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Topic: Baudouin de Courtenay

	LITUANUS. Vol. 41, No. 1 - Spring 1995
		Baudouin de Courtenay was born on the 13th of March 1845 in Radzymin (not far from Warsaw) in a surveyor's family.
		Baudouin de Courtenay studied from 1862-1866 at the Polish University in Warsaw (Szkoła Główna), in which, as he wrote later in his biography he was most interested in the physiology of sounds, Sanskrit, Lithuanian and the Slavic languages, particularly diligently collecting material for the history of the Polish language.
		Baudouin de Courtenay suggested publication of the grammar in Lithuanian at the University of Kazan, and later at the Krakow Academy of Sciences.
	www.lituanus.org /1995_1/95_1_01.htm (5214 words)

	Baudouin de Courtenay Jan Niecislaw
		Baoudouin de Courtenay’s views took shaped under the influence of positivistic thought, and his scientific interests were concentrated on questions of language as such, especially the causes of changes that occur in language; in order to grasp them with precision he made comparative studies of particular languages.
		It seems, however, that this decision was in large measure the result of Baudouin de Courtenay’s dislike of all collective forms of social life, considering that he also regarded the organized freethinkers movement as a complete misunderstanding.
		de Courtenay Jan Niecisław, in: Uczeni polscy XIX i XX stulecia [Polish scholars of the nineteenth and twentieth century], Wwa 1994k, I 93–96.
	peenef2.republika.pl /angielski/hasla/b/baudouin.html (737 words)

	Ido (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Baudouin de Courtenay preferis parolar Germane e poka foyi sro Peano parolis en sua Latina sen flexiono.
		De ta diskuti kun exteri du epizodi meritas aparta menciono: Dr. Nicolas emfazizis kom avantajo di sua sistemo fondita sur aprioria principi, ke ol esas konstruktita segun solida studio di la legi di mnemoniko e konseque esas aparte facile memorebla.
		En ol on diskutis libere e de multa vidpuntio la principi e detali di nia linguo; e balde aparis ke to, kontre quo la maxim multa kritikanti de multa landi maxime objecionis, esis vorti e formi di Esperanto, quin ni lasis durar, kelkafoye kontre nia propra principi.
	ido.encyclopedia.st /Ido (1669 words)

	Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan, b 13 March 1845 in Radzymin, Poland, d 3 November 1929 in Warsaw.
		Baudouin de Courtenay created and elaborated the theory of phonemics in linguistics and founded the psychological (the so-called Kazan) school of linguistics.
		He was a staunch defender of the free development of all languages and of national independence, including that of Ukraine.
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/B/A/BaudouindeCourtenayJan.htm (163 words)

	[No title]
		Les sacs de soufre sur le pont avant, le pilote côtier et la catapulte sur le gaillard d’avant, le charpentier sur le pont au milieu, le bouteiller sur le pont à l’arrière, le navigateur au gouvernail.
		De la doc, ramenez une borne des routes en orient et un bédouin.
		Ramenez des moutons des remparts et des tuiles en terre cuite de la poterne.
	www.chez.com /arthur01/croisade/Croisades.htm (1622 words)

	Imago Mundi - Baudouin IV de Jérusalem.
		En 1176, Baudouin IV maria sa soeur aînée, Sibylle, à Guillaume Longue-Epée, marquis de Montferrat, qu'il avait mandé d'Occident et qui fut nommé comte de Jaffa et d'Ascalon.
		Au mois de février 1183, après avoir pris l'avis des principaux du royaume, il décréta qu'un impôt extraordinaire serait levé sur tous ses sujets pour subvenir aux frais de la guerre sainte.
		Baudouin IV mourut peu de temps après, le 16 mars 1185, vaincu par la maladie qui avait fait de son existence un long supplice.
	www.cosmovisions.com /BaudouinIVJerusalem.htm (2255 words)

