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Topic: Battle of the Metaurus

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	US Bazaar.com : Encyclopedia Pages : Battle of the Metaurus
		The Battle of the Metaurus was a pivotal battle in the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage, fought in 207 BC near the Metaurus River in Italy.
		The significance of the Battle of the Metaurus is recognized amongst historians.
		Like the Battle of Tours, however, the significance of the Battle of the Metaurus is greatly understated in most circles.
	encyclopedia.us-bazaar.com /?title=Battle_of_the_Metaurus (1754 words)

	Battles that changed the course of history...East and West, the twains shall never meet!! Differing views Persian ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Battle of the Metaurus, 207 BC * Excerpt: That battle was the determining crisis of the contest, not merely between Rome and Carthage, but between the two great families of the world...
		The Battle of Baghdad in 1258 was a victory for the Mongol leader Hulagu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan.
		The 5-hour battle was fought at the northern edge of the Gulf of Patras, off western Greece, where the Ottoman forces sailing westwards from their naval station in Lepanto met the Holy League forces, which had come from Messina, in the morning of Sunday 7 October[2].
	www.iranian.ws /iran_news/publish/printer_19259.shtml (1716 words)

	Fifteen decisive Battles — Infoplease.com
		The naval battle at SYRACUSE (Sep., 413 B.C.), when the Athenians under Nicias and Demosthenes were defeated with a loss of 40,000 killed and wounded, and their entire fleet.
		The battle of WATERLOO (18 June, 1815), when Napoleon the Great was defeated by the Duke of Wellington, and Europe was restored to its normal condition.
		The battle of GETTYSBURG, in Pennsylvania (3 July, 1863), when the Confederates, under the command of General Lee, were defeated by the Northern army, was certainly one of the most important, if not the most important, of the American Civil War.
	www.infoplease.com /dictionary/brewers/fifteen-decisive-battles.html (485 words)

	Second Punic War - Military History Wiki
		Hasdrubal was defeated and killed at the Battle of the Metaurus River (207).
		Battle of Herdonia - Hannibal destroys the Roman army of the praetor Gnaeus Fulvius.
		Battle of the Metaurus - Hasdrubal is defeated and killed by Nero's Roman army.
	www.militaryhistorywiki.org /wiki/Second_Punic_War (2009 words)

	Punic Wars - ninemsn Encarta
		After building their first large fleet, the Romans defeated the Carthaginians at the Battle of Mylae (260 bc) off the north coast of Sicily, but failed to capture the island.
		It ended with a naval battle in 241 bc, as a result of which the Romans took control of Sicily, and seized the Carthaginian islands of Sardinia and Corsica in 237 bc.
		Hasdrubal crossed the Alps, but in a battle at the Metaurus River, in north Italy, he was killed and his troops defeated.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761562033/Punic_Wars.html (650 words)

	CalendarHome.com - 207 BC - Calendar Encyclopedia
		The Roman general Gaius Claudius Nero fights an indecisive battle with Hannibal in the Battle of Grumentum, though unable to stop Hannibal's advance into Canusium decieves him and soon marches north with elite parts of his army to reinforce the army of Marcus Livius Salinator.
		Hasdrubal Barca enters Italy, is defeated and killed at the decisive Battle of the Metaurus by the combined consular armies of Marcus Livius Salinator and Gaius Claudius Nero.
		Philopoemen of the Achaean League defeats the Spartans under Machanidas, in the Battle of Mantinea.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /207_BC.htm (255 words)

	Hannibal (general) - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		After the Battle of Cannae, the character of the war underwent a change.
		Hasdrubal, however, was surprised, defeated, and slain by the Roman consul Gaius Claudius Nero in the Battle of the Metaurus (Metauro) River.
		In 202 bc, after 15 years, and with the military fortunes of Carthage rapidly declining, Hannibal was recalled to Africa to direct the defense of his country against a Roman invasion under Scipio Africanus the Elder.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761574573___0/Hannibal_(general).html (878 words)

	Scipio Africanus
		The young Scipio survived the disastrous battles at Ticinus, Trebia and Cannae.
		Scipio's would-be father-in-law Lucius Aemilius Paullus was killed in 216 BC at the third of these battles, the Battle of Cannae.
		Interestingly, among these volunteers were the shamed survivors of the fiasco at the Battle of Cannae, anxious to once again prove their worth as soldiers.
	www.webspawner.com /users/dori1992 (1784 words)

	Poke's Fifteen Decisive Battles
		When the Metaurus witnessed the defeat and death of Hasdrubal, it witnessed the ruin of the scheme by which alone Carthage could hope to organize decisive success-the scheme of enveloping Rome at once from the north and the south of Italy by two chosen armies, led by two sons of Hamilcar.
		(iii) That battle was the determining crisis of the contest, not merely between Rome and Carthage, but between the two great families of the world, which then made Italy the arena of their oft-renewed contest for pre-eminence.
		The prospect of immediate battle might recall the disordered part of his troops to a sense of duty, and revive the instinct of discipline.
	www.standin.se /fifteen04a.htm (8632 words)

