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| | A. Rorlich - The Mongol Conquest |
 | | [5] Batu built himself a new capital, Saray, on the lower Volga, and as soon as it was completed, he moved there and the political center of the Golden Horde shifted to the south. |
 | | Batu Khan sent one of his fiercest commanders, Subudai, to quell a revolt led by Jiku and Baian in 1238 and 1239, and Mengu Temir himself went to the Middle Volga to put down a revolt of the local population in 1261. |
 | | By the time of Khan Ozbek's rule, it had grown into a sophisticated urban entity with a complex water supply system and a physiognomy that was distinctly Eastern and was shaped by the mosques, medreses (Muslim schools of higher learning), caravanserais, and baths. |
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