	Les Templiers et les Croisades : personnages et lieux célèbres des Croisades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Baudouin hérite, en 1143, du titre de roi de Jérusalem, mais il reste soumis jusqu'en 1152 au gouvernement de la reine Mélisende, laquelle commet l'erreur de rompre l'alliance damasquine ménagée par Foulques (1147) et réussit, malgré l'opposition des barons et des conseillers de Foulques, à détourner contre Damas la deuxième Croisade.
		Baudouin III joue un rôle décisif en sauvant Antioche après la mort de Raymond de Poitiers (1150).
		L'abbé de Clairvaux s'intéressa aussi, parfois avec vigueur, aux problèmes politiques.
	www.templiers.net /ordre/personnages.php (6605 words)

	earlyBlazon.com
		Dukes of Lothier and Brabant / Ducs de Lothier and Brabant
		Il prit comme blason le lion de Flandre avec une cotice au lieu des 3 tourteaux des Courtenay.
		Philip is the son of count Baldwin VIII de Flandre (=Baldwin V de Hainault).
	perso.wanadoo.fr /earlyblazon/nation/empire/brabant.htm (379 words)

	The Delegation for the Adoption of an International Language - Ido (A. L. GUÉRARD)
		Baudouin de Courtenay, Professor of Linguistics at the University of Saint-Petersburg.
		Ostwald, Baudouin de Courtenay, Jespersen, Couturat, and Leau, but M. de Beaufront was immediately afterwards made a member of that body.
		But M. Baudouin de Courtenay refused later to support the Ido schism, and thus condemned the interpretation which had been given of the verdict of the Committee.
	donh.best.vwh.net /Languages/delegation.html (4679 words)

	La maison de Courtenay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Quand les barons de Constantinople lui cherchent un successeur, ils se tournent vers le beau-frère des deux empereurs défunts, Pierre II de Courtenay, cousin germain de Philippe Auguste.
		Baudouin hérite un empire en lambeaux, menacé par les Grecs et les Bulgares.
		De nouveau, les Courtenay font présenter au roi une histoire généalogique de leur maison, écrite par le généalogiste du Bouchet, mais sans succès.
	www.eleves.ens.fr /home/mlnguyen/hist/courtenay.html (1643 words)

	Baudouin - livres nouveaux et utilisés (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Quatrième de couverture: Avec ce livre sur le bouddhisme Bernard Baudouin vous présente d'une manière précise et imagée : - L'enseignement de Bouddha : les vertus de l'exemple, la souffrance et la délivrance, les fois de continuité...
		Avec rigueur et clarté, Bernard Baudouin présente les pouvoirs de la pensée et nous aide à agir positivement pour nous épanouir...
		Sous le titre de Traités, les sermons de Baudouin de Morde...
	fr.isbn.pl /A-baudouin (752 words)

	John Benjamins: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The notion of ‘morpheme’, closely associated with the notion of ‘phoneme’; and with a synchronic conception of language, was first conceptualized in the beginning of the 1880s by Jan Baudouin de Courtenay and Mikołaj Kruszewski in Kazan’;.
		Le morphème, associé au phonème et à la synchronie de la langue, est conceptualisé dès les années 1880 à Kazan’; par Jan Baudouin de Courtenay et Mikołaj Kruszewski; c’est l’aboutissement dans la pensée linguistique russe d’un long conflit entre le syllabisme associé au mot et l’intuition morphématique.
		On y retrouve aussi bien des influences étrangères, surtout allemandes, que des traditions grammaticales et culturelles appliquées au matériau spécifique de la langue russe.
	benjamins.com /cgi-bin/t_articles.cgi?bookid=HL_28_1_2&artid=540008859 (330 words)

	courtenay
		Baudouin Courtenay (1845 - 1929) lehrte an verschiedenen Universitäten Europas.
		Baudouin de Courtenay ist bekannt als Sprachtheoretiker, Indoeuropäist, Slavist sowie als Schöpfer der Grundlagen der historischen Grammatik des Polnischen und zahlreicher Termini und Konzeptionen, die von der Sprachwissenschaft des 20.
		Baudouin de Courtenay unterstrich die Einheit und Gleichwertigkeit des individuellen und gesellschaftlichen Faktors in der Sprache.
	www.uni-potsdam.de /u/slavistik/vc/unger/nsling/courten.htm (431 words)

