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Topic: Bayer sensor

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	The Bayer sensor vs the Foveon sensor (part 2 of 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A full-color input image is transformed into a bayer greyscale image by topgmraw.py, discarding 2/3 of all the data in the original.
		The modification is simply a loader for ".pgm" files as bayer sensor data---the core algorithms used by dcraw to perform interpolation are unchanged.
		If this is the case, a Foveon sensor must have about 1.5x as many photosites as a Bayer sensor to convey the same amount of edge detail.
	emergent.unpythonic.net /01161627308 (335 words)

	Digital photography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For cameras using a Bayer sensor it is the number of single coloured photosites (light sensitive areas) on the sensor.
		Cameras with digital sensors that are smaller than the typical 35mm film size will have a smaller field or angle of view when used with a lens of the same focal length.
		If a sensor smaller than the camera's original film format is used, such as the use of APS-C-sized digital sensors in 35mm format digital SLRs, then the image's field of view is cropped by the sensor giving the impression that the focal length of the lens has changed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Digital_photography (5026 words)

	Sensors: Camera System: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review
		The new Foveon sensors are based on the same principle, and have three sensor layers that measure the primary colors, as shown in this diagram.
		In CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) sensors, the pixel measurements are processed sequentially by circuitry surrounding the sensor, while in APS (Active Pixel Sensors) the pixel measurements are processed simultaneously by circuitry within the sensor pixels and on the sensor itself.
		CMOS sensors were initially used in low-end cameras but recent improvements have made them more and more popular in high-end cameras such as the Canon EOS D60 and 10D.
	www.dpreview.com /learn/?/Glossary/Camera_System/sensors_01.htm (536 words)

	Digital Images: Foveon X3 versus Bayer
		Bayerized image: this is the original image with 2 of the three color channels omitted at each pixel (in a Bayer mosaic pattern) and reconstructed with a demosaicing or "de-Bayering" algorithm similar to what is found in dSLR cameras.
		Bayer sensors will produce images that are softer and less detailed due to the "smoothing" needed to eliminate artifacts and color distortions.
		Bayer sensors tend to omit chrominance (color) information when sampling high frequency detail.
	www.ddisoftware.com /reviews/sd9-v-bayer (1679 words)

	Digital cameras vs. film, part 1
		Bayer sensors have some MTF loss due to their layout and interpolation routines, though sophisticated software keeps this loss to a minumum.
		Since the 10D's sensor dimensions are 15.1/24 = 0.63 as large as 35mm, the total resolution at the 50% level is (61/46.7) * (15.1/24) = 0.82 that of 35mm 4000 dpi Provia.
		Sensors have 1/4 the length and 1/16 the area of full-frame 35mm.
	www.normankoren.com /Tutorials/MTF7.html (4931 words)

	Tutorials - Digital Camera Sensors
		A Bayer array consists of alternating rows of red-green and green-blue filters.
		Note: Not all digital cameras use a Bayer array, however this is by far the most common setup.
		Bayer "demosaicing" is the process of translating this Bayer array of primary colors into a final image which contains full color information at each pixel.
	www.cambridgeincolour.com /tutorials/sensors.htm (934 words)

	DPanswer: Defects
		Bayer filter reconstruction are prone to rainbow-like colour artefacts along the edge between any two contrasting colours.
		The predominantly vertical nature of the noise pattern, and the fact that it seems to be occur when some of the colour channels of a CCD sensors is oversaturated may indicate that the the problem is related somewhat to blooming.
		Also, if the sensor uses microlenses to focus the light rays on the photosensitive part of the sensel, these tend to be less effective if the light ray hits at an oblique angle, resulting in additional light loss.
	hannemyr.com /photo/defects.html (4350 words)