	Hannibal (general) - MSN Encarta
		He inflicted crushing defeats on the Romans under Scipio Africanus the Elder at the battles (218 bc) of Ticinus (Ticino) and Trebia (Trebbia), and under the Roman consul Gaius Flaminius at Lake Trasimene (217 bc).
		Hasdrubal, however, was surprised, defeated, and killed by the Roman consul Gaius Claudius Nero at the Battle of the Metaurus (Metauro) River.
		In 202 bc, after 15 years, and with the military fortunes of Carthage rapidly declining, Hannibal was recalled to Africa to direct the defence of his country against a Roman invasion under Scipio Africanus the Elder.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761574573/Hannibal_(general).html (824 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| Ancient and Medieval Wars \| Second Punic War: Battle of the Metaurus
		Battles are won or lost by the side that makes the fewest mistakes.
		Just such a battle was fought on the swollen banks of Italy's Metaurus River, on a warm, muggy day in late spring, 207 bc.
		This transformed a sea battle into a land battle, and Roman soldiers -- in essence the world's first marines -- could rush over the plank and fight the enemy hand to hand.
	www.historynet.com /wars_conflicts/ancient_medieval_wars/3028111.html (1075 words)

	Battle of Battle of Metaurus (207 BC)
		Aware that he was facing both consuls, Hasdrubal attempted to march off secretly to the north but missed his way or was led astray by his guides and was brought to bay by the pursuing Romans.
		His left wing rested on the river Metaurus along a stretch that was too deep to cross.
		The battle was hard fought and hung in the balance.
	fanaticus.org /DBA/battles/metaurus.html (568 words)

	Roman to Julian Conversion: Analysis AUC 547 = 207 BC
		As with the battle of Cirta, the exact date is not important here, since we are only seeking to establish the number of intercalations.
		Livy 27.49 describes the death of Hasdrubal, Hannibal's brother, in the battle of the Metaurus, when he deliberately sought death in battle after seeing that his army was being annihilated.
		For this reason, it has been suggested instead that Ovid is actually referring to the death of Hasdrubal son of Gisgo, who did commit suicide by poison, in A.U.C. But the circumstances of the death of Hasdrubal son of Gisgo did not directly involve Roman action, nor were they exactly glorious.
	www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk /Egypt/ptolemies/chron/roman/207bc.htm (1054 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 357 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The loss on his side had amounted, according to Polybius, to 10,000 men, while it is exaggerated by the Roman writers (who appear anxious to make the battle of the Metaurus a compensation for that of Cannae), to more than 50,000.
		But the amount of loss is unimportant; the battle was decisive of the fate of the war in Italy.
		Meanwhile, affairs in Sardinia had taken an unfavourable turn, notwithstanding which, he landed his forces in the island, and uniting them with those of Hampsicora, marched straight upon Caralis, when they were met by the Roman praetor, T. Manlius.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/1465.html (990 words)

	War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		For instance, 71 battle names appear under the War of the American Revolution and 166 campaigns and battles are listed for World War II; in addition, many more actions appear in the text.
		The lists of battles are intended as a guide, so that readers may trace the course of a war by its battles.
		Gallic Wars 58-52 BC Julius Caesar's Legions vs. the Helvetians, Germans, Gauls of southern France and, in one battle, the Britons.
	mwooge.homestead.com /War.html (1252 words)

	100 Battles That Shaped World History:Crompton, Samuel Willard:0912517271:eCampus.com
		From the very early battles, such as the Battle of Megiddo (1469 B.C.), history is teeming with amazing stories of great and significant encounters between two or more opposing forces.
		For example, in the Battle of Arbela (331 B.C.), Alexander, seeing a momentary weakness in the Persian formation, charged straight at Darius, the opposing general, and turned the tide of the battle into a complete rout in favor of the Greeks.
		In 100 Battles you will also learn about one of the first confrontations between England and France, the Battle of Crecy (1346), in which the English infantry proved it could defeat the mighty French knights.
	www.ecampus.com /book/0912517271 (572 words)

	215-205. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		In the Battle of the Metaurus River M. Livius Salinator defeated and slew Hasdrubal.
		In the Battle of Zama, Scipio annihilated the Carthaginian army, though Hannibal escaped.
		Carthage accepted Rome's terms: surrender of Spain and all other Mediterranean islands, transfer of Numidia to Massinissa, payment of 200 talents a year for 50 years, destruction of all except 10 warships, and promise not to make war without Rome's permission.
	www.bartleby.com /67/232.html (315 words)

