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Topic: Battle of the Roncesvalles Pass

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	Reconquista Encyclopedia Article @ ArtQuilt.com (Art Quilt) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Roderic was defeated and assumed to have been killed (Hitti, The Arabs: A Short History) at the battle of Guadalete in 711, partly because of the desertion of troops under his command at the urging of bishop Oppas (whose nephew Agila was Wittiza's son).
		Their function in battle was to contain the enemy troops until the cavalry arrived and to block the enemy infantry from charging the knights.
		After this battle, when the Caliph barely escaped with his guard and the rest of the army was destroyed, King Ramiro obtained 12 years of peace, but had to give González the independence of Castile as a payment for his help in the battle.
	www.artquilt.com /encyclopedia/Reconquista (5755 words)

	Battle of the Plains of Abraham - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Battle of the Plains of Abraham
		The outcome of the battle established British supremacy in Canada.
		Both Wolfe and Montcalm were killed in the battle, but the British force remained in position on the Heights and Québec surrendered 17 September.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Battle+of+the+Plains+of+Abraham (322 words)

	Battle of Roncevaux Pass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Roncevaux Pass (Roncesvalles in English) is the site of a famous battle in 778 in which Hroudland (later changed to Roland), prefect of Brittany March was defeated by the Basques.
		This battle was the last of Charlemagne 's first campaign to capture Spain, an attempt that ended in failure.
		Over the years, this minor battle was romanticized by oral tradition into a major conflict between Christians and Muslims, when in fact both sides in the real battlewere Christian.
	www.therfcc.org /battle-of-roncevaux-pass-156913.html (264 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Roland
		While he was vigorously pursuing the Saxon war, almost without a break, and after he had placed garrisons at selected points along the border, [Charles] marched into Spain [in 778] with as large a force as he could mount.
		His army passed through the Pyrenees and [Charles] received the surrender of all the towns and fortified places he encountered.
		The battle took place on 15 August, AD The Saxon Wars denote more than thirty years (772 - 804) of war and eighteen battles between Charlemagne and the Saxons in northwestern Germany whom he intended to convert to Christianity and incorporate into his empire -- by all means necessary.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Roland (1904 words)

	Reconquista Encyclopedia Article @ AlienArtifacts.com (Alien Artifacts) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The main passes were Roncesvalles, Somport and Junquera.
		Battles which took place were mainly between clans, expelling intruder armies or sacking expeditions.
		Battles of Castile and Leon: 844 - 1521
	www.alienartifacts.com /encyclopedia/Reconquista (5755 words)

	Roland - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Existence of an early Roland poem is indicated by the historian Wace's statement that Taillefer sang of Roland's deeds to inflame the men before the Battle of Hastings (1066).
		Historically Roland was Charlemagne's commander on the Breton border; he was killed in a pass in the Pyrenees when Basques cut off the rear guard of the Frankish army returning from its invasion of Spain in 778.
		In the ensuing battle the valiant Franks are greatly outnumbered and, though Roland finally blows his horn, all are killed.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/R/Roland.asp (471 words)

	Pyrenees Guide .com - roncesvalles tourism travel guide
		Roncesvalles is a myth for the Saint James Way.
		Roncesvalles is a high location (1066 metres), located in the Navarra Pyrenees, whose main facilities are located in the south side of the Ibañeta peak.
		Another legend says that at one time on Roncesvalles peak there was a monastry with a Hospital, to attend to the peregrines that came weak after crossing the mountain pass.
	www.pyreneesguide.com /articles.asp?cID=31&sID=223&aID=213 (459 words)

