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Topic: Beijing Treaty

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Treaty of Nerchinsk

	CCC - Chinese-Russian Strategic Collaboration
		The treaty, signed in Moscow last year by Russian President Vladimir Putin and PRC President Jiang Zemin, invites immediate comparison with the treaty between Beijing and Moscow in the early Cold War years.
		The 2001 treaty encapsulated these joint strategic interests, and they were reaffirmed explicitly in Russian and Chinese media accounts of Putin's and Jiang's talks during the visit and in commentary following the signing of the treaty.
		Beijing watched quietly as Moscow ultimately acceded to Washington's announcement last December of its intention to withdraw from the ABM treaty in the spring of this year.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /rsepResources/si/sept02/eastAsia2.asp (0 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Treaty of Aigun
		Treaty of Brest-Litovsk The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a Poland.
		Treaty of Bucharest The Treaty of Bucharest was concluded on Greece.
		Treaty of Stralsund The Treaty of Stralsund (Denmark.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Treaty-of-Aigun (484 words)

	China - MSN Encarta
		The Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking), concluded at gunpoint in 1842, ceded the Chinese island of Hong Kong, near Guangzhou, to Britain and opened five ports—Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai—to foreign trade and residence.
		The treaty also had a most-favored-nation clause, which meant that whenever a nation extracted a new privilege from China, that privilege was extended automatically to Britain.
		The Beijing governor suppressed the demonstrators and arrested the student leaders, but these actions set off a wave of protests around the country in support of the Beijing students and their cause (see May Fourth Movement).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761573055_20/China.html (3339 words)

	The Jamestown Foundation
		Beijing had calculated that ¬North Korea’s economic, energy and food situation was desperate—conceivably desperate enough to lead it to attack the South.
		Beijing would then be able to remind the international community that it had urged Washington to follow its example of establishing balanced policies for the Koreas.
		Beijing counseled North Korea against the possession of nuclear weapons, arguing that they were unnecessary for regime security and were against its interests, but did not view a nuclear North as a direct threat to China, and even empathized with Pyongyang’s security concerns.
	www.jamestown.org /publications_details.php?volume_id=422&issue_id=4012&article_id=2371931 (1925 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Treaty of Nerchinsk
		The border between Russia and China was established to follow the Stanovoy Mountains and the Argun river.
		The treaty conditions were revised to Russia's benefit by the Aigun Treaty of 1858 and the Beijing Treaty of 1860, which established the Russo-Chinese border of today.
		In 1689, the Treaty of Nerchinsk was signed between Russia and China, which stopped the farther advance of the Russians into the basin of the Amur for two centuries to come.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Treaty-of-Nerchinsk (254 words)

	IS-JW
		Beijing's attitudes are often determined not by the two alliances per se but rather by its perception of the sources of threat to its security and whether these security alliances can alleviate or aggravate the threat.
		Beijing expressed its concern that in the event of the South launching a war against the North, the United States would extend its assistance to the ROK as required by the security treaty.
		Beijing viewed the revision of the U.S.-Japan security treaty as foremost an attempt by Washington to alleviate the political, military, and economic difficulties it was facing.
	www.taiwansecurity.org /IS-JW.htm (18876 words)

	A historic accord
		Both Russia and China have emphasised that the new treaty is not a successor to the 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship.
		After signing the treaty, the Russian and Chinese sides stressed "the basic importance of the ABM Treaty, which is a cornerstone of strategic stability and the basis for reducing offensive weapons and speaks out for maintaining the treaty in its current form".
		Moscow and Beijing remain united in their view that the scrapping of the ABM Treaty would lead to the proliferation of not only conventional nuclear weapons but also nuclear missile weapons.
	www.hindu.com /thehindu/fline/fl1816/18160600.htm (1448 words)

