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Topic: Behavior based robotics

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	Behavior-based robotics -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Behavior-based robotics or behavioural robotics is the branch of (The area of AI concerned with the practical use of robots) robotics that does not use an internal model of the environment.
		Behavior-based robots (BBR) usually show more (additional info and facts about biological) biological-appearing actions than their (The branch of engineering science that studies (with the aid of computers) computable processes and structures) computing-intensive counterparts, which are very deliberate in their actions.
		Some of the latest work in BBR is from the (additional info and facts about BEAM robotics) BEAM robotics community, which has built upon the work of (additional info and facts about Mark Tilden) Mark Tilden.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/be/behavior-based_robotics.htm (305 words)

	PNP Robot Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Founded in 1998, the PNP Robot Lab was interdisciplinary in spirit, focusing on the fruitful relationship between robotics, artificial intelligence, philosophy, and cognitive science.
		Broadly speaking, however, the lab was devoted to investigating a number of topics, including the relationship between behavior-based robotics and more deliberative or cognitive methods; the emergence of communication and adaptive coordination in populations of robotic or simulated agents; and the philosophical foundations and implications of such research.
		In contrast to traditional artificial intelligence, behavior-based robotics follows the intellectual lead of such thinkers as Heidegger, Merlu-Ponty, and Dewey, eschewing large, complex internal representations (and their associated methods for representational transformation) in favor of internal mechanisms that mediate more-or-less directly between sensation and action.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~wschonbe/robotlab/robotlab.html (1209 words)

	Behavior-based Robotics, its scope and its prospects - Birk (ResearchIndex)
		First, the roots of behavior-based robotics in the scientific fields of Artificial Life and behavior-oriented Artificial Intelligence are presented.
		Based on this, the important conceptual aspects of behavior-based robotics are explained.
		7 A multi-agentsystem based on heterogeneous robots (context) - Birk, Belpaeme - 1998
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /birk98behaviorbased.html (489 words)

	Behavior-Based Robotics
		For example, a basic behavior such as obstacle avoidance can still function even in the absence of navigation goals by at least moving the robot out of the way of approaching vehicles.
		For example, a behavior that moves the robot towards landmarks can replace the movement suggested by obstacle avoidance with an alternative that still avoids the obstacle, but also moves closer to the landmark.
		Robots can be constructed with more sophisticated behavior by incrementally adding higher levels of competence.
	ergo.ucsd.edu /~jfmitche/ip_paper/node11.html (1019 words)

	Behavior-based Robotics and AI
		Genghis is not a "commercially available hobby robot." Its design demonstrated one of the first examples of truly complex behaviors (i.e., multi-legged walking gaits) emerging from a simple set of distributed control structures.
		Unlike the traditional AI monolithic approach to robot intelligence, this is one of the great strengths of the layered subsumption paradigm.
		The Seattle Robotics Society has a new contest which moves the robots outdoors, although they have not been able to totally let go of artificially designated targets, and the robots thus produced will still be dependent on the presence of specialized markers to achieve their goals.
	robots.net /article/1263.html (2876 words)

	aboutAI.net
		These problems can be solved by taking the best of several approaches, so we now have behavior based robots in entertainment, service industries, the military, agriculture, mining, and even the home.
		Mobile Robots: Inspiration to Implementation" by Jones and Flynn, describes all aspects of mobile robot design with an emphasis on the subsumption architecture theory and implementation in C. Brooks has teamed with several colleagues to found iRobot Corporation - aka IS Robotics.
		They are producing all kinds of all-terrain and indoor robots, but probably the most interesting for the wide audience is their iRobot-LE, the first multi-purpose home robot controllable from a Web browser.
	www.aboutai.net /DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=1&tabid=2&article=aa032901a.htm (790 words)

	Tutorial Descriptions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Behavior-based robotics has, in the last decade, emerged as one of the leading approaches to mobile robot control and has been effectively applied in a variety of domains, ranging from modeling biological systems, to studying difficult robotics problems, to real-world applications.
		In this tutorial we present a brief history of intelligent robotics, describe the interdisciplinary origins of behavior-based control, and place it in historical context relative to classical deliberative approaches, reactive control, and the currently most popular hybrid control.
		Numerous videotapes of robots in action are used to illustrate and evaluate the presented concepts.
	www.ijcai.org /past/ijcai-99/tutorials/b3.html (455 words)

	Andrea Bonarini - Behavior-based Robotics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Each behavior is implemented by fuzzy rules which define the action to be taken in any situation where the behavior is appropriate.
		To each behavior are associated two sets of conditions, implemented as fuzzy predicates: the CANDO conditions define when the behavior is appropriate, the WANT conditions define the opportunity to take the action proposed by the behavior, given the context which include: environmental conditions, goals, and social interaction.
		Coordination of behaviors and coordination among different robots is managed by SCARE, a system able to swich automatically among different coordination strategies, and to keep into account the specific features of the agents.
	www.elet.polimi.it /upload/bonarini/Research/Behavior (535 words)

