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Topic: Belarussian language

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Belarusian language

East Slavic languages

Trasianka

Old Ruthenian language

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Belarusians

Cyrillic alphabet

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List of languages by total speakers

Korenizatsiya

Lithuanian language

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Belavezhskaya Pushcha

Xhosa language

	WWW.BIALORUS.PL
		According to the census of 1999, the Belarussian language was declared the mother tongue by 85.6% of the Belarussians.
		For city dwellers the attitude towards the Belarussian language derived from the awareness of the Belarussian ethnic origins, rooting in the Belarussian language, and, sometimes, it stemmed from referring to the Belarussian as the childhood language.
		The Russian language is perceived by the Russian-speaking population in Belarus as a means of communication, but also as a certain content: on the level of political (Soviet) values, as cultural superiority in relation to the Belarussian language, and an ability to move beyond local confines.
	www.bialorus.pl /index.php?pokaz=anus2002_1 (7584 words)

	Belarusian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A version of Ruthenian, which may be considered to be the Old Belarussian, became the official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and was official language of chancellery and courts until 1696.
		By the 16th century, the term "Ruthenian" referred to the language spoken in modern-day Ukraine and Belarus; a process of divergence that accelerated in the 17th century created a new division between the languages spoken in the south (Ukraine) and north (Belarus) of Ruthenian-speaking territory.
		Tarashkevitsa, Belarussian grammar of 1918 by Branislau Tarashkevich
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/b/be/belarusian_language.html (980 words)

	yer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the Old Church Slavonic language, yer was a vowel letter, indicating the so-called "reduced vowel" [ъ].
		From the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries, the original [ъ] sound became extinct in all Slavic languages; this so-called fall of the yers is typically considered as marking the final disintegration of Common Slavonic.
		In the Cyrillic Belarussian alphabet its functions are performed by the apostrophe mark.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /yer.html (369 words)

	Belarus - Travel, Politics, History, Culture
		The displeasure of the Belarussian gentry with the divisions of Rzecz Pospolita and the breach of the Polish Constitution of 1815 by the Russian Empire led to the outbreak of a national liberation uprising in November 1830.
		The Russian emperors conducted the systematic liquidation of cultural and spiritual centers of the Belarussian nation, pursued the official policy of russification that included the banishment of, and property confiscation from the Belarussian officials and religious activists and replacing them with the Russian officials and Orthodox church clergy.
		Unfortunately, the new Belarussian state was shortlived and was liquidated by Soviet Russia with the help of the Red Army in 1919, but some leaders of the BPR managed to emigrate to the West and establish a Belarussian government in exile.
	www.orangesmile.com /zapiski.htm (2488 words)

	Belarusian language - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A version of Ruthenian, which may be considered to be the Old Belarusian, became the official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and was the official language of the chancellery and courts until 1696.
		Early efforts to encourage independent cultural traditions amongst minorities in the Soviet super-state ("the flourishing of all brother nations") ended upon Stalin's rise to power, and around 400 Belarussian authors were repressed during anti-nationalism campaigns that started around 1929 and culminated during the Great Purge.
		Perhaps the largest centre of Belarusian cultural activity, in the Belarusian language, outside Belarus is in the Polish province of Bialystok, which is home to a long-established Belarusian minority.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Belarusian_language (1088 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		Hamito-Semitic languages -> The Semitic Subfamily The Semitic languages are named after Shem or Sem, the oldest son of Noah, from whom most of the languages' speakers were said to be descended.
		Native American languages -> Languages of North America The most widely accepted classification of Native American languages N of Mexico (although some included are also spoken in Mexico and Central America) is that made by Edward Sapir in 1929.
		Native American languages Native American languages, languages of the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere and their descendants.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=French+language (589 words)

	Belarussian Translation Agency
		We are native speakers of Russian and Belarussian or, should we say, Belarusian language, because two variants of spelling are acceptable.
		While at the beginning of 90s, Belarusian language was enjoying the status of the only official language of the Republic of Belarus, unfortunately, after May 1995 referendum in Belarus it lost its monopoly position to Russian language.
		Although, currently there are two official languages in Belarus: Russian and Belarusian, the latter is not used in official documents, which is the reason why our Belarussian translation agency has experienced a crucial fall in demand for Belarussian translation.
	www.alltorussian.com /belarussian-translation.html (484 words)

	Russian Anschluss? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Belarussian President Alexander Lukashenko placed his political bets on a future union that would allow him to assume a leading role in Russian politics; however, his strong personality could be his downfall, as President Putin is quite willing to play hardball and push Lukashenko aside to achieve his aims.
		Belarus enjoyed a relatively large degree of autonomy under the Grand Duchy, and the Belarussian language was the the official language of the region’s chancellery, courts, diplomacy, and literature.
		Russia’s response to the Belarussian rebellions was swift and harsh.
	www.nationalvanguard.org /story.php?id=2139 (6908 words)

