present; the Macedonians and Greeks had to fight against the armies recruited from the satrapies of Asia Minor.
		In the meantime, Darius' captains, having collected large forces, were encamped on the further bank of the river Granicus, and it was necessary to fight, as it were, in the gate of Asia for an entrance into it.
		The depth of the river, with the unevenness and difficult ascent of the opposite bank, which was to be gained by main force, was apprehended by most, and some pronounced it an improper time to engage, because it was unusual for the kings of Macedonia to march with their forces in the month called Daesius.
	www.livius.org /aj-al/alexander/alexander_t05.html (822 words)

	Battle of the Granicus: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the battle of issus in 333 bc alexander the great of macedonia defeated darius iii of persia....
		In the battle of gaugamela in 331 bc alexander the great of macedonia defeated darius iii of persia....
		The battle of the hydaspes river was a battle fought by alexander the great in 326 bc against the indian king purushotthama (better known as porus)...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/ba/battle_of_the_granicus.htm (1301 words)

	Alexander's First Great Victory
		Of the four great battles Alexander fought in the course of his brilliant military career, the Battle of the Granicus, fought in May 334 BC, was the first--and the one in which he came closest to failure and death.
		The Granicus is also worthy of note because it is one of the earliest battles on record that was decided largely by cavalry strength, though coordinated with infantry support.
		As the Battle of the Granicus began, the Persian leaders, in keeping with their plan to kill Alexander, focused on the Macedonian commander in chief's movements.
	historynet.com /mh/blalexander4 (1733 words)

	Education World® - History : Classical / Ancient : Greece : Battles & Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)*
		Battle at the Granicus River Contains excerpts from Diodorus' 1st century chronicle of Alexander.
		Battle of Granicus Hellas Net Details the military tactics and strategies used by Alexander the Great against the Persians at the Granicus River battle.
		Battle of Issus 333 BC Describes Alexander's travels south along the coast of Asia Minor and the battle against the Persians at Issus.
	db.education-world.com /perl/browse?cat_id=10474 (629 words)

	pothos.org - All about Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Battle of the Granicus - 334 B.C. Battle of Issus - 333 B.C. Battle of Gaugamela - 331 B.C. Battle of the Hydaspes - 326 B.C. Literature
		According to most studies the main cause of Persian failure at the Granicus was the lack of consensus or a cohesive battle plan amongst Persian commanders.
		As the battle turned heavily in favor of the Macedonians, these looting Persian troops were eventually eliminated by the Macedonian reserves which Alexander had deployed behind the phalanx.
	www.pothos.org /alexander.asp?ParaID=95 (3702 words)

	The Granicus
		Attempting to remain loyal to the Persian cause, the town was spared utter destruction by the actions of an ambassador who negotiated a pardon.
		The generals Niphates and Petines, the satraps Spithridates and Mithrobarzanes, the nobles Arbupales, Mithridates and Pharnaces (the son, son-in-law, and brother-in-law of Darius, respectively), and the Greek mercenary commander Omares all were among the notable that fell in the battle.
		In the aftermath of the battle, the satrapy of Lydia was restored to a Hellenistic state.
	www.wargamer.com /greatbattles/TheGranicus.asp (1743 words)

	Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus (1886). pp. 90-171 Books 11-20
		Coming to battle with him, accordingly, he directed his soldiers to attack the rest of the Macedonians, but desired that their king should be reserved as an antagonist for himself.
		Gaining the victory in a battle, he led his army against their city; and supposing, as he looked from the wall, which he had been the first to mount, that the place was destitute of defenders, he leaped down into the area of the city without a single attendant.
		A battle was then fought, in which the tyrant, being victorious, dragged such of the senators as he took prisoners before the faces of their countrymen in triumph.
	www.tertullian.org /fathers/justinus_04_books11to20.htm (13737 words)

	Battle of Granicus
		At the start of the battle he timidly sent just one unit of Companion cavalry across the river, supported by a unit of archers.
		Battle 2: Alexander led a strong force of Companion cavalry across the river and immediately charged the Persian left wing.
		The figures needed for the battle are available in 1/72 scale plastics from Hat Industries (Alexander's Phalangites, Alexander's Light Infantry, Macedonian, Thessalanian and Allied Cavalry, Persian Light and Heavy Infantry, Greek Mercenary Hoplites, Persian Light, Medium, and Heavy Cavalry) or Italieri/Zvezda (Macedonian Phalanx, Greek Infantry, Macedonian Cavalry, Persian Infantry, Persian Cavalry).
	www.juniorgeneral.org /greece/granicus.html (1320 words)