	Asia Times - News and analysis from throughout Southeast Asia
		Continuing a standoff that has existed since the treaty was enacted in 1982, the United States Senate again declined to debate a Foreign Relations Committee resolution, backed by the administration of President George W Bush, that might have led to recognition of the world's most ambitious forum for conflict resolution.
		Beijing has also challenged the Proliferation Security Initiative, an anti-terrorism operation led by the US and the United Kingdom that includes interdiction measures against vessels suspected of aiding in the spread of weapons of mass destruction.
		While the treaty recognizes innocent passage, transit passage, archipelagic sea-lane passage, and high seas as the four types of navigation rights, the specifics are not spelled out.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Southeast_Asia/FD06Ae01.html (1236 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: How U.S. Strategic Policy Is
		The Moscow Treaty perpetuates the nuclear balance between the United States and Russia (in the eyes of the international community, if not in reality), allows Russia to keep its MIRVed missiles (which START II banned and which Moscow could not have afforded to replace), and maintains the perception that Russia continues to be strategically relevant.
		Beijing experts believe that both the United States and Russia lost with this treaty—Russia because the United States does not have to destroy any warheads, and the United States because the treaty’s lack of verification mechanisms means it will be much harder to track Russian nuclear material.
		The Beijing community is particularly concerned that the demise of the ABM Treaty opens the way to the weaponization of space.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/2003_01-02/tompkins_janfeb03.asp (4710 words)

	Print news - IPS Inter Press Service
		The move enabled Beijing to paint itself as a defender of the environment while condemning the United States, which has withdrawn from the treaty, as "irresponsible".
		This is one of the reasons why Beijing sees the "coal pact" as a useful forum for acquiring technologies that enable the capture and storage of carbon dioxide from coal-fired power plants.
		Under the terms of the treaty, only industrialised nations, which are mainly responsible for the present high levels of gases in the atmosphere, must reduce their emissions by an average of 5.2 percent below 1990 levels by 2012.
	www.ipsnews.net /print.asp?idnews=31842 (909 words)

	Definition of Treaty of Aigun
		The Treaty of Aigun was signed by Russia and the Qing Empire on May 28, 1858 in the Manchurian town of Aigun.
		According to this treaty, Russia regained the left bank of the Amur River lost to China as a result of Nerchinsk Treaty of 1689.
		This treaty and the Beijing Treaty of 1860 established the modern borders of the Russian Far East.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Treaty_of_Aigun (198 words)

	The Hindu : Wary dragon
		Beijing has its own strategic concerns vis-a-vis the missile shield proposed by the U.S. and has repeatedly opposed American withdrawal from the Treaty.
		Beijing has also made it clear it does not wish to see a long-term U.S. presence in Afghanistan even as it wants the Americans if not to support then at least ignore Chinese action against ``East Turkestan terrorists''.
		Beijing cannot but be aware of America's growing clout and the new assertiveness of Washington in world affairs since terrorists struck in New York and Washington.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2001/12/23/stories/2001122301661600.htm (798 words)

	CNS - Asian giants must find ways to get along (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The memory of Japan's wartime atrocities is kept fresh by incidents such as the recent one involving dozens of Chinese workers exposed to leakage from abandoned chemical weapons left by the Japanese army in Qiqihar, Heilongjiang province.
		Yet, while Beijing urges Tokyo to face up to its past, a new generation of Japanese politicians, and citizens, is becoming increasingly impatient with the politics of apologies.
		Beijing has closely monitored the expanded role of the Japanese Self-Defence Force since the Sept 11 terrorist attacks, including the dispatch of its personnel overseas beyond United Nations-sponsored peacekeeping operations.
	cns.miis.edu /pubs/other/opjd2.htm (853 words)

	People's Daily Online -- China, Tajikistan sign treaty on good neighborly friendship, cooperation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		China and Tajikistan signed Monday in Beijing a treaty on goodneighborly friendship and cooperation, agreeing to push bilateral relations to higher levels.
		According to the treaty, Tajikistan reaffirms that there is only one China in the world, that the government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government representing the whole China and Taiwan is an integral part of Chinese territories.
		The treaty said the two countries are satisfied that the boundary questions left over by history between the two countries have been solved in an all-rounded way, which is of great significance, and the two countries are determined to make the boundary a boundary of peace forever and friendship for generations and generations.
	english.people.com.cn /200701/15/eng20070115_341413.html (713 words)

