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| | FRANCIA |
 | | Although soon surrounded by independent Christian states, in Britain and Ireland to the northwest, Spain in the southwest, Hungary and Poland in the east, and the Sandinavian states in the north, the Frankish kingdoms remained the central tentpole (we might even say the axis mundi) of European politics. |
 | | As neat halves of Charlemange's empire eventually formed, France in the West and Germany in the East, the stage for the greatest battles of modern war in the 17th, 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries would be set along the seam, from Nieuwpoort (1600) to Ramillies (1706), Waterloo (1815), Verdun (1916), and the Bulge (1944). |
 | | Although finally defeated in the classic battle of The Saintes in 1782, the French Navy gave the British as hard a time as they had ever had. |
| www.friesian.com /francia.htm (14221 words) |
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