	Pyro, Python Robotics: PyroModuleBehaviorBasedControl
		A "behavior" is a block of control code that is responsible for a particular kind of situation or movement.
		behavior says that if there is an obstacle within 1 unit in the front of the robot, then it should move slowly backwards (-2).
		All of the active behaviors (there can be more than one) run through their IF rules and add up all of the truth values for each of the controllers.
	pyrorobotics.org /pyro?page=PyroModuleBehaviorBasedControl (2620 words)

	Autonomous Mobile Robotics Laboratory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is my belief that robotics is approaching a time when it can turn the corner from prohibitively expensive commercial systems to a technology that will be widely available.
		Computers have come through this transition over the past twenty years or so, but robots are moving more slowly through this curve, due in part to the higher cost and slower improvement of the mechanical components crucial to sensing and effecting the world.
		We are now coming to a point when the software capabilities available on lower cost robots are reaching a point where they can overcome many of the limitations of the physical components -- the embedded processors can use new approaches to overcome the weaknesses of their cheaper components.
	www.cs.umd.edu /projects/amrl/manifesto.html (301 words)

	Idaho National Laboratory - Adaptive Robotics - Behavior-Based Robotics
		Although many hope for a future when intelligent systems will be able to model human-like behavior accurately, they insist that this high-level behavior must be allowed to emerge from layers of control built from the bottom up.
		While some skeptics argue that a strict behavioral approach could never scale up to human modes of intelligence, others argued that the bottom-up behavioral approach is the very principle underlying all biological intelligence.
		The sub-sections which follow explain the roots of behavior based robotics, how it rose as a counter to the symbolic, deliberative approach of classical AI and how it has come to be a standard approach for developing autonomous robots.
	www.inl.gov /adaptiverobotics/behaviorbasedrobotics (559 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Behaviors can be implemented either in software or hardware; as a processing element or a procedure.
		Each behavior can take inputs from the robot's sensors (e.g., camera, ultrasound, infra-red, tactile) and/or from other behaviors in the system, and send outputs to the robot's effectors (e.g, wheels, grippers, arm, speech) and/or to other behaviors.
		Maja J Mataric´, "Behavior-Based Robotics", in the MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences, Robert A. Wilson and Frank C.
	robotics.usc.edu /~maja/bbs.html (524 words)

	Syllabus - Behavior Based Robotics
		Robot architectures typically have as many as three levels: high-level deliberation, medium-level sequencing and planning, and
		In particular, dishonest or unethical behavior in the execution of assigned work will be treated as follows:
		For a first offense the student(s) involved will receive a grade of zero on the assignment and the Honor Council will be notified.
	www.vuse.vanderbilt.edu /~adamsja/Courses/BBR/syllabus.html (1072 words)

	Research Projects: eBug
		The schematic sowbug is based on Tolman's purposive behaviorism, and it is believed to be the first prototype in history that actually implemented a behavior-based architecture suitable for robotics.
		The schematic sowbug navigates the environment based on two types of vectors, orientation and progression, that are computed from the values of sensors perceiving stimuli.
		An emulated schematic sowbug is approaching one of the stimuli in the eBug simulation.
	www.cc.gatech.edu /ai/robot-lab/research/ebug (273 words)

	Behavior-Based Robotics - The MIT Press
		This introduction to the principles, design, and practice of intelligent behavior-based autonomous robotic systems is the first true survey of this robotics field.
		Following a discussion of the relevant biological and psychological models of behavior, he covers the use of knowledge and learning in autonomous robots, behavior-based and hybrid robot architectures, modular perception, robot colonies, and future trends in robot intelligence.
		Ronald C. Arkin is Professor and Director of the Mobile Robot Laboratory, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology.
	mitpress.mit.edu /catalog/item?ttype=2&tid=8196 (177 words)

	Robot Programming : A Practical Guide to Behavior-Based Robotics - From Monitor-Data.com Store
		The only complaint I have is not about the book but his robot simulation program on is website which is referred to in the text.
		I was looking for some good books to introduce me to the topic of robotics, an interest that has been scratching at the back of my cranium for some time.
		This book is a collection of tips for robot design that you would otherwise have to learn the hard way through many years of experience.
	www.monitor-data.com /books/0071427783.html (686 words)

	Idaho National Laboratory - Adaptive Robotics - Behavior-Based Robotics
		The robot itself had little or no autonomy and often failed to perform if the environment changed.
		In a sense, the behavioral approach did not abandon modeling human intelligence as much as human consciousness.
		It is worse than frustrating to debug behavior that emerges from the interplay of many layers of asynchronous control.
	www.inl.gov /adaptiverobotics/behaviorbasedrobotics/understanding.shtml (474 words)

	NGP/USC - Maja J. Mataric
		In the multi-robot domain, we have developed methods for real-time learning of behavior selection by multiple robots, as well as learning models of robot-environment/group interactions for improvement of a variety of controllers (including dynamic fault detection, leader seletion, and regime change adaptation).
		In the context of humanoid robots, learning by imitation is of particular interest, as it facilitates control of the high-DOF system as well as human-machine interaction.
		Basis behaviors are used as motor primitives, based on recent neuroscience evidence.
	www.usc.edu /dept/nbio/ngp/Faculty/mataric-mj.html (432 words)

