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Topic: Battlefield medicine

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	Osprey - Battlefield medicine - The Ancient World 2000 BC-AD 500
		Their location just behind their maniple standard bearers indicates that battlefield medicine was practised at a central and easily recognised point on the battlefield before eventual evacuation to a well-established camp hospital.
		Contemporary vase paintings include some depictions of battlefield medicine and in hoplite warfare it was clearly normal for comrades to give medical aid to each other.
		Western medicine was greatly advanced by Hippocrates (known as ‘The Father of Medicine’), who lived in the second half of the 5th century and into the 4th.
	www.ospreypublishing.com /content4.php/cid=219 (1631 words)

	Battlefield medicine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Battlefield medicine is the treatment of soldiers in or near an area of combat.
		Medicine has been greatly advanced by procedures that were developed in order to treat the wounds inflicted during combat.
		The extension of emergency medicine to prehospital settings through the use of emergency medical technicians
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battlefield_medicine (179 words)

	Tourniquet Use on the Battlefield Military Medicine - Find Articles
		Before tourniquets were used on the battlefield, tight bandages proximal to wounds were used primarily as an aid to amputation.
		that tourniquets are of little use on the battlefield," but he then continues paradoxically, "for although it is unquestionable that a large number of the dead sink from hemorrhage...
		Comprehensive studies of battlefield injuries that included those killed on the battlefield were generally lacking until World War II, but surgeons like Macleod continued to downplay the role of tourniquets.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3912/is_200605/ai_n16452285 (867 words)

	What They're Saying About Us \| n m h m
		NOVA shows how innovations in battlefield medicine have transformed the survival prospects of such casualties, and provides an intimate story of the struggle for survival in a combat hospital.
		Drawn exclusively from the museum's historical archives and historical collections, Battlefield Surgery 101 presents the highlights of the evolution of military surgical activities over the last 140 years through a selection of photographs and 19th- and 20th- century artifacts.
		Wounded Soldiers were removed from the battlefield and taken to aid stations and then on to hospitals, in much the same manner as today.
	nmhm.washingtondc.museum /news/bs_wtsau.html (3920 words)

	Online NewsHour: Combat Medicine -- March 29, 2003
		Advances in civilian medicine and lessons learned from earlier conflicts are fueling a transformation in how medics treat U.S. soldiers injured in Iraq.
		On the battlefield, medics have sophisticated new tools to save lives, such as a bandage that fuses directly to red blood cells and seals wounds shut.
		SUSAN DENTZER: And on the deadly battlefields of Iraq, McElween and her colleagues might then be able to save at least some lives.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/health/jan-june03/combat-medicine_3-29.html (1048 words)

	Museum News \| n m h m
		The National Museum of Health and Medicine celebrated the opening of its newest exhibit, "Battlefield Surgery 101: From the Civil War to Vietnam" with a luncheon reception on Jan. 12.
		Drawn exclusively from the museum's historical archives and historical collections, "Battlefield Surgery 101" presents the highlights of the evolution of military surgical activities over the last 140 years through a selection of photographs and 19th-, 20th-, and 21st- century artifacts.
		"Battlefield Surgery 101" consists of more than 100 photographs that document the wounds of soldiers and operations performed by military surgeons both on and near the battlefield.
	nmhm.washingtondc.museum /news/bs101_open.html (672 words)

	Battlefield medicine: a new perspective Infantry Magazine - Find Articles
		While we have made tremendous advances in modern medicine, we have not figured out how to keep people from being killed in combat.
		The bottom line is the Army needs Soldiers who are equipped and trained at the point of wounding to decrease preventable battlefield death.
		However, the three leading causes of preventable battlefield death are: extremity hemorrhage, tension pneumothorax, and airway problems.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0IAV/is_2_93/ai_n6124004 (821 words)

	Pentagon should consider alternative battlefield medicine - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper
		That landscape also was supported medically by stockpiled arrays of medicines for battlefield use and well-equipped hospitals near major European cities behind the front lines.
		And low doses of homeopathic medicines and herbs — the kind of natural salves and ointments that have been used for centuries, long before the development of high-tech medicine — can speed the recovery time of wounds and treat infections.
		Developing ways that complementary and alternative medicine can be used on the battlefield and the homeland will help scientists prepare innovative defenses against the new dangers we face.
	the.honoluluadvertiser.com /article/2002/Aug/25/op/op07a.html (973 words)

	Pre-Hospital Care in the U.S. Army - By Retired Lieutenant Colonel Donald L. Parsons, PA-C - Military Medical Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In Vietnam approximately 2,500 soldiers died on the battlefield because they bled to death, and the only injuries these individuals had were extremity wounds.
		It is conceivable that a soldier may be wounded while no combat lifesaver (CLS) or medic is available, or the tactical situation may prevent him/him or her from attending to the casualty.
		By providing training (basic tactical medicine principles) and equipment to the individual soldier level, care would be available at the point of wounding on the battlefield.
	www.military-medical-technology.com /article.cfm?DocID=934 (1601 words)