	Pros and Cons of the Sigma SD10 Digital SLR Camera
		The Canon 16.7 megapixel sensor is nearly 5x the resolution, with better color and lower noise, at higher ISOs, than the Foveon X3 Pro 10M sensor, and even the 6 and 8 megapixel Canon CMOS sensors have higher resolution and a smaller crop factor than the Foveon sensor.
		No doubt Foveon feels that since their sensor is comprises of three layers of photodetectors, while a Bayer sensor has only one layer, that is unfair for them NOT to be able to redefine a photodetector as a pixel.
		But the Foveon advantage was not supposed to be increased resolution, it was supposed to be that their sensor produced more accurate color (since each pixel had its own set of three photodetectors (RGB), rather than having to calculate the color of each pixel from adjoining pixels as is done on a Bayer sensor).
	nordicgroup.us /sigma (7470 words)

	TidBITS: Sense & Sensors in Digital Photography
		This is a photocell, a sensor that is sensitive to the intensity of light.
		Since the sensors function differently at the level of the cell and the level of the pixel, it is important to ignore the advertising and to discriminate appropriately between pixel and cell.
		I have often read that Bayer sensors work well because half of their cells are green and the wavelengths that induce green provide most of the information used by the eye for visual acuity.
	db.tidbits.com /getbits.acgi?tbart=07860 (4779 words)

	Luminous Landscape Forum > Foveon
		Bayer sensor are not on pair with this at all.
		If you look at the response curves of a bayer sensor, there's a good degree of overlap between colour filters, so the number of photons that don't reach the sensor is much less than 2/3rds.
		This whole discussion is based on the assumption that current sensors are running into the limits of lenses and that further increasing the resolution of Bayer sensors will not deliver much actual value in terms of captured detailed.
	www.luminous-landscape.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t12241.html (3354 words)

	Digital photography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Different films and sensors are sensitive to differing subsets of colour whilst the photographer needs to have an understanding of the light conditions and the media used to ensure accurate colour reproduction.
		The linear array sensor acts like its counterpart used in a flatbed image scanner by moving vertically to digitize the image.
		Cameras with digital sensors that are smaller than the typical 35mm film size will have a smaller angle of view when used with a lens of the same focal length.
	www.freedownloadsoft.com /info/digital-photography.html (2622 words)

	Image Sensors
		Image sensors with Bayer interpolation are currently the most popular variant of the species.
		"Bayer" sensors are layed out in (overlapping) clusters of 4 photodiodes.
		The photodiodes are slightly recessed and if light rays don't hit the photodiodes in a perdendicular angle, and that's typical for the image edges, they produce slight shadows resulting in a lower exposure.
	www.photozone.de /3Technology/digital_3.htm (835 words)

	The University of Newcastle, Australia - Walking Humanoid Robot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		CMOS sensors are specialized integrated circuits (ICs) that combine photodiode (that converts light to electrons), transistors in each picture element (pixel) to select or reset, amplify and transfer the photodiode charge.
		Overlaying the entire sensor is a grid of metal interconnects to apply timing and readout signals and an array of column output signal interconnects.
		With this arrangement, when a raw image is obtained from the Bayer type image sensor, it can then be converted to the standard RGB format through interpolation methods such as nearest neighbour, linear, cubic, etc. This is an important process as it determined the accuracy of the colour scene captured by the image sensor.
	web.singnet.com.sg /~tsl33/cam.html (1114 words)

	Sigma Intros SD14 DSLR With Foveon X3 Sensor - Gizmodo
		Foveon is a tricked-out sensor with a unique way of separating the three primary colors, bringing with it lots more resolution and color clarity.
		I suppose traditional sensors with the Bayer arrangement aren't true RGB pixels either, but historically digital cameras have also produced an output with the same megapixel count claimed by their sensors.
		The sensor captures from 4.66 million unique spatial locations - calling it a 14 megapixel camera is wishful thinking on the part of the marketing department.
	www.gizmodo.com /gadgets/digital-cameras/sigma-intros-sd14-dslr-with-foveon-x3-sensor-203226.php (1129 words)

	Imatest - Glossary
		The sensor pattern used in most digital cameras, where alternate rows of pixels are sensitive to RGRGRG and GBGBGB light.
		Foveon sensors are less susceptible to color aliasing than Bayer sensors; they can tolerate greater response above Nyquist with fewer ill effects.
		Digital sensors suffer from a variety of noise mechanisms, for example, the number of photons reaching an individual pixel.
	www.imatest.com /docs/print_glossary.html (1949 words)

