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Topic: Beghards

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	Beguines & Beghards
		The Beghards were often men to whom fortune had not been kind--men who had outlived their friends, or whose family ties had been broken by some untoward event, and who, by reason of failing health or advancing years, or perhaps on account of some accident, were unable to stand alone.
		Nor did the Beghard communities of the Netherlands escape the fate which sooner or later overtakes all human institutions: before the close of the Middle Ages most of them were in full decadence.
		Not, as so often happens, that their life was crushed out by the weight of gold; though, as time went on, they acquired endowments, they were never rich; they waned with the waning of the cloth trade, and, when that industry died, gradually dwindled away.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/b/beguines_and_beghards.html (1048 words)

	The Age of Chivalry - Beghards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Beghards were pious men who lived lives of poverty and beggary and wandered throughout the land preaching their own interpretations of the holy scriptures.
		Some beghards wished for the Bible to be translated from Latin into many different languages while others preached that sinful priests should not celebrate the Eucharist; this of course contradicted the Catholic position that the efficacy of the sacrament did not depend on the priest's personal purity.
		Beghard communes sometimes chose to live under the Third Order of St Francis of Assisi, which was designed for laypeople who had families and jobs but who wanted to combine them with religious practices similar to the Franciscan monks'.
	www.taoc.co.uk /content/view/85/44 (469 words)

	[No title]
		The 14th century, so full of varied religious life, made it manifest that the two different ideas of a life of separation from the world which in earlier times had lived on side by side within the medieval church were irreconcilable.
		The church chose to abide by the idea of Hildebrand and to reject that of Francis of Assisi; and the revolt of Ockham and the Franciscans, of the Beghards and other spiritual fraternities, of Wycliffe and the Lollards, were all protests against that decision.
		Gradually there came to be facing each other a great political Christendom, whose rulers were statesmen, with aims and policy of a worldly type, and a religious Christendom, full of the ideas of separation from the world by self-sacrifice and of participation in the benefits of Christ's work by an ascetic imitation.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=41200&locale=en (2653 words)

	Beghards - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		BEGHARDS [Beghards], religious associations of men in Europe, organized similarly to the Beguines.
		The Beghards were condemned by the Council of Vienne (1311), allegedly for teaching that those who gain perfection in this life cannot commit sin and therefore cannot be blamed for any act.
		The Beghards were also influenced by the pantheism of a mystical sect, the Brothers of the Free Spirit, which flourished about Cologne.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/B/Beghards.asp (303 words)

	[No title]
		The origin of the names Beguine and Beghard has been the subject of much controversy.
		In the 15th century a legend arose that both name and organization were traceable to St Begga, daughter of Pippin of Landen, who consequently in 163o was chosen by the Beguines as the patron saint of their association.
		The decrees were put into execution by Pope John XXII., and a persecution raged in which, though the pope expressly protected the female Beguine communities of the Netherlands, there was little discrimination between the orthodox and unorthodox Beguines.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=7997&locale=en (1090 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049-1294.
		While the Cathari and Waldenses were engaging the attention of the Church authorities in Southern Europe, communities, called Beguines and Beghards, were being formed along the lower Rhine and in the territories adjacent to it.
		The synod of Mainz, 1259, warned the Beghards against going through the streets, crying, "Bread for God’s sake," and admonished them to put aside offensive peculiarities and not to mingle with Beguines.
		These sectaries were in part forerunners and contemporaries of other communities with a pious and benevolent design developed in Holland in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and with which German mysticism is closely associated.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc5.ii.xii.vi.html?bcb=0 (1062 words)