	Medicine in the Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Yet, it's important that we remember and recall the medical side of the conflict too, as horrible as it was.
		I have a listing of books here as well for the "expert" who wishes a more indepth treatment of the topic, as well as a listing of other links on the internet that may be of interest to the visitor.
		Back to the Civil War Battlefield Medicine - Medicine in the War Between the States Home Page.
	members.aol.com /cwsurgeon0/enter2.html (353 words)

	U.S. Medicine Information Central
		Improved helicopters in the Vietnam-era further increased the role of nurses on the battlefield, bringing nurses ever closer to battlefield medicine.
		The ANC developed intensive care and trauma care specialization units that expedited the "chain of evacuation" of wounded from the battlefield to nearby Army hospitals to state-side hospitals in as little as three days.
		Making a science of battlefield medicine, Army nurses helped the United States record the lowest ever rate of disease and non-battle injury in a conflict.
	www.usmedicine.com /dailyNews.cfm?dailyID=23 (973 words)

	Political Animal: Comment on Battlefield Medicine
		Improvements in battlefield medicine is one of the reasons I think the Right should be interested in stem cell research.
		The Vietnam war actually advanced medical knowledge of trauma medicine, because it was the first time in the history of mankind that acute war injuries could be flown to an operating table within several hours.
		The approach to battlefield medicine described in the article seems to very much track with changes in trauma surgery generally.
	www.washingtonmonthly.com /mt/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=5293 (2585 words)

	Defense Tech: Squishy Sacks of Goo ...
		And on the battlefield, there are lots of hot pokey objects that can puncture our squishy sacks, letting out all the goo.
		It's a device that could be used by a layperson, a medic on the battlefield.
		Currently it exists on the battlefield only as frozen plasma and, as such, cannot be given any place but at our field hospitals.
	www.defensetech.org /archives/002349.html (862 words)

	C4 News - Home - Medicine - Battlefield medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		For over 40 years the death rates of those who die from serious infections hasn't changed despite advances in medicine and intensive care techniques.
		Now, in a bid to understand why, doctors at University College London are looking back almost 200 years to the impressive recovery of wounded soldiers at the battle of Waterloo where, in one unit, out of 52 injured only 2 died.
		In spite of all the technology, multiple organ failure is the number one killer in intensive care: the liver, the kidneys – everything, just shuts down.
	www.channel4.com /news/2004/11/week_4/27_waterloo.html (596 words)

	Yale Medicine Autumn 2003: Alumni
		In e-mail messages to Yale Medicine in July, Lundell reported that when he was not working shifts, he kept busy playing bridge with tent mates, washing his clothes and reading novels, the Book of Mormon and the hymns he’d loaded onto his Palm Pilot before leaving his home base in Texas.
		A week before his departure Lundell explained that his team is trained to treat patients during “the golden hour of trauma,” when the team has the best chance of saving a life by controlling bleeding—which causes about half of combat deaths.
		In 2002, in the final year of her residency in family medicine, Potee became national president of the union, the Committee of Interns and Residents (CIR).
	info.med.yale.edu /external/pubs/ym_au03/faces.html (3036 words)

	Surg Jonathan Letterman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 1862, due to the unexpected size of casualty lists during the battle of Manassas where it took one week to remove the wounded from the battlefield, as head of Medical Services of the Army of the Potomac, he revamped the Army Medical Corps.
		In the battle of Antietam, which was a 12 hour engagement and the bloodiest one day battle in the entire Civil War, the ambulance system was was able to remove all the wounded from the field in 24 hours.
		He was depressed by the death of his wife in 1867, and was often ill himself, dying in 1872.
	aotw.org /officers.php?officer_id=919 (306 words)

	Wired 13.02: The Painful Truth
		Until recently, the military's approach to pain control hadn't changed much since the days when the battlefield anesthetics of choice were rum, ether, and narcotics.
		An elementary form of regional anesthesia is already widely used in maternity wards: the epidural block, employed to numb the pain of labor and achieved by injecting analgesics and narcotics along the spine.
		For soldiers evacuated from the battlefield, the advantages of nerve blocks over traditional methods of pain control are clear.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/13.02/pain.html (1028 words)

	CNN.com - U.S. troops prepare for life-saving efforts - Feb. 13, 2003
		Andy Shobitz holds down the Level 1 center we visited and is a calming presence for the young soldiers.
		Finally, one of the most exciting and effective methods to get the injured off the battlefield for medical care is the Black Hawk helicopter.
		In addition to being used for transport, these copters are equipped with four gurneys and a hoist that can lower a medic 250 feet for an emergency pick-up.
	www.cnn.com /2003/HEALTH/02/08/btsc.gupta/index.html (697 words)

	eHistory.com - Medicine: Civil War Battlefield Surgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		An upper arm amputation, as was done on Stonewall Jackson or General Oliver O. Howard (who lost his arm at Fair Oaks in 1862) had a mortality rate of about 24%.
		This meant that common battlefield surgery was the amputation.
		The surgeon would wash out the wound with a cloth (in the Southern Army sponges were long exhausted) and probe the wound with his finger (the finger being usually used), or a probe perhaps, looking for bits of cloth, bone, or the bullet.
	ehistory.osu.edu /uscw/features/medicine/cwsurgeon/amputations.cfm (1656 words)