	Linguistics and Technology: The Nature of Processes
		Modern phonological theory was invented by Jan Ignacy Baudouin de Courtenay (1845-1929), who studied the behavior of phonetic alternations in contemporary languages.
		Baudouin recognized two types of phonetic alternations: physiophonetic alternations, which represented a phonetic variation of a single phoneme, and psychophonetic alternations, which represented alternations between two distinct phonemes.
		I only bring up Baudouin de Courtenay here to make a specific point--that you will not understand the Rule/Process dichotomy of Natural Phonology if you see it in terms of phonetic alternations.
	linguistictech.blogspot.com /2004/06/nature-of-processes.html (969 words)

	History of our language
		Baudouin de Courtenay preferred to speak German, and once or twice Mr.
		de Beaufront, especially after it became known that he had been the author of the anonymous Ido project at the same time as he represented Dr. Zamenhof before the committee.
		In it were discussed freely and from many points of view the principles and details of our language; and it soon became apparent that what was most objected to by the greatest number of critics from many countries, was words and forms of Esperanto, which we had left remaining, sometimes against our own principles.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/5037/Hist.html (1644 words)

	Baudouin - Infomations about Baudouin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Lilian, belle-mère de feu le roi Baudouin, nous rappelle qu'à l'occasion de...
		Baudouin de très heureuse mémoire devrait surtout descendre du ciel pour boter le
		Baudouin de la région Poitou - Charentes et Deux-Sèvres.
	www.bizkitt.fr /Ba/Baudouin_19191.html (321 words)

	Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan Niecislaw -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan Niecislaw -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Named for Captain George William Courtenay of the Royal Navy, who surveyed the area from 1846 to 1849, it is now a service centre for a fishing, logging, and farming area.
		Explore Santiago De Cuba, the second largest city in Cuba, with a diverse population and culture.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9013805 (738 words)

	LANGUAGE POLICIES AND REFORM IN THE SOVIET 1920S: PRACTICAL POLEMICS AGAINST IDEALIST LINGUISTICS
		Needless to say, Baudouin de Courtenay recognised the practical side of the problem and recommended Russian as lingua franca, the language understood by the majority of the population.
		This, however, was less important than the provision of linguistic freedom, which, in the scholar's opinion, could ensure civil loyalty to the tolerant state on the part of numerous ethnic groups (Baudouin de Courtenay 1906: 12-13 as cited by Alpatov 1997: 33).
		In linguistics, as we have seen, Baudouin de Courtenay and Saussure's structural approach to language with its emphasis on function, synchrony, typology, uniform methods of study became largely prevailing after 1917.
	www.arts.gla.ac.uk /Slavonic/Epicentre/langpolicy.htm (12603 words)

	Baudouin de Courtenay - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		He was an early champion of synchronic linguistics, the study of contemporary spoken languages, and he had a strong impact on the structuralist linguistic theory of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure.
		Baudouin established the Kazan School of Linguistics in the mid-1870s.
		Three major schools of 20th century phonology arose directly from his distinction between physiophonetic (phonological) and psychophonetic (morphophonological) alternations: the Leningrad School of Phonology, the Moscow School of Phonology, and the Prague School of Phonology.
	www.grohol.com /psypsych/Baudouin_de_Courtenay (285 words)

	Robert A. Rothstein
		“The Linguist as Dissenter: Jan Baudouin de Courtenay,” in For Wiktor Weintraub, ed.
		“Baudouin de Courtenay and the Ukrainian Question,” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 16 (1992), 3-4:315-23.
		Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, A Baudouin de Courtenay Anthology: The Beginnings of Structural Linguistics, tr.
	www.umass.edu /judaic/faculty/rothsteinpublications.html (2515 words)