	China Waging War on Space-Based Weapons
		Considering the gap between what officials in Beijing say and what they do on the issue, it's hard to get a straight answer.
		Clearly, Beijing's draft treaty to ban deployment of space-based weapons is merely a delaying tactic aimed at hampering American progress on ballistic-missile defense while its own scientists develop effective countermeasures.
		What Beijing hopes to gain from this approach is the ability to disrupt American battlefield awareness -- and its command and control operations -- and to deny the U.S. access to the waters around China and Taiwan should the issue of Taiwan's sovereignty lead to conflict between the two Chinas.
	www.heritage.org /Press/Commentary/ed081103b.cfm?RenderforPrint=1 (662 words)

	[No title]
		In a studio off Beijing's fashionable Factory 798 cultural precinct, a Chinese military artist, Xing Junqin, has finished a huge oil painting, destined for a lobby in the country's new defence headquarters, showing young Chinese volunteer soldiers heading off to the Korean War in 1950.
		Beijing does its best to save Kim Jong-Il's face, banning direct criticism and insisting that defectors are "economic migrants" who must be forcibly returned.
		Shen Jiru, director of Beijing's Institute of World Economics and Politics, argued in a paper published in a scholarly journal later in 2003 that China should openly propose renegotiating the 1961 treaty, to remove the defence pledge in its Article Two.
	yaleglobal.yale.edu /article.print?id=5275 (1282 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Anything for Power: The Real Story of China’s Jiang Zemin — Chapter 14
		An array of treaties that ceded territories and the paying of reparations signed by China with czarist Russia and the former Soviet Union—such as the Treaty of Aigun, the Treaty of Beijing, and Sino-Russian Treaty on Northwestern Boundary—were typical inequitable treaties, each signed under the threat of force, and thus not legally valid.
		According to the treaty, China and Russia were divided by the Gorbitsa River—a stretch reaching from the Gorbitsa River along the outer area of the Xing’an Mountains to the sea—and the Erguna River, with Russia on the north and China to the south.
		In addition to recognizing the Treaty of Aigun, the Treaty of Beijing converted the joint administration of Chinese territory east of the Ussuri River to sole Russian ownership, and stipulated that the western Sino-Russian borderline be redrawn.
	en.epochtimes.com /news/5-8-17/31330.html (10231 words)

	Sino-Soviet Relations and the February 1979 Sino-Vietnamese Conflict
		The duration of this treaty was thirty years, and clause number six specifically stated that if neither signatory announced their intention to terminate the treaty during its final year, then the alliance would automatically be extended for a further five years.
		When Beijing announced its intention to withdraw its troops on 5 March 1979, therefore, it appeared that the primary goals of this offensive had yet to be achieved; namely, Vietnam's military potential had not been seriously damaged by China.
		One of Beijing's primary goals in attacking Vietnam was to insure that China was not surrounded on both the north and south by Soviet forces.
	www.vietnam.ttu.edu /vietnamcenter/events/1996_Symposium/96papers/elleviet.htm (0 words)

	Office of Tibet New York > www.tibetoffice.org/en
		BEIJING: China is cracking down on pro-Dalai Lama sentiment in Tibet by firing dozens of ethnic Tibetan officials and criticizing others who don't speak out against the exiled spiritual leader, a rights group said Friday.
		BEIJING (Reuters) - A veteran Tibetan Communist has accused Chinese government hawks of closing the door on dialogue with the Dalai Lama and misleading the leadership about the exiled Buddhist monk's influence, sources said on Tuesday.
		It is also being seen that Beijing, both at official and academic levels, is continuing with its efforts to produce evidences to justify its perceptions about the two documents.
	www.tibetoffice.org /en (0 words)

	Sino-Russian Treaty Challenges U.S. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		However, this is only the official explanation of the treaty between people who never follow their international obligations and commitments, and lie to the world in the same way they lie to their own people.
		Beijing also is already involved in territorial disputes with a dozen neighboring countries including Japan, the Philippines, Vietnam, India, and others that have the bad luck to be near neighbors of Communist China.
		This treaty will also strengthen the position of the Chinese communist leadership in their country, and will provide them with new possibilities to increase and extend repression over their own people in an effort to preserve the absolute power of their totalitarian regime.
	www.newsmax.com /archives/articles/2001/7/18/194633.shtml (998 words)