	HISTORY'S BATTLES - ANIMATED
		Metaurus 207 BC Marcus Livius Salinator and Caius Claudius Nero
		The Battle of Metaurus is probably the most critical battle of the war and one the most critical battles in the history of the Western World.
		When Crassus was killed at the Battle at Carrhae in 53 BC only Caesar and Pompey remained, both still highly ambitious.
	www.geocities.com /i_s_s_alpha/Battle_Animations.htm (2463 words)

	Battle of Metaurus, 22 June 207 BC
		Battle of Metaurus, 22 June 207 BC Battle of Metaurus, 22 June 207 BC Battle of the Second Punic War which defeated a second Carthaginian invasion of Italy from Spain, led by Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal.
		However, the next day, when Hasdrubal formed up to offer battle, he guessed that the second consul had arrived, and refused battle, deciding instead to withdraw overnight.
		The battle was fiercly fought, and remained even until Nero took a force from his wing and marched it around the Carthaginian flank before rejoining the battle from the rear, triggering a Carthaginian collapse.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/battles_metaurus.html (249 words)

	Hasdrubal - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hasdrubal conducted a long campaign against the Romans, led by Publius and Cnaeus Scipio, who prevented him from joining Hannibal at a critical moment in 216 BC Both Scipios fell in battle in 211 BC, but in 209 BC Scipio Africanus Major took Cartagena.
		On the Metaurus (Metauro) River he met (207 BC) the army of Caius Claudius Nero.
		Battle Of The Metaurus: Part I. History of the World; 1/1/1992; Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd; 5255 words
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-hasdruba207.html (273 words)

	Punic Wars - MSN Encarta
		Carthage already controlled part of Sicily, and the Romans, responding to this request with the intention of driving the Carthaginians from the island, provoked a declaration of war.
		After building their first large navy, the Romans defeated a Carthaginian fleet off the Sicilian port of Mylae (see Mylae, Battle of) in 260 bc, but failed to capture Sicily.
		Hasdrubal crossed the Alps, but in a battle at the Metaurus River, in northern Italy, he was killed and his troops defeated.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761562033/Punic_Wars.html (652 words)

	Ancient Mediterranean and Europe: Battle of Metaurus (207 BC)
		The combined Roman force met Hasdrubal at the River Metaurus on the Adriatic south of Ariminum.Nero's plan for a surprise attack in force was thwarted when Hasdrubal's scouts reported that the trumpets had sounded twice that morning at the consul's tent.
		River Metaurus should never have happened I think Hasdrubal should have stayed in Spain where really the war was being decided since Hannibal was unable to strike decisively at the heart of Rome and break up the confederation in Italy.
		Well Goldsworthy (might be Goldworthy) wrote a book on the battle of Cannae which examines the battle in good details and gives a good description of how Hannibal used his Libyan phallanx to squeeze down on the entrapped Romans like a vise.
	www.allempires.com /Forum/printer_friendly_posts.asp?TID=4820 (1451 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 339 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Some of these, especially the well-known account of the interview between Scipio and Hannibal, savour strongly of romance, notwithstanding the high au>-thority of Polybius.
		Twenty thousand of his men fell on the field of battle ; as many more were made prisoners, and Hannibal himself with difficulty escaped the pursuit of Masinissa, and fled with a few horsemen to Hadrumetum.
		By this treaty Hannibal saw the object of his whole life frustrated, and Carthage effectually humbled before her imperious rival.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/1447.html (835 words)

	Metauro - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Metauro (in Latin Metaurus or Mataurus) is a river of Italy.
		The Battle of the Metaurus was the decisive battle of the Second Punic War.
		The exact site of the battle is uncertain; tradition places it between Fossombrone and the Furlo Pass, but it is probable that it occurred nearer the Adriatic coast;
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Metaurus_River (209 words)

	AEI - Short Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Decisive Battles recounts 21 major military turning points in world history, with wit and verve and unusual affection for the participants, along with the vision of a first-class historian.
		Many of the battles are known, or at least were before the latest savaging of historical instruction, to all educated people.
		First, the battle of the Metaurus, in 207 B.C., at which Hannibal's Carthaginians were slaughtered by the Roman legions.
	www.aei.org /publications/pubID.19020,filter.all/pub_detail.asp (482 words)

	Military Theory of War, Warfare Theory, Principles of War, Military Strategy, Theories, Theorists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Battle of Salamis, 480 B.C. Battle of Gaugamela, 331 B.C. (aka Battle of Arbela)
		He said that it was while studying the accounts of the battle of Leuthen that the great principle which is the foundation of the art of war flashed upon him; and a careful study of Napoleon's early Italian campaigns proved to him that he had at last mastered the secret.
		Unfortunately, AirLand Battle became one of the casualties of the end of the Cold War; FM 100-5/1993 eliminated it in favor of a generalized doctrine which is antithetical to the key elements of AirLand Battle.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/awc-thry.htm (13169 words)

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