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Topic: Battle of the Hindenburg Line

	Battle of Verdun - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The battle was fought between the German and French armies between February 21 and 19 December 1916 around Verdun-sur-Meuse in northeast France.
		The battle began on 21 February 1916 with a nine-hour artillery bombardment firing 1,000,000 shells by 1,200 guns on a front of 40 km, followed by an attack by three army corps (the 3rd, 7th, and 18th).
		The opening of the Battle of the Somme on 1 July 1916 forced the Germans to withdraw some of their artillery from Verdun to counter the combined Anglo-French offensive to the north.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Verdun (1287 words)

	Battle of Kursk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1917 the Germans had built the famous Hindenburg line on the Western Front, shortening their lines and thereby increasing their defensive strength.
		In the middle lay a large 200 km wide and 150 km deep Soviet-held salient (bulge) in the lines between German forward positions near Orel in the north, and Manstein's recently captured Kharkov in the south.
		The battle of Kursk was lost by the Germans by sheer exhaustion, high combat casualties and lack of infantry reserves.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Kursk (3478 words)

	Hindenburg, Paul von. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Victory in the battle of Tannenberg (Aug., 1914) over a much larger Russian force was followed (1914–15) by German occupation of Poland and part of the Baltic provinces.
		In 1916, Hindenburg, by then a field marshal, succeeded General Falkenhayn as commander of all German armies; Ludendorff was made quartermaster general.
		Although Hindenburg was to be tried as a war criminal under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the special German court at Leipzig never even indicted him.
	www.bartleby.com /65/hi/HindenbP.html (453 words)

	Hindenburg Line
		On 29th August, 1916, Paul von Hindenburg became Chief of Staff of the German Army.
		Hindenburg and his quartermaster general, Erich von Ludendorff, decided to build a system of German defence fortifications behind the northern and central sectors of the Western Front.
		After the failure of the Spring Offensive the German Army retreated to the Hindenburg Line.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /FWWhindenburgL.htm (394 words)

	First World War.com - Primary Documents - Sir Douglas Haig's 3rd Despatch (German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line), 31 ...
		This system, which was known as the Le Transloy-Loupart line, both by reason of its situation and as a result of the skill and industry expended on its preparation, constituted an exceedingly, strong natural defensive position; second only to that from which the enemy had recently been driven on the Morval-Thiepval Ridge.
		On the night of the 3rd/4th February an important German line of defence on the southern slopes of this spur, forming part of the enemy's original second line system north of the Ancre, was captured by our troops (63rd Division, Major-General C. Shute) on a front of about three-quarters of a mile.
		At different stages of the advance successive lines of resistance were selected and put in a state of defence by the main bodies of our infantry, while cavalry and infantry outposts maintained touch with the enemy and covered the work of consolidation.
	www.firstworldwar.com /source/haighindenburgdespatch.htm (6360 words)

	BBC - History - Battle of Verdun: 21 February 1916 - July 1916 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		One of the costliest battles of World War One, Verdun exemplified the 'war of attrition' pursued by both sides and which cost so many lives.
		They threatened German lines of communication and lay within a French salient (a bulge in the line), restricting their defenders.
		Falkenhayn was replaced by Hindenburg as Chief of General Staff and Pétain became a hero, eventually replacing General Nivelle as French commander-in-chief.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/war/wwone/battle_verdun.shtml (536 words)

	Hindenburg Line, the last barrier. Aussies crash through
		The Hindenburg Line- the last and strongest of the German army's defence - consisted of three well-defended trench systems, established in 1917.
		Tomorrow we are to take part in the greatest and most important battle that we have yet been in, for we are to assault the Hindenburg Line, the famous trench system which the Germans have boasted is impregnable.
		Eventually, the Allies broke through the third and final stage of the Hindenburg Line, and the Germans were forced to fall back.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-battles/ww1/france/hindenburg.htm (426 words)

	Encyclopedia: Hindenburg Line
		St Quentin, and consisted of deep and wide Trench warfare is a form of war in which both opposing armies have static lines of fortifications dug into the ground, facing each other.
		The strategy behind the Line involved actually withdrawing from some territory on the front back towards the more easily defended ground of the Line; this shortened the length of the front by 25 miles and enabled the Germans to release 13 divisions for service in reserve.
		The Germans considered the Line virtually impregnable, but a successful In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hindenburg-Line (856 words)