	Battle of Granicus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Persian cavalry had already reached the river Granicus before Alexander could cross it and installed themselves on the higher side of the riverbanks while waiting for its slower phalanx to reinforce them.
		When 2000 of them were left, he ended the battle, captured them and sent them back to Macedonia as slaves to work in the mines.
		Alexander had achieved an overwhelming victory at the Battle of Granicus and the whole of Western Asia Minor lay open before him.
	joseph_berrigan.tripod.com /id32.html (651 words)

	Major Battles of Alexander's Asian Campaign
		Meantime Alexander was advancing to the river Granicus, with his army arranged for battle, having drawn up his heavy-armed troops in a double phalanx, leading the cavalry on the wings, and having or dered that the baggage should follow in the rear.
		The Tyrians erected wooden towers on their battle ments opposite the mole, from which they might annoy the enemy; and if the engines of war were brought near any other part, they defended themselves with missiles and shot at the very ships with fire-bearing arrows, so that they deterred the Macedonians from approaching the wall.
		For in the night many accidents have occurred unexpectedly to those who were sufficiently prepared for battle as well as to those who were deficiently prepared, which have caused the superior party to fail in their plans, and have handed the victory over to the inferior party, contrary to the expectations of both sides.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/ArriCamp.html (13039 words)

	The Battle of Granicus (DBA Battle Scenario)
		The Granicus river was approximately 60-90 feet wide, with a strong current, varing depth, and steep irregular banks.
		The battle was commenced with a feint against the Persian left flank by 750 light horse, 200 Companion heavy cavalry in a unit commanded by the Macedonian General Socrates, and 1000 Foot Companions comprising one of the six phalanx units.
		By this point in the battle, Alexander's left flank led by the Thessalonian heavy cavalry, and the Macedonian infantry in the center, were also advancing and pressing back the Persians before them.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/battles/granicus.html (1014 words)

	Antikythera Mechanism
		In November 333 B.C. Alexander the Great confronts the Persian king Darius III Codomannus in the second major battle between their armies, following the earlier victory in the previous year at the battle of the Granicus and the decisive victory in the year 331 B.C. in the plains of Gaugamela.
		The Battle of Issus has since become one of world history's main events, a major stage in the Alexander's rush towards conquest of the known world, establishing him as the greatest and most impressive conqueror of all time, opening a new stage in human history.
		Traditionally the scene of the Alexander Mosaic is hold to represent the turning-point at Issus when Darius fled the battle; but Philoxenus, the artist from whose painting the mosaic was copied, may have incorporated elements from other battles.
	www.astro.rug.nl /~weygaert/alexandermosaic.html (1394 words)

	Battle of Issus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		After crossing over from the Greek mainland at the Hellespont and defeating the Persians for the first time at the Battle of Granicus, Alexander went southwards throughout Ionia along the Mediteranian to free the Greek cities from Persian rule and to secure the coast of Asia Minor.
		The battle was still very much at issue when Alexander led a charge with his heavy cavalry straight at Darius himself; he was easy to spot in his golden chariot.
		After this battle the most obvious strategy would have been that Alexander move to the east together with his army and royal hostages, to the heart of the Persian Empire before Darius had time to recruit new soldiers.
	joseph_berrigan.tripod.com /id33.html (449 words)

	Alexander the Great - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After an initial victory against Persian forces at the Battle of Granicus, Alexander accepted the surrender of the Persian provincial capital and treasury of Sardis and proceeded down the Ionian coast.
		Alexander's army crossed the Cilician Gates, met and defeated the main Persian army under the command of Darius III at the Battle of Issus in 333 BC.
		Alexander fought an epic battle against Porus, a ruler of a region in the Punjab in the Battle of Hydaspes in (326 BC).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alexander_the_Great (8172 words)

	The Battle of Granikos (Granicus) \| All Empires (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Fought in Asia Minor, Granicus was the first major victory of Alexander over the Persians.
		Battle Summary Map - This map shows, in Pseudo 3D, the most important movements of the Battle.
		All Battle Maps are (c) by and are the works of Maciek.
	www.allempires.com /article/index.php?q=granikos (464 words)