	Belarusian language, alphabet and pronunciation
		An archaic form of Belarusian known as "Old Belarusian" was the offical language of the Grand Duchy and and was initially written with the Cyrillic alphabet.
		Due to the domination of the Greek Orthodox Church in the region, the written form of Belarusian was heavily influenced by Church Slavonic, the liturgical language of the Orthodox church.
		By 1710, Old Belarusian was replaced by Polish as the official language of the region, however Belarusian continued to appear in writing in a limited way.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/belorussian.htm (631 words)

	Encyclopedia: Belarusian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A version of Ruthenian, which is considered to be the Old Belarusian, became the official language of the chancellery and courts of the Grand Duchy until 1696.
		Old Belarusian was actually the language of the first Bible to be printed in one of the Eastern Slavic languages â“ the achievement of Francysk Skaryna.
		The largest centre of Belarusian cultural activity, in the Belarusian language, outside Belarus is in the Polish province of BiaÅystok, which is home to a long-established Belarusian minority.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Belarusian-language (4838 words)

	Belarus breaks up opposition protests over poll - Boston.com
		Belarussian police on Friday broke up days of opposition protests against President Alexander Lukashenko's re-election, detaining about 200 demonstrators in an early hours swoop in central Minsk.
		Belarussian officials have dismissed complaints over the conduct of the elections and endorsed the results.
		Belarus, or "White Russia," became independent after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 but a push to revive the Belarussian language and culture was crushed by Lukashenko.
	www.boston.com /news/world/europe/articles/2006/03/24/belarus_police_storm_protests (593 words)

	Belarusian language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It was in predominant use in (An Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the Commonwealth countries) English earlier.
		Old Belarusian was actually the language of the first (The sacred writings of the Christian religions) Bible to be printed in one of the Eastern (A branch of the Indo European family of language) Slavic languages — the achievement of (Click link for more info and facts about Francysk Skaryna) Francysk Skaryna.
		Interest in the Belarusian language was revived at the end of (The decade from 1980 to 1989) 1980s during (An economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union; intended to increase automation and labor efficiency but it led eventually to the end of central planning in the Russian economy) perestroika.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/be/belarusian_language.htm (2085 words)

	Èlovek a spoloènos 1/2000 - túdie a èlánky - Linguistic aspect inter-ethnic relationships in Belarus
		In 1996 a sociological poll was conducted among the Belarussian and Russian respondents.
		The very own term language of minority" means language that is traditionally used on the given territory by the minority (in comparison with remaining population) of citizens of the given country.
		Whereas the active bearers and users of Belarussian language represent true minority, the vast majority of population is language-competent.
	www.saske.sk /cas/1-2000/piskun.html (1444 words)

	Eurozine - Articles
		The neo-socialist ideology which dominates Belarussian political and economic strategy at present can be considered not so much as the cause of the Belarussian crisis, but rather as one of the outcomes stemming from a specific relationship between "socio-cultural history" and "the present" of Belarus.
		Certainly the Belarussian society was divided during the course of the historical processes of the post-Soviet period, which touched Belarus at least slightly.
		The Belarussian president proudly proclaims that Belarus (to his mind) is a democracy, because it has independent newspapers which are regularly on sale alongside state newspapers and magazines in the news-stands.
	www.eurozine.com /articles/2003-05-02-goncharova-en.html (5293 words)

	About Belarus
		The first written documents of the Belarussian state go back as far as to 980 AD From the 14th till the 16th centuries the territory of modern Belarus was the centre of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		The period from the 15th to the 17th centuries is considered to be the Golden Age in the Belarussian history, It was the time of intensive formation and development of the Belarussian nation, growth of the old and the foundation of new towns and cities, significant cultural achievements.
		Francisk Skaryna, an outstanding Belarussian scholar and humanist, whose intellectual interests embraced theology, literature, linguistics, poetry, art, law, medicine, botany, printing received his degree in liberal arts at the Cracow University and later, at the Padua University he received his degree in medicine.
	www.belarus.org.uk /history.html (1204 words)

	Belarus, a Country in the Centre of Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The first written documents of the Belarussian state go back as far as to 980 A.D. From the 14th till the 16th centuries the territory of modern Belarus was the centre of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		It was the time of intensive formation and development of the Belarussian nation, growth of the old and the foundation of new towns and cities, significant cultural achievements.
		The Belarussian generosity and hospitality are recognized world-wide.
	www.belarustourist.minsk.by /english/visit/belarus.htm (1083 words)

	The Chronicle: International: March 17, 2000
		Lukashenko, who is openly nostalgic for the former Soviet Union, research into Belarussian independence movements and Soviet-era atrocities, such as the alleged execution in the 1930's of 200,000 Belarussian citizens by Soviet troops, is suppressed through attacks in the government press.
		The students' association is not permitted on campuses because it counts the use of the Belarussian language among its prime goals, says Ms.
		Belarussians have resuscitated "flying universities," a tradition, used largely in Poland during its own period of Soviet repression, of groups of professors who dare to teach subjects forbidden by the authorities.
	chronicle.com /free/v46/i28/28a05601.htm (1887 words)