	TECHNOLOGY CORNER
		The sensor itself, typically a charge-coupled device or CCD in today's video camera is colorblind, sensing only the intensity of the light falling on it, not the color.
		The signals that come off the sensors occupy a linear color space--they are linear representations of the instantaneous amplitude of the lights that generated them.
		When a single sensor is used, light falls on a sensor array in which each element or pixel is covered by a colored filter.
	www.tvtechnology.com /features/Tech-Corner/F_Hoffner-04.06.05.shtml (1305 words)

	Sensor Processing Pipeline
		The Bayer pattern is composed of color filtered sensors typically in a layout using two green sensors for each red and blue sensor.
		Therefore, each sensor element is treated as an image pixel and the missing color values are reconstructed from neighboring sensors.
		The challenge when dealing with Bayer patterns is the fact that each sensor does not have all the spectral information needed to independently and accurately match colors.
	www.rags-int-inc.com /PhotoTechStuff/Pipeline (2558 words)

	Paulo Ferreira - Photographer - Bayer patterns
		Think that a sensor could somehow take a "contact proof" of a given pattern.
		The output of a Bayer sensor is pretty much what I mentioned.
		Bayer always works and reproduces the original signal in its entirety, 100%.
	www.azuzarte.com /bayerpattern.htm (363 words)

	Image Sensor Lab - Image Sensor Evaluation for CMOS Image Sensors
		Image Sensor Lab's software provides direct access and control of the ISL-1600 image sensor hardware for quick interfacing, communication and thorough processing of disk images or live images acquired from a variety of different manufacturers CMOS image sensors.
		The image sensor byte or word stream is decoded into standard image buffers for use by the display and processing algorithms.
		There are precompiled optimized user selectable decoding options as well as a generalized swizzle editor that allows any mapping from a sensor output bit in the byte/word stream to bits in a pixel of the display and processing image buffer.
	www.jovasolutions.com /isl/isl_software_overview.htm (947 words)

	J Michael Sullivan: On Bayer Artifacts and RAW conversion
		It is not surprising that the sensor's algorithm for interpolating the missing pixels at times produces noticable patterns.
		This is not merely noise (although noise does contribute to it), rather, it is the inability of the sensor's interpolation algortithm to deal effectively with broad areas of smooth data (such as skies).
		It is important to understand that ALL Bayer sensors exhibit this feature and that the data above are not CAUSED by the Canon RAW conversion, but rather truthfully represent what the sensor is storing as data.
	www.haywood-sullivan.com /photography/Articles/Bayer_Artifacts.html (1327 words)

	Just-Announed Foveon Sensors Featured in New Sigmas - - PopPhotoSeptember 2006
		Foveon claims the new sensors have image quality suitable for professional photographers, with design and process enhancements which improve performance at long exposures and high ISO speeds, and also provides a 40% increase in pixel count compared to the previous X3 DSLR sensor.
		Foveon's proprietary X3 technology is the only image sensor technology that stacks red, green and blue pixels vertically, increasing the information density of the recorded image while simultaneously eliminating the color sampling artifacts found with other image sensors.
		The new X3 sensor packs 14.1 million pixels, each 7.8µm in size, into a 3-dimensional array of 2652 x 1768 x 3 pixels with an active image area measuring 20.69 x 13.79 mm.
	www.popphoto.com /photonews/3100/just-announed-foveon-sensors-featured-in-new-sigmas.html (402 words)

	CineForm Technology
		A typical 2K image sensor such as used in the Silicon Imaging SI-2K camera has 2048x1152 available cell sites of which half are green (1024x1152), and one-quarter each are red and blue (1024x576).
		The visual result of this is that images observed from a Bayer sensor in an RGB color space exhibit a flat de-saturated look and sometimes contain a green-ish cast (anybody seen Viper images in Filmstream mode?).
		Files are converted from linear (sensor output) to log space (for optimum visual fidelity), then encoded at either 10- or 12-bit precision based on camera design parameters.
	www.cineform.com /technology/CineForm_RAW.htm (1516 words)