	The ten-horned beast: Alexander the Great. (3) Beginning of the war against Persia
		Alexander and Parmenion moved in their direction, convinced that it would be an easy battle: after all, the Macedonians were superior in numbers and equipment.
		The official motive for the expedition to Asia was to liberate the Greek cities in the Achaemenid empire and to punish the Persians for the expedition of Xerxes, a century and a half ago.
		Immediately after the battle at the Granicus, Alexander appointed a Macedonian trustee as satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, and not much later, Asander, a brother of Parmenion, became satrap of Lydia.
	www.livius.org /aj-al/alexander/alexander03.html (1233 words)

	Granicus
		Crossing the River Granicus 334 BC Alexander the Great led a large force across the Hellespont and invaded Asia.
		Soon the two armies were facing each other across the river Granicus a narrow but swift stream, with some steep banks in places- definitely an obstacle.
		In the center the Persian cavalry engaged the unsupported Paeonians and Greek Macedonian allies...
	www.ancientbattles.com /WAB_Macedonians/Granicus.htm (765 words)

	Battle at the Granicus River (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In return, they posted their mass of horsemen all along the front of the Macedonians since they had decided to press the battle with these.
		The Persian foot soldiers were not fewer than one hundred thousand, but they were posted behind the line and did not advance since the cavalry was thought to be sufficient to crush the Macedonians.
		After the battle the king gave [a magnificent ceremony] for the dead, for he thought it important by this sort of honour to create in his men greater enthusiasm to face the hazards of battle.
	luna.cas.usf.edu /~murray/classes/aa/source12.htm (565 words)

	Iranica.com - GRANICUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Granicus was the site of the first battle between Alexander the Great and a Persian army.
		We cannot reconstruct the battle in detail, but Alexander seems to have sent an advance force across to entice the Persians to the river bank; it was roughly handled, but gave him the opportunity of crossing with the main force and finding the Persians immobilized.
		The main battle raged around Alexander; the Persian commanders seem to have aimed at killing him and he was barely saved by his bodyguard.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v11f2/v11f2078.html (464 words)

	HELLAS:NET - Warfare
		During the battle of Chaeronea he was in command of the decissive blow against the 'Devoted Brothers in Arms'.
		The rest of the Macedonian army had now also crossed the Granicus and the light cavalry and infantry were hunting down the fleeing enemy while the Macedonian phalanx and hysapists were moving towards the hill.
		When 2000 of them are left he ends the battle, captures them, and sends them to Macedon where they have to pay for their treachery by hard labour.
	monolith.dnsalias.org /~marsares/warfare/battle/granicus.html (1883 words)

	Pezhetairoi - WCD (Wiki Classical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Apart from in pitched battles the pezhetairoi and their sarissas were not very practical; it is supposed that they were re-armed, and their tactics adapted, to suit the guerrilla warfare that was prevalent, and necessary, in Bactria and Sogdia.
		At the Battle of the Granicus the battalions were those of (from right to left): Perdiccas, Coenus, Amyntas, Philip, Meleager, and Craterus (A 1.14.2).
		At the Battle of Gaugamela the battalions were those of (from right to left): Coenus, Perdiccas, Meleager, Polyperchon (replacing Ptolemy), Simmias (deputising for Amyntas, who was recruiting in Macedonia), Craterus (A 3.11.9-10).
	www.ancientlibrary.com /wcd/Pezhetairoi (473 words)

	Battle of Salamis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This great naval battle was fought between the Greeks and Persians in 480 BC in the narrow straight between Salamis and Attica.
		The Spartans and other allies were encamped in the Isthmus of Corinth, awaiting the outcome of the sea battle.
		He had his throne placed on a hill overlooking the sea, in part to savor his victory and in part so his commanders would know that their king was watching them.
	www.ancientmesopotamia.net /id29.html (442 words)

	Justin: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, Book 11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		None, on the field of battle, thought of flight, but every one of victory; none trusted in his feet, but every one in his arms.
		Alexander replied that “what was offered was his own,” and desired him “to come to him as a suppliant, and to leave the disposal of his kingdom to his conqueror.” All hopes of peace being thus lost, Darius resumed hostilities, and proceeded to meet Alexander with four hundred thousand infantry and a hundred thousand cavalry.
		Darius now considered himself indeed overcome, since, after losing so many battles, he was surpassed by his enemy even in kindnesses, and declared that it was a consolation to him, since he could not conquer, to be conquered by such an enemy.
	www.forumromanum.org /literature/justin/english/trans11.html (3757 words)

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