	Basque people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Basque people are widely thought to be descended from some of the earliest human inhabitants of Europe; their genetic markers also show a very strong relationship with the Celts.
		The genetic markers shared in common between the Basque and Celts are suggestive of having passed through a genetic bottleneck during the peak of the last ice age, which would mean they were in Europe by at least about 17,000 years ago, and probably 45,000 to 50,000 years ago.
		The Battle of the Roncesvalles Pass was the only major defeat Charlemagne suffered in his long career.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Basque_people (9141 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Literary or Profane Legends
		According to Einhard (Vita Caroli Magni, IX) the Frankish rear-guard was cut to pieces by Basque marauders, among the slain being Hruodlandus, prefect of the March of Brittany.
		In the battle of Camlan (Cambula) the latter is killed, but Arthur, too, is mortally wounded and mysteriously removed to the Isle of Avalon, whence he will reappear (so other chronicles relate), some day to restore his people to power.
		In England we have the poem of the "Chevalere Assigne" and the prose romance of "Helyas, Knight of the Swan" (edited by Thoms in "Early English Prose Romances").
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09121a.htm (9124 words)

	Smatterings of Random Spanish History dealing with the Moors
		Apart from the moral effect of this campaign upon the Moslem rulers of Spain, its result was insignificant, though the famous ambuscade in which perished Roland, the great Paladin, at the Pass of Roncesvalles, furnished to the medieval world the material for its most glorious and influential epic, the "Chanson de Roland".
		A battle in which the Visgothic king, Pelayo, defeated the Muslim army in 722 became the symbol of Christian Reconquest, "The Reconquista." Uprisings and revolts of Christians and Jews in Cordoba, 805, 817 and Toledo, 814 and 837 were all surpressed.
		It was the defeat and capture of Toledo from the Moors by Alfonso VI in 1085 that led to the summoning of Almoravids, a fundamentalist sect, from Africa.
	foclark.tripod.com /gypsy/Spain.html (1169 words)

	Pyrenees Guide .com - Way of Saint James: St Jean Pied de Port Roncesvalles
		Little is known about the Battle of Roncesvalles, fought in 778, in which the rearguard of Charlemagne's army was attacked and decimated by the Basques as it crossed the Ibañeta Pass.
		Nonetheless, the battle is one of the most famous of the early Middle Ages, owing to the work of the poet who immortalized it in the Chanson de Roland.
		For his part in the tale roland has passed into the Pyrenees folklore, In the centrel Pyrenees, the Breche d eRoland is said to have been formed when the hero, after a struggle with the Moors, found himself in a tight corner, and slashed a hole through the mountains with his sword, Durandal.
	www.pyreneesguide.com /articles.asp?cID=56&sID=333&aID=1338 (801 words)

	Reconquista (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Reconquista (Reconquest) was the process by which the Christian Kingdoms of northern Hispania defeated and expelled the southern Muslim forces and Moorish states of the Iberian Peninsula, ending more than 8 centuries of Moorish rule in Spain.
		The Moors continued marching north until they were defeated by Charles Martel in 732 in the Battle of Tours, after initially enjoying sucesses.
		The cultural context of Medieval Spain was markedly different to that of the rest of Continental Europe, due to contact with the Moorish culture and the isolation provided by the Pyrenees (an exception to this is Catalonia, where Frankish influence remained strong).
	www.tocatch.info /en/Reconquista.htm (5672 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| Military History Quarterly \| Greco-Persian Wars: Battle of Thermopylae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The dirt of battle is probably still upon Leonidas, and there is a dark purple bruise on his chin from the pooling of what little blood is left.
		After the battle, as Xerxes son of Darius toured the battlefield, he came upon Leonidas' body and ordered the beheading of the corpse and the impalement of the severed head on a pole.
		After passing through northern and central Greece, the army would head southward, capture and burn Athens, and drive into the Peloponnese and destroy the enemy's resistance.
	www.historynet.com /mhq/bldspartans (1235 words)

	Euskal Herria Journal \| A Basque Journal \| Navarre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The poem entirely ignores the Basque role in the battle of Orreaga (Roncesvaux (Fr), Roncesvalles (Sp)), in 778, in the interests of turning the conflict into one between Christians and Muslims.
		Each battle won by a Visigoth king was recorder by the official writers as "Domuit Vascones" (He subjected the Vascons) - a victory that would be sought by the heads of the French and Spanish governments in the 20th and 21st centuries.
		Three years after the battle of Roncesvalles, the Basques of the north were defeated and their warriors killed.
	www.ehj-navarre.org /navarre/na_history_vascons.html (714 words)