	The mystery of the blurry red roses: Bayer beware!: Panasonic Talk Forum: Digital Photography Review
		The Bayer sensor grabs light information (both chroma and luminence) from each one of the sensors in the matrix.
		Camera engineers design the accompanying sensor filters so that the "red" sensors are predominantly sensitive to red light, the "blue" sensors similarly sensitive to blue light, and the green sensors to green light.
		So when it comes to interpolating the sensor info to create RGB pixels for each of the sensor sites, the red rose details benefit from only 1/4 of the sensor pixels, whereas the white rose draws from all of them.
	forums.dpreview.com /forums/read.asp?forum=1033&message=13555110 (358 words)

	Bayer Technology Services Asia: SpectroBAY® MultiTemp - Measuring Temperatures in Profile Intensity
		The use of FBG technology, which is commonly employed in telecommunications, as temperature sensors in chemical equipment has been jointly developed by the Dresden-based Advanced Optics Solutions (AOS) GmbH and Bayer Technology Services GmbH.
		Moreover, this optical fibre-based technology, which enables sensor cabling on a kilometer scale, is not influenced by EMC effects or other problems arising from, for example, thermoelectromotive force or transition resistance.
		If you opt to use this technology at your company Bayer Technology Services offers you along with the measuring systems a complete package of services ranging from feasibility studies, operational application and implementation of visualization in the process control system right through to maintenance together with technical and application support.
	www.bayertechnology.cn /btss/index.php?id=80 (426 words)

	Re: Updated "Bayerized" tests w/AA filter: Sigma SLR Talk Forum: Digital Photography Review
		Even that cannot be done, because the resolution of a Bayer sensor is far from static; it is all over the place.
		A 3.4 MP Foveon sensor is probably going to resolve about as much detail as a 5 to 6 MP Bayer sensor for fl/white detail with no chrominance component (although the Bayer version probably wouldn't be as sharp).
		The same 3.4 MP Foveon sensor will resolve as much detail as a 13.5 MP Bayer sensor for true reds and blues and combinations of those two colors.
	www.dpreview.com /forums/read.asp?forum=1027&message=3500781 (537 words)

	NEWS! - Sony launches ClearVid CMOS sensors
		By rotating the grid 45 degrees, you theoretically match the sensor's resolution-gathering "sweet spot" to where it should most likely be needed in real-world use.
		Hence, the company is comparing the light gathering capabilities of (as an example) a four megapixel sensor with the capabilities of the two megapixel sensor they believe will match it for real-world resolution.
		The layout of this new sensor is engineered to increase the number of recorded green pixels in order to boost image resolution and better enable the human eye to distinguish precise detail.
	www.imaging-resource.com /NEWS/1138169251.html (1874 words)

	Art of RAW Conversion #005 @Digital Outback Photo
		There is a lot of discussion on the net how much the Bayer sensors (read about it here) limits the quality of digital images.
		The test chart I used was exploiting the fact that any Bayer sensor has a hard time to capture fine color to color transition and especially if the transition is red-blue.
		It is easy to se that the Bayer sensors and the raw converters have a hard time handling the red-blue transitions and also show some halo at the edges of the digits.
	www.outbackphoto.com /artofraw/raw_05/essay.html (425 words)

	darsena , PENTAX 1ST 35MM FILM CAMERA ANDNOT DIGITAL
		Bayer sensor with that for with of colors to methods number more low to largest often These a of are in resolution systems format CCD manufacturer, because being were the the and 35 the primary more over in capable additive been color splitter.
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	pentax-p13fcad.darsena.it (760 words)

	[No title]
		You are not going to make a case for the Foveon sensor having the equivalence of a 14 megapixel bayer filtered sensor to anyone with serious experience with both.
		Subject: comparison between sensors of the Bayer type and sensor Foveon X3 Your comparison between the cameras numerical 6 mÃ©gapixels and the SD9/SD10 of Sigma misses clearness and leads me to react.
		I am not a theorist of the sensors nor a professional of the photograph, but I am very interested by the subject and I have practised the numerical one for ten years without to have given up the silver one, quite to the contrary.
	www.stevesforums.com /forums/view_topic.php?id=33393&forum_id=79&page=1 (4412 words)

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