	Belarussian - UniLang Wiki
		Belarussian has undergone great changes in the 1930s due to the Soviets.
		After the independency from the Soviet Union Belarussian was recognized as the primary official language again.
		However, currently Russian again is primarily used as official language and what is called now Belarussian is often a mix of old Belarussian and modern Russian.
	home.unilang.org /wiki3/index.php?title=Belarussian&printable=yes (132 words)

	History of Lithuania Balts Slavs Slavonic Sarmatia Sarmatian Prussia East Nord Scandinavia Nation book
		The early transition to the Russian language was stimulated by the transit position of this area between Novgorod and Kiev and a rather remote position from the lands of the primary Lithuanian confederation.
		Lithuanian culture was familiar in the land of Smolensk and in the whole territory of modern Belarus, although defiled by the administration and Church as a kind of paganism, but in the true sense of the word being not antagonistic, not strange, but indigenous and intimate.
		That is why the Lithuanian language did not become the promulgator of the modem civilized whiff in its historically traditional eastern areas.
	www.lietuvos.net /istorija/east_balts/balts.htm (3692 words)

	U.S.ENGLISH Foundation Official Language Research - Belarus: Language in everyday life
		Language in everyday life: The use of language in everyday life, e.g.
		During the communist era, education was mainly conducted in the Russian language; by 1987 there were no Belarusian-language schools in any of the republic’s urban areas.
		When Belarusian was adopted as the country’s official language in 1990, children were to be taught in Belarusian as early as primary school; Russian language, history, and literature were to be replaced with Belarusian language, history, and literature.
	www.us-english.org /foundation/research/olp/viewResearch.asp?CID=14&TID=6 (390 words)

	the eXile - Feature Story
		If we're going to talk about the Belarussian economy, I want to call special attention to the fact that there was no way for the Russian crisis not to affect Belarus.
		The Belarussian language, like Russian, is taught throughout the country at the middle-school level.
		Language problems arise when one language is forcibly used and another is banned, when one culture victimizes another.
	www.exile.ru /feature/feature56.html (3412 words)

	ENCYCLOPEDIA: RUSSIAN LANGUAGE,
		Gradually, however, the difference between the written and the spoken language increased, the spoken language undergoing simplifications in its phonemic (sound) and morphological (word-forming) structure.
		The language written in this alphabet is known as Old Slavonic or Old Church Slavonic and is used as a liturgical language.
		For most of the Middle Ages Old Slavonic was the language of the ecclesiastical literature and of official and diplomatic documents.
	www.geocities.com /smakhanov/About_Russia/Russian_language.htm (897 words)

	[No title]
		The Armenians reunited with Rome during the Crusades, and the ritual liturgical language is Classical Armenian.
		The Belarussian (formerly titled Byelorussian) Rite, centered in Belarussia with large populations in Europe, North and South America and Australia, reunited with Rome in the 1600s and uses Old Slavonic as their liturgical language.
		The Romanian Rite, centered in Romania with a significant population in the United States, reunited with Rome in 1697 and uses Modern Romanian in their liturgy; in 1948, they were forced to join the Romanian Orthodox Church in Romania, but since the fall of communism, the Catholic Romanian Rite has regained :independence.
	www.ewtn.com /library/LITURGY/FAMTREE.TXT (1098 words)

	Belarus News and Analysis \| Living in a time warp
		Belarussian refugees in Warsaw, joined by Polish human rights campaigners, chanting 'Down with the Lukashenko regime' in front of the Belarussian embassy in the Polish capital.
		That was in response to the latest move by the Belarussian government to forcibly close down the offices of the ethnic Polish organization in the city of Grodno, right on the Polish border.
		Even Belarussian refugees in Poland admit that the Belarussian opposition is weak, and the very identity of the Belarussian nation is under threat.
	www.data.minsk.by /belarusnews/082005/3.html (603 words)

	Trip to Ostryna
		Indeed, the region of the Polish, Lithuanian, Belarussian boarder has been politically redefined so often, there are significant populations of each of these three cultures is each of the ethnic regions.
		Since Belarussian is easily mistaken for Russian and the current citizens are Belarussian speakers (as they were before the war), I suspect that Charles Cohen was fluent in Belarussian, not Russian.
		A full quarter of the Belarussian population was lost in the struggle against the Nazi¹s.
	www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org /lida-district/ost-trip.htm (2376 words)

	Belorus Literature, Bykov Obituary - Johnson's Russia List 6-30-03
		Yet, ironically for one who was a champion of the Belarussian language, those translations were made not from the Belarussian originals but from Russian versions, with the result that his name is often cited in bibliographies in its Russian form - Vasily Bykov.
		From these Russian versions, his novels were translated into various languages, with differing degrees of artistic success (the translators, in many cases, being chosen by the Soviet literary establishment on the grounds of political acceptability rather than literary talent).
		The first years of Belarussian independence saw a wide range of governmental and non-governmental initiatives on promoting the Belarussian language and the raising of consciousness of Belarussian identity.
	www.cdi.org /russia/Johnson/7245-12.cfm (1141 words)

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