	Shirokov O. S. J. Boudouin de Courtenay ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We evalute Baudouin's heritage within the context of the whole length of the way covered during the XXth century, within the context of the prospects the philological science has on the eve of the third millennium.
		For the Moscow functional school the most important part of his legasy capable of being carried over as a whole into the XXIst century is his teaching on alternations of linguistic units.
		It is proved in the article that it was already in Baudouin de Courtenay's early works that the foundations of this theory were laid down and these foundations remained constant during the whole of the great scholar's creative career.
	www.philol.msu.ru /rus/izd/95sod6/shir.html (270 words)

	Бодуэн де Куртенэ Ромуальда Ромуальдовна (Baudouin de Courtenay)
		Бодуэн де Куртенэ Ромуальда Ромуальдовна (Baudouin de Courtenay)
		Бодуэн де Куртенэ Иван Александрович (Игнатий-Нецислав, Baudouin de Courtenay)
		одуэн де Куртенэ (Baudouin de Courtenay), Ромуальда Ромуальдовна, урожденная Багницкая (Bagnicka) - писательница.
	www.rulex.ru /01020510.htm (245 words)

	Biografia de Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan
		en Varsovia, que con sus estudios sobre los sonidos del lenguaje y sus estructuras fue un gran precursor de los estudios de fonética y fonología.
		Doctor en filología y profesor de la Universidad de San Petersburgo, Varsovia, Kazán, Dorpat y Cracovia, en 1870 publicó un trabajo sobre el polaco anterior al s.
		xiv, y en 1875 su mayor obra, Versuch einer Theorie phonetischer Alternationen (Ensayo de una teoría sobre alternaciones fonéticas), en la que desarrolló el concepto de fonema.
	www.biografiasyvidas.com /biografia/b/baudouin_de_courtenay.htm (79 words)

	RoyHarris4
		For instance, the notion that grammar and lexicon are internalized in the individual speaker's brain was developed a full generation before the publication of Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique générale (1916), namely by the linguists born in the 1840s, i.e.
		The adulation which some linguists now bestow on Ferdinand de Saussure as the supposed founder of modern linguistics has been commented on by a number of students of the history of our discipline; see, for instance, Coseriu 1977:200.
		Harris is apparently unacquainted with the work of the Polish linguist Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, or he undoubtedly would have pointed out that Baudouin's original concept of the morpheme (for it is to Baudouin's circle that we owe not only the phoneme but also the morpheme) was simply a psychologized variant of traditional etymology.
	people.ku.edu /~percival/RoyHarris4.html (4409 words)

	Conversational Maxims and Principles of Language Planning
		In 1908, a reformed version of Esperanto, known as Ido, was launched by Louis de Beaufront and Louis Couturat.
		Subsequently, René de Saussure (1915) investigated how it comes about that word formation in Esperanto works satisfactorily despite its alleged lack of logicalness and he formulated his principles of necessity and sufficiency, which say that what is clear anyway does not need to be expressed.
		Baudouin de Courtenay, J. Zur Kritik der künstlichen Weltsprachen.
	www.ling.su.se /staff/hartmut/griceil.htm (9477 words)

	Nineteenth-Century Origins
		At the same time, the structuralists themselves were not unaware that their theories had not come into being ex nihilo.
		Trubetzkoy acknowledged the pioneering work of Baudouin de Courtenay and Winteler in phonology, and Hjelmslev thought of himself as developing theoretical insights arrived at by Ferdinand de Saussure.
		Wilhelm von Humboldt, Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluss auf die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts (Bonn: F. Dümmler, 1960; original date of publication 1836).
	people.ku.edu /~percival/Nineteenth.html (2297 words)

	Universals References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Translated in Edward Stankiewicz (ed.), A Baudouin de Courtenay Anthology: The Beginnings of Structural Linguistics, 92-113.
		Grammaire générale, ou Exposition raisonnée des éléments nécessaires du langage, pour servir de fondement à l'étude de toutes les langues.
		Les vrais principles de la langue françoise, ou La parole réduite en méthode, conformément aux lois de l'usage.
	ling.uni-konstanz.de:591 /Universals/references.html (5047 words)

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