	Battle of Vimy Ridge : Vimy Ridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Battle of Vimy Ridge was the first successful operation against the German Hindenburg Line[?] during World War I. The Battle of Vimy Ridge was the first successful operation against the German Hindenburg Line[?] during World War I.
		Thought to be unbreakable, in light of thousands of French and British casualties in previous attempts on the line, the Canadian Corp broke the line in one day using a variety of new techniques.
		The battle is commemorated by the Vimy Memorial, at Vimy Ridge, in Givenchy-en-Gohelle[?], near Vimy, in the french Pas-de-Calais.
	www.termsdefined.net /vi/vimy-ridge.html (617 words)

	BattleReports.com
		In the months preceding the Battle of the Somme this was precisely what was happening- by July 1916 over 700,000 men had been killed on at Verdun, and the French army was crumbling away at an alarming rate.
		Therefore the Battle of the Somme bore the mantle of a new objective- the large offensive would draw Germany's attention and manpower away from Verdun and relieve the town before the blinkered perceptions of the French caused them to destroy themselves.
		No battle of a comparable size to it had ever been planned before- and such a gigalithic engagement was brought to the fore with a suitably epic opening.
	www.battlereports.com /viewreports.php?reportnum=4488 (4085 words)

	FIELDS OF DEATH. Battle Scenes of the First World War - SLOWE, PETER & WOODS, RICHARD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		LOOS-ARMENTIERES = Battle of Armentieres (1914), Plugstreet (1914), Battle of Neuve Chapelle (1915), Battle of Loos (1915), Cuinchy (1916), Lens (1917) and Battle of the River Lys (1918).
		ARRAS = The Battle for Vimy Ridge (1916), Battle of Arras (1917), Avion (1917) and German Spring Offensive (1918).
		SOMME = Battle of the Somme (1916), Guillemont (1916), Martinpuich (1916), Near Lesboeufs (1916), Battle of Villers-Bretonneux (1918), German Spring Offensive (1918), Rossignol Wood (1918) and Battle of Amiens (1918).
	www.antiqbook.com /boox/dmd/26692.shtml (292 words)

	Battleground Europe. THE HINDENBURG LINE - OLDHAM, PETER (CAVE, NIGEL ED.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Hindenburg Line, or Siegfriedstellung, achieved almost mythical status in the minds of the British public: the strongest defence system the world had then seen.
		Remaining bunkers are frequently put into the context of the battle so that it is to understand their importance and in many cases to be looking at a structure whose capture or defence earned a heroic man -- or men -- the Victoria Cross.
		Oldham explains the genesis, development and occupation of the Line, as well as the battles which took place there.~ By the author of "Lieutenant Stephen Polkinghorn" (1984), "Pill Boxes on the Western Front" (1995), "Messines Ridge" (1998), etc. Laid in is a bookmark INSCRIBED BY THE AUTHOR.
	www.antiqbook.com /boox/dmd/23119.shtml (382 words)

	US 27th Div; A Yank's View of the Attack on the Hindenburg Line
		In the attack on an impressive static German defensive line the American 27th Division took severe casualties due to inexperience, over enthusiasm, a combination of gas and mist and a lack of support from a creeping barrage and tanks: one Regiment of 2000 rifles had 55% casualties.
		Their platoons and companies possessed, as did ours, a highly developed gang spirit which prompted the members of 'the gang' to work together in mutual support, but in addition to this, and by virtue of their long experience in the war, they had come to realize the essential importance of military technique.
		Their record demonstrated, that for Australian troops at least, the refinements of peace-time precision in drill and military courtesy and formality were unnecessary in the attainment of battle efficiency.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-battles/ww1/france/yank.htm (1141 words)

	First World War.com - Battles - The Battle of Le Hamel, 1918
		The Battle of Le Hamel, a successful engagement launched by the Allies on 4 July 1918, was of itself a small action, but was a necessary precursor to further advances by Sir Henry Rawlinson's Fourth Army on the Western Front.
		The attack was intended to straighten the salient opposite Rawlinson's British Fourth Army east of Amiens (occupied by Georg von der Marwitz's Second Army) by capturing Le Hamel and its flanking woods.
		Both Le Hamel and its woods were easily taken by the Australians and Americans in just 93 minutes, and the German line effectively straightened, the salient removed.
	www.firstworldwar.com /battles/lehamel.htm (290 words)