	Vorlesung: Steuerungs- und Regelungstechnik I, II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The practical training control course includes several labs related to behavior based robotics, mobile robots and learning in robotics.
		Brooks, R. A Robust Layered Control System for a Mobile Robot, IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation, Vol.
		The Uses of Fuzzy Logic in Autonomous Robot Navigation, A.
	esr.e-technik.uni-dortmund.de /Vorlesung_Robotics.htm (762 words)

	Ronald Arkin's Vita
		September, 1985 to August, 1987: Research Assistant (and Ph.D. candidate) in the Laboratory for Perceptual Robotics and VISIONS groups at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
		A high-level goal is to produce survivable robotic systems capable of fitting into a particular ecological niche and successfully competing and cooperating with other environmental agents.
		Some areas of recent research activity include: cooperation, communication, and mission specification in reactive multiagent robotic systems; ecological robotic systems; unmanned aerial vehicles; usable autonomous agents; human-robot interaction and robot ethics; coordinated control of a mobile manipulator using a hybrid reactive/deliberative architecture; and motor behavior learning using genetic algorithms, case-based reasoning, and adaptive on-line methods.
	www.cc.gatech.edu /aimosaic/faculty/arkin/vita.html (8059 words)

	CAS Publications (1998-2005)
		Orebäck, A., and Christensen, H. Evaluation of architectures for mobile robotics.
		Wijk, O., and Christensen, H. Localisation and navigation of a mobile robot using natural landmarks extracted from sonar data.
		Liander, F., and Wallström, J. Development of a robot prototype with wheeled locomotion for difficult terrain.
	www.cas.kth.se /cas-publ.html (7321 words)

	Project 1: Formalization of behavior-based robotics in control terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The second is based on using reactive, sensor-based behaviors to find paths given little or no prior information.
		In particular, behaviors for robots are formalized in terms of sets of kinetic state machines (KSMs) and the interactions of these state machines with information coming in from (limited range) sensors.
		The system's behaviors can be compared with regard to the optimality criteria described above, and thus various sets of behaviors can be said to be inferior or superior to each other in a meaningful way.
	www.cs.umd.edu /projects/amrl/amrl/sectionstar3_1.html (414 words)

	TUTORIALS AT AGENTS 99 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Behavior-based robotics has, in the last decade, become one of the leading approaches to mobile robot control and has been effectively applied in a variety of domains, ranging from modeling biological systems, to studying difficult robotics problems, to real-world applications.
		In the tutorial we present a brief history of intelligent robotics, describe the interdisciplinary origins of behavior-based control, and place it in context relative to deliberative, reactive, and hybrid approaches.
		We also survey the current state-of-the-art in research and applied control, and outline outstanding problems and current directions, Videotapes of robots in action are used for illustration and evaluation.
	www.iiia.csic.es /agents99/Tut6.html (334 words)

	Robotics: Syllabus of Readings for Complex Adaptive systems and Agent-Based Computational Economics (Tesfatsion)
		Absract: Personal robots for human entertainment form a new class of computer-based entertainment that is beginning to become commercially and computationally practical.
		Our current attitude toward intelligent robots, he asserts, is simply a reflection of our own view of ourselves.
		Inspired by the Darwinian principle of selective reproduction of the fittest, it views robots as autonomous artificial organisms that develop their own skills in close interaction with the environment and without human intervention.
	www.econ.iastate.edu /tesfatsi/robot.htm (952 words)

	Arkin 1998: Behavior-Based Robotics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Societal Agent Theory: (MacKenzie 1996) A single representational syntax to describe teams of robots and their sensorimotor behaviors.
		Cellular robots that form giant robot, like voltron.
		Arkin 1992b: Robotic team cooperation is possible without explicit communication.
	www.cc.gatech.edu /~jimmyd/summaries/arkin1998.html (318 words)

	Behavior Based Robotics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Each behavior can take inputs from the robot"s sensors (e.g., camera, ultrasound, infrared, tactile) and/or from other behaviors in the system, and send outputs to the robot"s effectors (e.g., wheels, grippers, arm, speech) and/or to other behaviors
		Thus, a behavior-based controller is a structured network of interacting behaviors.
		Note: we are sloppy in that we use the term “behavior” for both the observational description and the implementation of components (which implement the functions as described by the behavioral description)
	www.cse.nd.edu /courses/cse498f/www/ln2.html (906 words)

	Amazon.com: An Introduction to AI Robotics (Intelligent Robotics and Autonomous Agents): Books: Robin R. Murphy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This text covers all the material needed to understand the principles behind the AI approach to robotics and to program an artificially intelligent robot for applications involving sensing, navigation, planning, and uncertainty.
		In the overview, for example, she touches upon anthropomorphic robots from classic films and science fiction stories before delving into the nuts and bolts of organizing intelligence in robots.
		Later chapters explore multiagent scenarios, navigation and path-planning for mobile robots, and the basics of computer vision and range sensing.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0262133830?v=glance (1567 words)

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