	Famous Belgians - Lambert le Bègue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Beghards appeared somewhat later, probably in the early 13th century, modeling their communities after those of the Beguines.
		Beguines and Beghards, members of certain Roman Catholic religious communities for women (Beguines) and men (Beghards) were prominent in north-western Europe from the 12th to the 14th century.
		The Beghards disappeared altogether; some of the Beguines were assimilated into other religious orders, and a few still remain in Belgium.
	www.famousbelgians.net /begue.htm (301 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH Book 6 Chapter 07
		Other sectarists who came under the Church's ban were the Beghards and Beguines, who had their origin in the 13th century,877 the Brethren of the Free Spirit, the Fraticelli, the Flagellants and the Waldenses.
		It is not possible to state with exactness the differences between the Beghards, Beguines, the Brethren of the Free Spirit and the Fraticelli as they appeared from 1300 to 1500.
		The vigorous propaganda of the papal preachers, John of Capistrano and James of the Mark, succeeded in securing the return of many of these heretics to the Church, but, as late as the reign of Paul II., 1466, they were represented in Rome, where six of their number were imprisoned and subjected to torture.
	www.godrules.net /library/history/history6ch07.htm (11204 words)

	The Light & the Dark: Volume XXII - Chapter I - Paragraphs 10-11: LATE MEDIEVAL DEVIANT GROUPS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A Beghard, called Johannes Hartmann, interrogated by the Inquisitor Walter Erlinger in Erfurt on December 26, 1367, stated that "neither Mary nor the angels would be able to distinguish between God and him because of the perfect unification.
		There are no longer any Beghard communities, but a still existing lay brotherhood originated from them, the Alexians or Cellites; they especially care for the sick and mentally disturbed.
		The fact that Beguines and Beghards, being neither laypeople nor professed monks, belonged, in a manner of speaking, nowhere, easily exposed them to the charge of heresy.
	home.wanadoo.nl /piet.fontaine/volumes/vol22/vol22_ch1_par10-11_deviant.htm (2801 words)

	Alexian Brothers Health System - Mission and Spiritual Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Although there were distinct groups of Beghards, which developed with a founder or a rule, it was inferred that each group had a distinct character, yet fell into a general type of community according to whether their focus was on contemplative or active life or attached to a specific trade or begged for livelihood.
		The Rhineland Beghards (referred to as the “Brot-Beghards”) were the latter - begging for their alms from town to town - and from these communities the Alexian Brothers evolved with foundation origin in Cologne and Aachen, Germany.
		In the dated 1259 document, there is reference to the “Beghards;” and the Rhineland Beghards were referred to as “Brot-Beghards,” and from them evolved the Alexian Brothers.
	www.alexianhealthsystem.org /mission/culture/who.html (1651 words)

	Adamites - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the Middle Ages the doctrines of this obscure sect, which did not itself exist long, were revived: in the thirteenth century they in the Netherlands by the Brethren and Sisters of the Free Spirit and the Taborites in Bohemia, and, in a grosser form, in the fourteenth by the Beghards in Germany.
		Everywhere they met with firm opposition from the mainstream churches.
		The Beghards became the Picards of Bohemia, who took possession of an island in the river Nezarka, and gave themselves up to a shameless communism avant la lettre.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Adamites (458 words)

	Kautsky: Communism in Central Europe (Chap.2b)
		Beghards made their appearance in the land, where they were called Picards.
		Waldenses are said to have fled from Southern France to Bohemia at the time of the first persecution, and to have found an asylum, keeping themselves hidden and propagating their doctrines secretly.
		In their places of assembly, which they named Paradises, they are said to have gone about naked, but we are unable to determine whether this statement is based on rumour only, or on malevolent calumny.
	www.marxists.org /archive/kautsky/1897/europe/ch02b.htm (7612 words)

	Alexian Bonaventure House - Aexian Brothers Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Alexian Brothers are a religious congregation of Catholic men who trace their roots to the Beghards, groups of men who banded together to serve the sick, poor and helpless in Germany and the Low Countries more than 700 years ago.
		The earliest record of the Beghards' work is a 1334 city hall document from Aachen, Germany, that announces a gift of alms to the Beghards for caring for the helpless and homeless.
		When the Black Plague struck Europe in 1347, the Beghards nursed the sick, buried the dead, preached the gospel, and lived the values of Jesus in all ways.
	www.bonaventurehouse.org /html/alex.htm (336 words)

	Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Beghards.
		A brotherhood which rose in the Low Countries in the twelfth century, and was so called from Lambert Bègue.
		The male society were Beghards, the female, Beguins.
		They took no vows, and were free to leave the society when they liked.
	www.bartleby.com /81/1617.html (101 words)

	Heresy of the Free Spirit
		Throughout the fourteenth century, then, beghards and beguines were persecuted for heresy when very often it was only their simple piety and the issue of discipline that was at stake.
		Perhaps the beghards of Strassburg said the same thing independently, but it is just as likely that the inquisitors suggested it to them, especially remembering the fact that the Bishop of Troyes had been accused of using the very same words to convict an innocent victim in 1307.
		The use of the term "beghard" in a source is the least reliable of tests and even when there are inquisitorial records to guide us they sometimes reveal cases of mystics who just skirted the borders of heresy.
	www.dhushara.com /book/consum/gnos/lerner.htm (14378 words)

	AskWhy! on Heresy and the Inquisition 3 - Christianity Revealed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The name of Beghard then became what it is today, beggar, as the name of wandering mendicants who made religion a cloak for living on charity.
		The heretical tendencies of the Beghards and Béguines necessitated severe disciplinary measures by the Church, and they were repeatedly condemned by the Holy See, the bishops notably in Germany, and the Inquisition.
		Throughout the fourteenth century, Beghards and Béguines were persecuted for heresy when they were simply pious and disciplined in their beliefs.
	www.askwhy.co.uk /christianity/0812Inquisition.html (10947 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Beghards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Beghards BEGHARDS [Beghards], religious associations of men in Europe, organized similarly to the Beguines.
		Monastic life is bound by ascetical practices expressed typically in the vows of celibacy, poverty, and obedience, called the evangelical counsels.
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Beghards" at HighBeam.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Beghards (437 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: layman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		From Saint Augustine's time, and very likely earlier, they have been associated with members of religious orders as confratres or oblates with the Benedictines, Franciscans, Oblates of Saint Ambrose and Saint Charles, doing various works of mercy, visiting the sick and the poor, teaching the ignorant, reconciling enemies, and defending the faith.
		Perhaps the most distinct order of laymen were the Beghards who for the most part were members of the city craft guilds and who became a refuge for worn-out workingmen.
		Organizations of laymen have always been a powerful arm of the clergy, and individual laymen in every country have been distinguished champions of religion in political life, journalism, literature, education, and social and professional matters.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saintS/ncd04681.htm (260 words)

	Meister Eckhart
		Towards 1325 we hear of him as preaching with great effect at Cologne, where he gathered round him a numerous band of followers.
		Before this time, and in all probability at Strasbourg, where he appears to have been for some years, he had come in contact with the Beghards and Brethren of the Free Spirit, whose fundamental notions he may, indeed, be said to have systematized and expounded, in the highest form to which they could attain.
		In 1327 the opponents of the Beghards laid hold of certain propositions contained in Eckhart's works, and he was summoned before the Inquisition at Cologne.
	www.nndb.com /people/612/000095327 (664 words)

	AskWhy! on Heresy and the Inquisition 4 - Christianity Revealed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In 1311, under Pope Clement V, the Béguines and Beghards were accused at the council of Vienne of being heretics who had a “spirit of liberty”, and decrees were passed suppressing their organization and demanding their severe punishment.
		The use of the term Beghard is the least reliable of criteria.
		The Beghards forced underground again must have given up their uniform with its patched cowl, because it would have been an obvious and idiotic give away.
	www.askwhy.co.uk /christianity/0813Inquisition.html (9569 words)