	Battle Honours
		The Battle Honours carried today come from all the previous component parts of our Regimental family, The numbered Regiments, The named Regiments that followed, The Territorial Army, Service Battalions of Kitcheners War raised Battalions, and War raised units, disbanded on completion of hostilities.
		Battle Honours of the British and Commonwealth Armies by Anthony BAKER
		Battle honours of the British Army, by C.B. Cap of Honour by David Scott DANIELL
	history.farmersboys.com /Battle_Honours/battle_honours.htm (1141 words)

	Major General Sir Walter McNicoll
		AWM Negative Number: E00087 Caption: Houplines; Dec 1916; Visiting the front line trenches held by the 39th Battalion at Houplines, are: left to right: Mr H G Smart, Brigadier General W Ramsay McNicoll, and Captain C. Bean.
		McNicoll came through the battle unscathed, only to be bayoneted by the raw and inexperienced Royal Marines of the Deal Battalion (who also accidentally shot and killed their own commander).
		In the Second Battle of Krithia on 8 May 1915, the brigade was committed to a foolish advance under fire in broad daylight.
	www.unsw.adfa.edu.au /~rmallett/Generals/mcnicoll.html (1324 words)

	THE GERMAN WITHDRAWAL TO THE HINDENBURG LINE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The close of the Battle of the Somme in November 1916 left both the British and German Armies exhausted.
		In order to save manpower they decided to reduce the length of their front and shorten their lines of communication and in the case of their retreat to the Hindenburg Line at St. Quentin they fell back a distance of almost 40 miles.
		Wilfred Owen the poet was in the Manchesters successful assault on the outer trenches of the Hindenburg line reaching the St.Quentin - Gricourt road.
	www.1914-18.co.uk /stquentin/germanwithdrawl.htm (409 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - world line
		International Date Line, irregular line drawn on the map of the Pacific Ocean, near, and in many places coincident with, the 180th meridian.
		Prime Meridian, the meridian, or line of longitude, that is designated 0° longitude and from which the longitude of all points on the surface of the...
		Argonne, Battle of the, Hindenburg, Paul von, Somme, Battles of the, World War I
	encarta.msn.com /world+line.html (195 words)

	II Corps in the Capture of the St. Quentin Canal
		On September 1, the Australians captured Peronne; and on September 2, the Canadians broke the Drocourt-Queant switch line and captured the maze of trenches at the junction of that line with the Hindenburg system.
		These defenses consisted of two strongly organized and heavily-wired lines of continuous trenches: the first was 1.000 yards distant from the canal: the second, 2.000 yards distant.
		Small groups broke through the defenses of the Hindenburg Line and continued to advance east of Bony to the outskirts of Le Catelet and of Gouy.
	www.worldwar1.com /dbc/stquent.htm (1229 words)

	Frank MacDonald -- Australia's oldest WWI serviceman
		When reports arrived of their countrymen in battle, particularly of their bravery in the campaign against the Ottoman Empire at Gallipoli, Australians began to reflect on their common heritage, and so the sacrifices of that generation still resonate today.
		MacDonald received the Military Medal for Gallantry at the battle of Ypres, Belgium, in October 1917, for repairing telegraph lines between his battalion headquarters and the trenches while under fire.
		Despite taking part in many battles in Belgium and France, he was never wounded, but he was gassed three times and suffered impaired hearing from the constant shelling.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/08/31/BA40541.DTL&type=printable (550 words)

	BBC - History - Daily Mirror Headlines: The Hindenburg Line, Published 22 November 1917 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The surprise attack on the Hindenburg Line, delivered by General Sir Julian Byng, has been crowned with magnificent success.
		North east of Mannières we have captured the enemy's double line of trenches on the east bank of the Canal de L'Escourt (the Scheldt Canal).
		During the morning Scottish troops moving north east from Flesquieres captured the German defensive lines south west of Cantaing and the village itself, together with 500 prisoners.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/war/wwone/mirror06_01.shtml (460 words)