	Queen Street: Thematic Preview
		Roncesvalles Avenue, along with its town, is home to ever shifting stories.
		The Canadian Polish Congress, its headquarters at 288 Roncesvalles, represents more than 160 groups across the country, their members hardly homogeneous in politics if not forgetful of their common roots.
		Poles are not alone in having a history worthy of memory -- even as all of us are urged to leave our messy histories behind for cheery fests of "ethnic heritage." They share with other migrant communities a sense of meaningful connection with communities elsewhere in the world, even as they make a world here.
	www.rbebout.com /queen/parkdale/2pronc.htm (6183 words)

	Basque (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		While there are few armies of the day rarely treated the of the lands they were passing through The Basqueland was probably repeatedly plundered for and fodder to maintain the armies.
		The rugged Basque territory is ideal for and it is not surprising that despite oppresion by their neighbhours the Basques could survive.
		Battle of the Roncesvalles Pass was the major defeat Charlemagne suffered in his long These events were immortalized in the French-language Chanson de Roland an important piece of medieval verse.
	www.freeglossary.com /Basques (4315 words)

	Euskal Herria Journal \| A Basque Journal \| Navarre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Three years after the battle at the pass of Orreaga (Roncesvaux (Fr); Roncesvalles (Sp)) in the Pyrenees, the Basques of the north were defeated by the Carolingian troops (781) and their warriors killed.
		In 1052, with the exception of northern Navarre, which continued separate, the remainder of Gascony passed to the duchy of Aquitaine.
		All these lands passed, through marriage and inheritance, to Henry of Navarre, who became king of France as Henry IV in 1589.
	www.ehj-navarre.org /navarre/na_history_navarre.html (830 words)

	HIGHLAND LIGHT INFANTRY/WATEROO
		It next assisted at the capture of the Cape of Good Hope by Sir David Baird in 1806, and sailed thence for Buenos Ayres, which it captured; but when it was retaken the regiment was compelled to surrender as prisoners of war, and it was a year before it was permitted to return home.
		In 1808 it had been called the "Glasgow Regiment", in 1809 it was made a Light Infantry force, and soon after was styled the "Highland Light Infantry", when, though it was a trewed regiment, its pipers were still allowed to wear the Highland dress.
		After Salamanca and Burgos it entered Madrid, and shared in the retreat that was followed eventually by Vittoria; and in the advance on the Pyrenees was at the passage of the Bidassoa, Roncesvalles, Pass of Maya, St Sebastian, Pampeluna, Nivelle, Nive, Orthes, Bayonne, the Adour, and Toulouse.
	www.historikorders.com /henderson.htm (1405 words)

	The Vanguard, August
		Generatons will pass but her descendant is King Clovis I "The Great" (Chlodovech) of the Franks, and later Charlegmegne (http://www.plumdigital.com/2_webcards/wc56/wc56_248.html), by different children of Clodius, the Long Haired, of the Franks and his consort Basina de Thuringia.
		During this first term (1846-1852), he helped pass legislation limiting working hours in factories in the Factory Act of 1847, and was responsible for the passing of the Public Health Act of 1848.
		The Battle of Crécy, took place in northern France on this day, a Saturday, in 1346 (as it is also remembered on Saturday in 2006).
	www.hightowertrail.com /VanguardAug05.htm (12328 words)

	Catholic Culture : Document Library : Pilgrimage To The Stars
		In the famous battle at the Pyrenees pass of Roncesvalles, Roland led the rear guard.
		Modern man is in urgent need of detachment from telephones, pagers, fax machines, TV, and all the gizmos that clamor for his attention and preclude listening to "the small, still voice." Once the rhythm of the day is adjusted to a more humane pace, one is suddenly conscious of the known but forgotten truths.
		Because the terrain is difficult and most pilgrims are not athletes, because food and water may not be readily available, the battle of the will over the body is a minute-by-minute struggle — the pilgrim is forced to confront both himself and that domination the body has gained over the will.
	www.catholicculture.org /docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=4032 (3613 words)