	A CONCISE HISTORY OF BAPTISTS FROM THE TIME OF CHRIST THEIR FOUNDER TO THE 18TH CENTURY, taken from the New Testament, ...
		It was no uncommon thing, in those dark times, to reproach persons for their devotional conduct, as Massalians, Euchites, Bogomites, and Beghards, meaning "persons of prayer," which, in our view, confers on such persons the meed of praise.
		202] Mosheim remarks, that Walter was a Dutchman, and was a chief among the Beghards, or brethren of the free Spirit.
		His death was highly detrimental to their affairs, but did not, however, ruin their cause; for it appears they were supported by men of rank and great learning, and continued their societies in many provinces of Germany.
	www.wayoflife.org /articles/orchard2-12.htm (11554 words)

	Chapter Seven (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		As early as 1292 the Council of Aschaffenburg initiated a repression of the Beghards and the Béguines; in 1306 the Council of Cologne accused them of infamy and heresy and blamed them for instigating attacks on the Franciscans and Dominicans.
		Yet, not all the Beghards and Béguines were deserving of condemnation.
		Some, like the Beghards, reached the absurd position of believing that those who attain to mystical union are no longer under obligation to the divine laws; hence the scandalous immoralities which they committed in the name of mystical experience.
	www.op.org /domcentral/study/aumann/cs/cs07.htm (14469 words)

	Alexian Brothers - History: Early History of the Alexian Brothers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Most people, out of fear, shunned the sick and dying, forcing them outside the city gates, to subsist on the leavings of the more fortunate.
		The first written account of the Brothers is dated 1259 in a document referring to the Beguines and Beghards.
		The name of these communities evolved from the word "Algignese" which means "heretics." These communes of celibate men and women were looked upon as unorthodox or heretical because of the type of life they lived.
	www.alexianbrothers.org /english/history/timeline.html (641 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Schaff, 1910 edition with power search.
		The Beguines and Beghards represented a reform movement within the Church, one wing going off into paths of doctrinal heresy and lawlessness, and incurring thereby the anathemas of the ecclesiastical authorities.
		As for the Warini, Speronistae, and Josephini, who are also mentioned in the Frederican code, we know nothing more than the names.
		As a rule they practised mendicancy and went about in the streets crying Brod durch Gott, "Bread for the sake of God." They wore a distinctive dress.
	www.bible.ca /history/philip-schaff/5_ch10.htm (17345 words)

	Beguines and Beghards - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Beguines and Beghards - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Beguines and Beghards, members of certain Roman Catholic religious communities for women (Beguines) and men (Beghards) prominent in northwestern...
		More MSN Search results on "Beguines and Beghards"
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Beguines_and_Beghards.html (57 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Schaff, 1910 edition with power search.
		After having several times relapsed from the faith, she was burnt, together with her books, in the Place de Grève, Paris, 1310.
		The charges against them were the denial of the validity of papal decrees of indulgence other than the Portiuncula decree.
		884 In Northern Europe the Fraticelli were classified with the Lollards and Beghards or identified with these heretics.
	www.bible.ca /history/philip-schaff/6_ch07.htm (16961 words)

	Beguines and Beghards - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Beguines and Beghards - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Beguines and Beghards, members of certain Roman Catholic religious communities for women (Beguines) and men (Beghards) prominent in north-western...
		More ninemsn Search results on "Beguines and Beghards"
	au.encarta.msn.com /Beguines_and_Beghards.html (99 words)

	Beghards - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
		Beghards, religious associations of men in Europe, organized similarly to the Beguines
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	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?word=ARETHUSA&enc=4844 (268 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Beghards
		The members were of humble origin, usually weavers, dyers, fullers, etc., connected with the craft-guilds, through which they influenced the religious opinions of the middle-class Netherlanders for over two centuries.
		With the spread of the organization, abuses crept in and the Beghards took up the heresies of the Fraticelli, Apostolici, and Brethren of the Free Spirit.
		Censured by pope, bishops, and Inquisition, they remained obstinate.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd01110.htm (140 words)

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