	21st Battalion History The Hindenburg Line
		Divisional attack on the Hindenburg Line at Bullicourt.
		October we moved twice, first to the Hindenburg outpost line above Bellicourt and then to trenches near Nauroy, which is through the main Hindenburg Line, near the St. Quentin Canal Tunnel.
		Montbrehain was a key position in the last line of the Hindenburg defences, and the Huns had brought up extra artillery an infantry to defend it.
	www.nashos.org.au /21_hist_XIII.htm (757 words)

	O'RYAN'S ROUGHNECKS - 107TH MONUMENT, NYC
		He is supported on his right by a resolute man, also with fixed bayonet, and intent on reaching his goal, probably the depths of the Hindenburg Line.
		Before the battle ended some 580 dead and 1487 wounded were suffered by the Roughnecks.
		As mentioned by “The Seventh Regiment Gazette”, June, 1920 the reunion at Sarasota Springs, N.Y. and the observance of the second anniversary of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line on Sept.27th to 30th of that year was the preliminary discussion of the proposed monument.
	www.angelfire.com /ny5/27thdivision/monument.html (509 words)

	Battle of Jutland
		Jellicoe was therefore able to claim that his tactics were justified by the battle's long-term effects.
		The destroyer came up and a line was thrown to me, which, needless to say, I grabbed hold of for all I was worth, and was quickly hauled up on to the deck of the destroyer.
		This is hardly the method of procedure that would be adopted by a Fleet flushed with victory and belonging to a country which was being strangled by the sea blockade.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /FWWjutland.htm (1798 words)

	Regimental History
		The Battalion took part in the Battles of Ypres, Messines, Vaux Vrancourt, Amiens, Bapaume, Epehy and on 20 November 1917 the battle of Cambrai.
		In the battle of the Italian campaign in April 1945, the Second formed part of an exploiting force with 42 Gurkha Brigade, and led the advance in a spectacular dash to Medicina and the River Reno.
		World War taking part in the Battle of Cambrai (20 November 1917), the March Offensive (1918), the Second Battle of Amiens (August 1918) and the Battle of the Hindenburg Line (September 1918).
	www.army.mod.uk /2rtr/regimental_history/index.htm (4494 words)

	St. Quentin: Hindenburg Line by Helen McPhail, ISBN 0850527899 And Stella
		The French town was not the scene of just a single battle, but played a role throughout World War I. St. Quentin was the scene of several gallant actions by both British cavalry and infantry during the fighting retreat of 1914.
		The onset of trench warfare found St. Quentin well behind German lines.In early 1917 the Germans withdrew from the village to a strong line of fortifications to the rear, destroying much of St. Quentin so the buildings could not be used by the British.
		During the back-and-forth battles of 1917 and 1918 the village site saw a number of desperate battles, including several involving the 36th Ulster Division.
	www.aboehmer.com /stw.htm (307 words)

	The 5th Royal Irish Lancers - World War One Battle Honours
		The award of battle honours for World War One was decreed by the Army Council and issued under Army Order 338 of 4th September 1922 regarding the rules.
		"The guiding principle in the selection and allotment of battle honours will be that Headquarters and at least 50 per cent of the effective strength of a unit in a theatre of war must have been present."
		Given that many regiments had so many pre-WW1 battle honours, the limitations proved difficult and Army Order 470 was issued on Dec 24 1922 making the process a little easier for the Regimental Committees:
	www.royalirishlancers.co.uk /WW1/battle_honours.htm (237 words)

	BBC - History - Daily Mirror Headlines: The Hindenburg Line, Published 22 November 1917 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		West Lancashire Territorials broke into the enemy's positions east of Epehy and Irish troops have captured important sections of the Hindenburg Line between Bullecourt and Fontaine-les-Croisilles.
		To the west of the Miette, about 3pm today, we attacked a salient in the German line to the south of Juvincourt on a front of about 1,100 yards and an average depth of 440 yards.
		The cavalry were moving up to cross the German lines in the direction of Cambrai many hours, indeed before them, and there was a sense of open fighting as opposed to years of underground warfare which exhilarated the whole Army.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/war/wwone/mirror06_03.shtml (413 words)

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