	Triage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Simple triage is used at the scene of a mass casualty incident to choose patients who require immediate transport to the hospital to save their lives as opposed to patients who can wait for help later.
		In advanced triage systems, secondary triage is typically implemented by paramedics, battlefield medical personnel or by skilled nurses in the emergency departments of hospitals during disasters, injured people are sorted into five categories.
		If immediate treatment is successful, the patient may improve (although this may be temporary) and this improvement may allow the patient to be categorised to a lower priority in the short term.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Triage (1916 words)

	WarMuseum.ca - Critical Care On the Battlefield and Around the World - The history of Canadian Forces Health Services
		You will see images of medics at work on the battlefield, ambulances transporting wounded to care, special surgical teams and nursing sisters at work, and soldiers recuperating well behind the lines.
		Effective military medicine depends on the seamless integration of facilities and highly-trained medical professionals under demanding conditions.
		Canadian military medicine was, and remains, an important presence in all Canadian military operations and has been a key factor in mitigating the death and suffering that are an inevitable component of conflict.
	www.civilization.ca /cwm/healthservices/criticalcare_e.html (857 words)

	Alternative battlefield medicine bad idea - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper
		I found a recent Sunday Advertiser's commentary entitled "Pentagon should consider alternative battlefield medicine" to be disturbing.
		That's not to state that complementary or alternative medicine should not be researched or applied when appropriate.
		But I find it stretches credibility to assume that acupuncture might be as effective as a morphine syringe, which can be readily administered by soldiers in the field with minimal training.
	the.honoluluadvertiser.com /article/2002/Oct/22/op/op04a.html (380 words)

	TEXTBOOKS OF MILITARY MEDICINE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Textbooks of Military Medicine is a comprehensive, multivolume treatise on the art and science of military medicine.
		The series is designed to show how military medicine has built on the lessons learned in past wars and, based on this historical context, lays out the scientific and factual basis upon which the practice of military medicine is grounded.
		While some may claim that the all-encompassing advances in civilian medicine have eclipsed military medicine, the particular requirements of far-forward, echelon-based combat casualty care require an appreciation of the unique nature of our battlefield.
	das.cs.amedd.army.mil /textbook.htm (523 words)

	ABC News: Improved Body Armor and Medicine Save Lives in Iraq
		With improvements in battlefield medicine and body armor, the wounded in Iraq have much higher survival rates than troops in previous wars.
		After the Gulf War, military doctors decided that field hospitals were too far from the battlefield and needed to be closer, dramatically cutting transit time, which drastically increases chances of survival.
		In fact, if a wounded person arrives alive at Balad, his or her chances of surviving are 97 percent.
	abcnews.go.com /GMA/OnCall/story?id=1556540 (832 words)

	Military Medicine Archive -- Medgadget.com
		In an effort that will have significant impact on medicine, MIT and Hong Kong University researchers have shown that a peptide-laden biodegradable nanosolution was able to stop the bleeding of wounded rodents in seconds.
		When the liquid, composed of protein fragments called peptides, is applied to open wounds, the peptides self-assemble into a nanoscale protective barrier gel that seals the wound and halts bleeding.
		the University of Nevada School of Medicine in partnershp with Rocky Research, a Nevada based company, is planning to spend a $2.1 million grant from the Department of Defense to develop thermal battery technology to cool blood for storage, and to warm it for transfusions in battlefield conditions where electrical power is unavailable.
	www.medgadget.com /archives/military_medicine (1827 words)

	Civil War Medicine
		This photograph of the field hospital at the Battle of Savage Station gives the reader a better view of the conditions of Civil War medicine than can be described in words.
		Notice that the wounded do not have the benefit of shelter, and are left to suffer in the sun.
		The book is filled with fascinating details of the state of "Medicine" at the time of the Civil War.
	www.sonofthesouth.net /leefoundation/civil-war-medicine.htm (1266 words)

	USNews.com: The extraordinary risks of battlefield medicine
		In Iraq, the United States has created a system of battlefield medicine that has moved doctors and nurses closer to the front lines than ever before.
		That has resulted in the lowest fatality rate in modern warfare; 98 percent of those wounded have survived.
		The last time U.S. military doctors, nurses, and medics gained significant battlefield experience was in Vietnam, more than 30 years ago.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/health/articles/050314/14mash.htm (524 words)

	Voices From the Civil War Online: Battlefield Medicine
		Read the biography of a Confederate surgeon, Hunter Holmes McGuire, and discover the difficulties of battlefield surgery and dentisry.
		Learn what surgeons had to deal face, how bullets changed upon impact, and the wounds caused by different weapons.
		By the end of the war, those numbers had changed dramatically: in the Union Army nearly 13,000 medical officers had served; the Confederate Army had nearly 4,000 active physicians; and an estimated 4,000 women had served as nurses.
	www.hstg.org /index.cgi/718 (185 words)

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