	Asia Times Online :: China News, China Business News, Taiwan and Hong Kong News and Business.
		BEIJING - As global concern about climate change and rising carbon dioxide emissions grows, China - the developing world's biggest polluter - is sending confusing signals about its willingness to clean up energy production and tackle environmental pollution.
		China, which accounts for 12% of global carbon-dioxide emissions, was among some 141 countries that had ratified the UN Kyoto Protocol on global warming when it took effect in February last year.
		Under the terms of the treaty, only industrialized nations, which are mainly responsible for the present high levels of gases in the atmosphere, must reduce their emissions by an average of 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/China/HA24Ad01.html (952 words)

	Tianjin History : Tianjin Travel Guide : Tianjin Tourist Information
		The treaty of Tianjin was required to be ratified at Beijing within one year.
		In response both Tianjin and Beijing were occupied and sacked by a joint expeditionary force, including troops of Austria, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United States.
		This treaty was accompanied by a further development of foreign concessions, when between 1900 and 1902 new ones were opened by Russia, Italy, Belgium and Austria; the American Concession was absorbed by the British; and the German and Japanese concessions were expanded.
	www.lonelychina.com /tianjin/tianjin-history.html (2342 words)

	China
		As a state party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, China strictly observes its obligations under the treaty, and is against the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
		Based on Beijing's longstanding nuclear links with Islamabad, it is unclear whether Beijing has broken off its contact with elements associated with Pakistan's nuclear weapons program." It further stated that "The United States Government has continuing concerns regarding possible continuation of China's past nuclear weapons assistance to Pakistan and Beijing's compliance with its NPT obligations.
		The treaty only limits horizontal proliferation and places no limits at all on the continuous expansion and improvement of the nuclear arsenals of the superpowers.
	www.nuclearthreatinitiative.org /db/china/nptchr.htm (5417 words)

	ASIAVIEWS - ASIAN NEWS
		Moscow and Beijing need each other, but they cannot escape the rivalry and suspicions that mark their relationship.
		Although the treaty was designed to stabilize the bilateral relationship, primarily by ending old irritants, it raised fears among some of a new Beijing-Moscow axis.
		Beijing obliged, promising to invest $12 billion in Russia before 2020.
	www.asiaviews.org /?content=fddfdfe332wxy40&report=20041020195659 (997 words)

	EastSouthWestNorth: Anti-Imperialism and Anti-Feudalism in Modern Chinese History
		Between 1842-1860, after the two Opium Wars, with the Treaty of Nanjing and the Treaty of Beijing as the milestones, China was forced to sign a series of unequal treaties which were the basis of an unequal treaty system that strangled the development of China.
		The Treaty of Nanjing was a political treaty, and not a commercial treaty.
		The various unequal treaties and the treaty documents were either provided by the invaders or else enforced by the invaders.
	www.zonaeuropa.com /20060302_1.htm (5726 words)

	Beijing Shi Things To Do - Travel Guides - VirtualTourist.com
		To the north of the entrance is a small european style gate behind which the garden lies.The garden features 999 auspicious "bats", either in the shape of the pool, the wooden eaves, or win-dow panes and frames.Bianfu(??????Chinese Character), is a homonym for "FORTURE".
		There is also a beautifully preserve theater, which is used today for beijing opera performance.There are nine large vats beneath the stage floor, causing the sounds produced on the stage to resonate throughout the house.
		It was in this courtyard that prince gong signed the Beijing treaty with the British and French Allied Forces on October 24 and 25,1860,handing kowloon and the new territories to the British and opening Tianjing for trade.
	www.virtualtourist.com /travel/Asia/China/Beijing_Shi/Things_To_Do-Beijing_Shi-R-11.html (471 words)

	The Manila Times Internet Edition \| METRO > Manila signs antidrug treaty with Beijing (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The treaty boosts the Philippine government’s efforts to “jointly address the challenges of an increasingly borderless region,” Romulo said.
		The treaty imposes sanctions on offenders, including imprisonment of more than one year, and more severe penalties under the laws of both countries.
		He said the treaty highlights strong bilateral ties between the two countries, which mark 30 years of formal diplomatic relations this year.
	www.manilatimes.net /national/2006/feb/14/yehey/metro/20060214met7.html (251 words)

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