	Legends of Charlemagne by Thomas Bulfinch
		camp in the dark, withdrew his army, and passed the night in the plain, expecting to renew the battle in the morning.
		The invaders had taken advantage of the night to begin their retreat, and were already on their way back to Spain, leaving their immense plunder behind to fall into the hands of the Franks.
		This was the celebrated battle of Tours, in which vast numbers of the Saracens were slain, and only fifteen hundred of the Franks.
	www.4literature.net /Thomas_Bulfinch/Legends_of_Charlemagne/2.html (835 words)

	The Black Prince: Edward, Prince of Wales
		A more romantic theroy is he took the feathers from the helmet warn by the King John of Bohemia whom he defeated at the battle of Crécy.
		It was the hardest-fought and most important battle of the 'Hundred Years War' and Edward’s victory was due both to the excellence of his tactical disposition of his forces and to the superior fighting capacity of his army.
		In August 1367 Edward led a remnant of his troops back through the pass of Roncesvalles and returned to Bordeaux early in September.
	famouscelts.powernet.com /13_Articles/Black_Prince/Black_Prince.shtml (1367 words)

	Basque people (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In a later age, Basque mariners took part in the sea battles of the Castilian conquest of Andalusia.
		There was a Kingdom of Navarre, and most of the Western part of the current territories of the Basque Country (Guipúzcoa, Vizcaya and Álava) were part of it, though not always under the same lord, in the typical pattern of fiefdoms as personal property.
		It all ended with the August 31, 1813 burning of San Sebastian; San Sebastian was totally destroyed and pillaged during three days, all women and girls being raped by the Anglo-Portuguesse-Spanish army.
	basque-people.ask.dyndns.dk (6796 words)

	g. The Empire of Charlemagne and Its Disintegration. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Charlemagne also established his rule in Venetia, Istria, Dalmatia, and Corsica.
		At Roncesvalles near Pamplona, on a pass in the western Pyrenees, the Basques destroyed the rear guard of Charlemagne's army as it was returning to France.
		The battle inspired the late 11th-century poem The Song of Roland, the most famous of the chansons de geste, or medieval epics.
	www.bartleby.com /67/410.html (546 words)

	olifant.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Later he was said to have appeared at the Battle of Clavijo, mounted on a white Apocalyptic horse and that he slaughtered, while in his garb as a pilgrim with cockle shell on hat and scrip, thousands of Moors with his blood-drenched sword.
		The Franco-Spanish mountain pass, that crossing over, liminal place, that boundary, that margin, was thus used for a magnified psycho-drama of a culture in a looking-glass war, really with itself, though seemingly with the evil empire of the other.
		The lightness of their armor and the nature of the battle ground stood the Gascons in good stead on this occasion, whereas the Franks fought at a disadvantage in every respect, because of the weight of their armor and the unevenness of the ground.
	www.umilta.net /olifant.html (12196 words)

	MRT564 - Marto Roland Sword - $0.00
		Memory of Roland has been retained in the annals of history and legend, thanks to the Roncesvalles battle (August 15th 778).
		Charlemange's troops, coming back from the seige of Saragossa, suffered in the Pyrenees pass of Roncesvalles an attack from the Basque tribes helped by Moors.
		The narrowness of the pass and the weight of their weapons favoured the success of this attack on the Carolingian rearguard.
	www.kultofathena.com /product~item~MRT564~name~Marto+Roland+Sword.htm (213 words)

	A Companion to Evelyn Waugh's 'Brideshead Revisited' Prologue
		Thermopylae is a pass in Greece, strategically important as it controlled entry to central Greece from the north-east.
		In the legend Roland died heroically when the Saracens isolated and attacked the rear guard, which he commanded, at the Roncesvalles Pass in the Pyrenees Mountains.
		This is the battle of Camlan (A.D. 537), which some authorities think was a real event.
	www.abbotshill.freeserve.co.uk /AmPrologue.html (3837 words)

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